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Liu J, Wang S, Wang M, Li Z, Zhou S, Li J, Wu D. Evaluation on purine metabolism in human skin fibroblast cells exposed to oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Toxicol Ind Health 2024; 40:176-184. [PMID: 38349948 DOI: 10.1177/07482337241232716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive assessment of the toxicity of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs), widely distributed persistent organic pollutants in the environment, is crucial for human health. In this study, using high-performance liquid chromatography, the separation and detection of four purines, xanthine (X), guanine (G), adenine (A), and hypoxanthine (HX) in cells were performed. The aim was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of three OPAHs, namely 1,4-benzoquinone (1,4-BQ), 1,2-naphthoquinone (1,2-NQ) and 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (9,10-PQ), with higher environmental concentrations, from the perspective of purine nucleotide metabolism in human skin fibroblast cells (HFF-1). The results revealed that the levels of G and A were low in HFF-1 cells, while the levels of HX and X showed a dose-response relationship with persistent organic pollutants concentration. With increased concentration of the three persistent organic pollutants, the purine metabolism in HFF-1 cells weakened, and the impact of the three persistent organic pollutants on purine metabolism in cells was in the order of 9,10-PQ > 1,4-BQ > 1,2-NQ. This study provided valuable insights into the toxic mechanisms of 1,4-BQ, 1,2-NQ and 9,10-PQ, contributing to the formulation of relevant protective measures and the safeguarding of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Pharmacotoxicological Evaluation, College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Saijin Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Pharmacotoxicological Evaluation, College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Pharmacotoxicological Evaluation, College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Zan Li
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Pharmacotoxicological Evaluation, College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Shi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Pharmacotoxicological Evaluation, College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Jinlian Li
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Pharmacotoxicological Evaluation, College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Pharmacotoxicological Evaluation, College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
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Kaplan M, Yavuz O, Ozdemir E, Alcay Y, Kaya K, Yilmaz I. Architecture of Easy-to-Synthesize and Superior Probe Based on Aminoquinoline Appended Naphthoquinone: Instant and On-Site Cu 2+ Ion Quantification in Real Samples and Unusual Crystal Structure and Logic Gate Operations. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:2257-2267. [PMID: 38221778 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Easy-to-synthesize aminoquinoline (AQ) appended naphthoquinone (NQ)-based colorimetric and ratiometric probe (AQNQ) was successfully synthesized in one step with high yield and low cost, and was utilized to supply an effective solution to critical shortcomings encountered in Cu2+ analysis. The structure of AQNQ and its interaction with Cu2+ forming an unusual AQNQ-Cu complex were enlightened with single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and different spectroscopic methods. AQNQ-Cu complex is the first Cu2+ containing dinuclear crystal where the octahedral coordination sphere is fulfilled through the coordination of a NQ oxygen atom. AQNQ exhibited long-term stability (more than 1 month), superior probe ability toward Cu2+ with quite fast response (30 s), high selectivity among many ions, and limit of detection of 12.13 ppb that is significantly below the highest amount of Cu2+ allowed in drinking water established by both WHO and EPA. Ratiometric determination of Cu2+ using AQNQ was performed with high recovery and low RSD values for drinking water, tap water, lake water, cherry, and watermelon samples. Colorimetric on-site determination including smartphone and paper strip applications, IMPLICATION, and INHIBIT logic gate applications were successfully carried out. The reversibility and reusability of the response to Cu2+ ions with the paper strip application were examined for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Maslak, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Yavuz
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Maslak, Turkey
| | - Emre Ozdemir
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Maslak, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Alcay
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Maslak, Turkey
| | - Kerem Kaya
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Maslak, Turkey
| | - Ismail Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Maslak, Turkey
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3
