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Asgarimoghaddam H, Chen Q, Ye F, Shahin A, Song B, Musselman KP. Zinc Aluminum Oxide Encapsulation Layers for Perovskite Solar Cells Deposited Using Spatial Atomic Layer Deposition. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2300995. [PMID: 37997175 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
An atmospheric-pressure spatial atomic layer deposition system is used to rapidly deposit 60 nm zinc-aluminum oxide (Zn-AlOx ) thin-film-encapsulation layers directly on perovskite solar cells at 130 °C without damaging the temperature-sensitive perovskite and organic materials. Varying the Zn/Al ratio has a significant impact on the structural properties of the films and their moisture barrier performance. The Zn-AlOx films have higher refractive indexes, lower concentrations of OH─ groups, and lower water-vapor transmission rates (WVTR) than AlOx films without zinc. However, as the Zn/Al ratio increases beyond 0.21, excess Zn atoms segregate, leading to an increase in the number of available hydroxyl groups on the surface of the deposited film and a slight increase in the WVTR. The stability of the p-i-n formamidinium methylammonium lead iodide solar cells under standard ISOS-D-3 testing conditions (65 °C and 85% relative humidity) is significantly enhanced by the thin encapsulation layers. The layers with a Zn/Al ratio of 0.21 result in a seven-fold increase the time required for the cells to degrade to 80% of their original efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatameh Asgarimoghaddam
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Qiaoyun Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Fan Ye
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ahmed Shahin
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Bo Song
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Kevin P Musselman
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Deva Arun Kumar K, Valanarasu S, Capelle A, Nar S, Karim W, Stolz A, Aspe B, Semmar N. Nanostructured Oxide (SnO 2, FTO) Thin Films for Energy Harvesting: A Significant Increase in Thermoelectric Power at Low Temperature. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:188. [PMID: 38398917 PMCID: PMC10890522 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that undoped and doped SnO2 thin films have better optical and electrical properties. This study aims to investigate the thermoelectric properties of two distinct semiconducting oxide thin films, namely SnO2 and F-doped SnO2 (FTO), by the nebulizer spray pyrolysis technique. An X-ray diffraction study reveals that the synthesized films exhibit a tetragonal structure with the (200) preferred orientation. The film structural quality increases from SnO2 to FTO due to the substitution of F- ions into the host lattice. The film thickness increases from 530 nm for SnO2 to 650 nm for FTO films. Room-temperature electrical resistivity decreases from (8.96 ± 0.02) × 10-2 Ω·cm to (4.64 ± 0.01) × 10-3 Ω·cm for the SnO2 and FTO thin films, respectively. This is due to the increase in the carrier density of the films, (2.92 ± 0.02) × 1019 cm-3 (SnO2) and (1.63 ± 0.03) × 1020 cm-3 (FTO), caused by anionic substitution. It is confirmed that varying the temperature (K) enhances the electron transport properties. The obtained Seebeck coefficient (S) increases as the temperature is increased, up to 360 K. The synthesized films exhibit the S value of -234 ± 3 μV/K (SnO2) and -204 ± 3 μV/K (FTO) at 360 K. The estimated power factor (PF) drastically increases from ~70 (μW/m·K2) to ~900 (μW/m·K2) for the SnO2 and FTO film, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuppiah Deva Arun Kumar
- Groupe de Recherches sur l’Énergétique des Milieux Ionisés, GREMI, Université d’Orléans, CNRS, 14 Rue d’Issoudun, 45067 Orléans, France (S.N.); (W.K.); (B.A.)
- Department of Physics, Arul Anandar College, Madurai 625514, India
| | - S. Valanarasu
- Department of Physics, Arul Anandar College, Madurai 625514, India
| | - Alex Capelle
- Groupe de Recherches sur l’Énergétique des Milieux Ionisés, GREMI, Université d’Orléans, CNRS, 14 Rue d’Issoudun, 45067 Orléans, France (S.N.); (W.K.); (B.A.)
| | - Sibel Nar
- Groupe de Recherches sur l’Énergétique des Milieux Ionisés, GREMI, Université d’Orléans, CNRS, 14 Rue d’Issoudun, 45067 Orléans, France (S.N.); (W.K.); (B.A.)
- Laboratoire Nanotechnologies et Nanosystèmes (LN2)-CNRS IRL-3463, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K OA5, Canada
| | - Wael Karim
- Groupe de Recherches sur l’Énergétique des Milieux Ionisés, GREMI, Université d’Orléans, CNRS, 14 Rue d’Issoudun, 45067 Orléans, France (S.N.); (W.K.); (B.A.)
| | - Arnaud Stolz
- Groupe de Recherches sur l’Énergétique des Milieux Ionisés, GREMI, Université d’Orléans, CNRS, 14 Rue d’Issoudun, 45067 Orléans, France (S.N.); (W.K.); (B.A.)
| | - Barthélemy Aspe
- Groupe de Recherches sur l’Énergétique des Milieux Ionisés, GREMI, Université d’Orléans, CNRS, 14 Rue d’Issoudun, 45067 Orléans, France (S.N.); (W.K.); (B.A.)
| | - Nadjib Semmar
- Groupe de Recherches sur l’Énergétique des Milieux Ionisés, GREMI, Université d’Orléans, CNRS, 14 Rue d’Issoudun, 45067 Orléans, France (S.N.); (W.K.); (B.A.)