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Soares AG, Teixeira SA, Thakore P, Santos LG, Filho WDRP, Antunes VR, Muscará MN, Brain SD, Costa SKP. Disruption of Atrial Rhythmicity by the Air Pollutant 1,2-Naphthoquinone: Role of Beta-Adrenergic and Sensory Receptors. Biomolecules 2023; 14:57. [PMID: 38254656 PMCID: PMC10813334 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The combustion of fossil fuels contributes to air pollution (AP), which was linked to about 8.79 million global deaths in 2018, mainly due to respiratory and cardiovascular-related effects. Among these, particulate air pollution (PM2.5) stands out as a major risk factor for heart health, especially during vulnerable phases. Our prior study showed that premature exposure to 1,2-naphthoquinone (1,2-NQ), a chemical found in diesel exhaust particles (DEP), exacerbated asthma in adulthood. Moreover, increased concentration of 1,2-NQ contributed to airway inflammation triggered by PM2.5, employing neurogenic pathways related to the up-regulation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). However, the potential impact of early-life exposure to 1,2-naphthoquinone (1,2-NQ) on atrial fibrillation (AF) has not yet been investigated. This study aims to investigate how inhaling 1,2-NQ in early life affects the autonomic adrenergic system and the role played by TRPV1 in these heart disturbances. C57Bl/6 neonate male mice were exposed to 1,2-NQ (100 nM) or its vehicle at 6, 8, and 10 days of life. Early exposure to 1,2-NQ impairs adrenergic responses in the right atria without markedly affecting cholinergic responses. ECG analysis revealed altered rhythmicity in young mice, suggesting increased sympathetic nervous system activity. Furthermore, 1,2-NQ affected β1-adrenergic receptor agonist-mediated positive chronotropism, which was prevented by metoprolol, a β1 receptor blocker. Capsazepine, a TRPV1 blocker but not a TRPC5 blocker, reversed 1,2-NQ-induced cardiac changes. In conclusion, neonate mice exposure to AP 1,2-NQ results in an elevated risk of developing cardiac adrenergic dysfunction, potentially leading to atrial arrhythmia at a young age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio G. Soares
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (A.G.S.); (S.A.T.); (L.G.S.); (M.N.M.)
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Simone A. Teixeira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (A.G.S.); (S.A.T.); (L.G.S.); (M.N.M.)
| | - Pratish Thakore
- Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK;
| | - Larissa G. Santos
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (A.G.S.); (S.A.T.); (L.G.S.); (M.N.M.)
| | - Walter dos R. P. Filho
- Fundação Jorge Duprat Figueiredo de Segurança e Medicina do Trabalho, Ministério do Trabalho e Previdência Social, Rua Capote Valente, nº 710, São Paulo 05409-002, SP, Brazil;
| | - Vagner R. Antunes
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Marcelo N. Muscará
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (A.G.S.); (S.A.T.); (L.G.S.); (M.N.M.)
| | - Susan D. Brain
- Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK;
| | - Soraia K. P. Costa
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (A.G.S.); (S.A.T.); (L.G.S.); (M.N.M.)
- Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK;
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Grzelczyk J, Pérez-Sánchez H, Carmena-Bargueño M, Oracz J, Budryn G. Effects of In Vitro Digestion of Polyphenols from Coffee on Binding Parameters to Human Topoisomerase II α. Molecules 2023; 28:5996. [PMID: 37630250 PMCID: PMC10457778 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28165996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II topoisomerase (TOPII) is an enzyme that influences the topology of DNA. DNA breaks generated by TOPII may result in mutagenic or cytotoxic changes in cancer cells. In this study, we characterized interactions of TOPIIα with coffee extracts and individual chlorogenic acids (CHAs) from the extracts by performing isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and molecular docking (MD) simulations. The study showed that the highest affinity to TOPIIα was found in green coffee (ΔG = -38.23 kJ/mol) and monochlorogenic acids fraction of coffee extracts (ΔG = -35.80 kJ/mol), resulting from the high content of polyphenols, such as CHAs, which can bind to the enzyme in the active site. Coffee extracts and their fractions maintained a high affinity for TOPIIα after simulated digestion in the presence of probiotic bacteria. It can be concluded that coffee may be a potential TOPIIα inhibitor considered as a functional food for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Grzelczyk
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Horacio Pérez-Sánchez
- Structural Bioinformatics and High-Performance Computing Research Group (BIO-HPC), Computer Engineering Department, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (H.P.-S.); (M.C.-B.)
| | - Miguel Carmena-Bargueño
- Structural Bioinformatics and High-Performance Computing Research Group (BIO-HPC), Computer Engineering Department, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (H.P.-S.); (M.C.-B.)