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Li Y, Zanders D, Meischein M, Devi A, Ludwig A. Investigation of an atomic‐layer‐deposited Al
2
O
3
diffusion barrier between Pt and Si for the use in atomic scale atom probe tomography studies on a combinatorial processing platform. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Li
- ZGH Ruhr‐Universität Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 Bochum 44801 Germany
| | - David Zanders
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry Ruhr‐Universität Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 Bochum 44801 Germany
| | - Michael Meischein
- Materials Discovery and Interfaces, Institute for Materials Ruhr‐Universität Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 Bochum 44801 Germany
| | - Anjana Devi
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry Ruhr‐Universität Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 Bochum 44801 Germany
| | - Alfred Ludwig
- ZGH Ruhr‐Universität Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 Bochum 44801 Germany
- Materials Discovery and Interfaces, Institute for Materials Ruhr‐Universität Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 Bochum 44801 Germany
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Vandalon V, Verheijen MA, Kessels WMM, Bol AA. Atomic Layer Deposition of Al-Doped MoS 2: Synthesizing a p-type 2D Semiconductor with Tunable Carrier Density. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2020; 3:10200-10208. [PMID: 33134882 PMCID: PMC7590523 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.0c02167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Extrinsically doped two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors are essential for the fabrication of high-performance nanoelectronics among many other applications. Herein, we present a facile synthesis method for Al-doped MoS2 via plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (ALD), resulting in a particularly sought-after p-type 2D material. Precise and accurate control over the carrier concentration was achieved over a wide range (1017 up to 1021 cm-3) while retaining good crystallinity, mobility, and stoichiometry. This ALD-based approach also affords excellent control over the doping profile, as demonstrated by a combined transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy study. Sharp transitions in the Al concentration were realized and both doped and undoped materials had the characteristic 2D-layered nature. The fine control over the doping concentration, combined with the conformality and uniformity, and subnanometer thickness control inherent to ALD should ensure compatibility with large-scale fabrication. This makes Al:MoS2 ALD of interest not only for nanoelectronics but also for photovoltaics and transition-metal dichalcogenide-based catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Vandalon
- Applied
Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A. Verheijen
- Applied
Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Eurofins
Material Science Netherlands BV, 5656AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ageeth A. Bol
- Applied
Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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X-ray Diffraction, XPS, and Raman Spectroscopy of Coated ZnO:Al (1—7 at%) Nanoparticles. E-JOURNAL OF SURFACE SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2019.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Reed PJ, Mehrabi H, Schichtl ZG, Coridan RH. Enhanced Electrochemical Stability of TiO 2-Protected, Al-doped ZnO Transparent Conducting Oxide Synthesized by Atomic Layer Deposition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:43691-43698. [PMID: 30462916 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Transparent, conductive coatings on porous, three-dimensional materials are often used as the current collector for photoelectrode designs in photoelectrochemical applications. These structures allow for improved light trapping and absorption in chemically synthesized, photoactive overlayers while minimizing parasitic absorption in the current collecting layer. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is particularly useful for fabricating transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) like Sn-doped In2O3 (ITO) and Al-doped ZnO (AZO) for structured materials because the deposition is specific to exposed surfaces. Unlike line-of-sight deposition methods (evaporation, spray pyrolysis, sputtering), ALD can access the entire complex interface to make a conformal transparent conductive layer. While ITO and AZO can be grown by ALD, they are intrinsically soluble in the acidic and basic environments common for electrochemical applications like water splitting. To take advantage of the unique characteristics of ALD in these applications, it is important to develop strategies for fabricating TCO layers with enhanced chemical stability. Ultrathin coatings of stable materials can be used to protect otherwise unstable electrochemical interfaces while maintaining the desired function. Here, we describe experiments to characterize the chemical and electrochemical stability of ALD-deposited AZO TCO thin films protected by a 10 nm TiO2 overlayer. The addition of a TiO2 protection layer is demonstrated to improve the chemical stability of AZO by orders of magnitude compared to unprotected, yet otherwise identically prepared, AZO films. The electrochemical stability is enhanced accordingly in both acidic and basic environments. We demonstrate that TiO2-protected AZO can be used as a TCO for both the cathodic hydrogen evolution (HER) and anodic water oxidation (OER) half-reactions of electrochemical water splitting in base and for HER in acid when the appropriate electrocatalysts are added. As a result, we show that ALD can be used to synthesize a chemically stable TCO heterostructure, expanding the range of materials and electrochemical environments available for building complex photoelectrode architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Justin Reed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas 72701 , United States
| | - Hamed Mehrabi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas 72701 , United States
| | - Zebulon G Schichtl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas 72701 , United States
| | - Robert H Coridan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas 72701 , United States
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