| | - Joanna Oracz
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Grażyna Budryn
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland;
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Novel pyrrolidine-aminophenyl-1,4-naphthoquinones: structure-related mechanisms of leukemia cell death. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:393-406. [PMID: 35836027 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Novel derivatives of aminophenyl-1,4-naphthoquinones, in which a pyrrolidine group was added to the naphthoquinone ring, were synthesized and investigated for the mechanisms of leukemic cell killing. The novel compounds, TW-85 and TW-96, differ in the functional (methyl or hydroxyl) group at the para-position of the aminophenyl moiety. TW-85 and TW-96 were found to induce concentration- and time-dependent apoptotic and/or necrotic cell death in human U937 promonocytic leukemia cells but only TW-96 could also kill K562 chronic myeloid leukemia cells and CCRF-CEM lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells were noticeably less responsive to both compounds than leukemia cells. At low micromolar concentrations used, TW-85 killed U937 cells mainly by inducing apoptosis. TW-96 was a weaker apoptotic agent in U937 cells but proved to be cytotoxic and a stronger inducer of necrosis in all three leukemic cell lines tested. Both compounds induced mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, cytochrome c release, and caspase activation in U937 cells. Cytotoxicity induced by TW-96, but not by TW-85, was associated with the elevation of the cytosolic levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The latter was attenuated by diphenyleneiodonium, indicating that NADPH oxidase was likely to be the source of ROS generation. Activation of p38 MAPK by the two agents appeared to prevent necrosis but differentially affected apoptotic cell death in U937 cells. These results further expand our understanding of the structure-activity relationship of aminophenyl-1,4-naphthoquinones as potential anti-leukemic agents with distinct modes of action.
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Ma X, Wu S. Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food: toxicity, occurrence and potential sources. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:4882-4903. [PMID: 36384378 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2146652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) functionalized with at least one carbonyl group and are generally thought to be more toxic than PAHs. In this review, the physical-chemical properties, toxicity, occurrence, and potential sources of OPAHs in food were comprehensively discussed. The toxicities of 1,2-naphthoquinone, 1,4-naphthoquinone, 6H-benzo[cd]pyren-6-one, benzo[a]anthracene-7,12-quinone and 9,10-phenanthrenequinone were prominent among the OPAHs. Both 1,4-naphthoquinone and 1,2-naphthoquinone exhibited strong genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and developmental toxicity. 6H-benzo[cd]pyren-6-one and benzo[a]anthracene-7,12-quinone showed high genotoxicity and cardiovascular toxicity. Although 9,10-phenanthrenequinone showed no genotoxicity, it exhibited almost the strongest cytotoxicity. For the majority of foods, the concentrations of OPAHs and PAHs were on the same order of magnitude. OPAHs tend to be positively correlated with the corresponding PAH concentrations in oil and fried food, while for barbequed food and seafood, no obvious correlation was found. In addition, 9-fluorenone, 9,10-anthraquinone, benzanthrone and 1,2-acenaphthenequinone had high abundance in food. Environmental pollution, food composition, storage conditions, heating methods, and other treatments influence the accumulation of OPAHs in food. Furthermore, oxygen and water played an important role in the transformation from PAHs to OPAHs. In short, this review guides the evaluation and further reduction of OPAH-related health risks in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ma
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shimin Wu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Tammam MA, Sebak M, Greco C, Kijjoa A, El-Demerdash A. Chemical diversity, biological activities and biosynthesis of fungal naphthoquinones and their derivatives: A comprehensive update. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mancini I, Vigna J, Sighel D, Defant A. Hybrid Molecules Containing Naphthoquinone and Quinolinedione Scaffolds as Antineoplastic Agents. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154948. [PMID: 35956896 PMCID: PMC9370406 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, molecular hybridization has proven to be an efficient tool for obtaining new synthetic molecules to treat different diseases. Based on the core idea of covalently combining at least two pharmacophore fragments present in different drugs and/or bioactive molecules, the new hybrids have shown advantages when compared with the compounds of origin. Hybridization could be successfully applied to anticancer drug discovery, where efforts are underway to develop novel therapeutics which are safer and more effective than those currently in use. Molecules presenting naphthoquinone moieties are involved in redox processes and in other molecular mechanisms affecting cancer cells. Naphthoquinones have been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth and are considered privileged structures and useful templates in the design of hybrids. The present work aims at summarizing the current knowledge on antitumor hybrids built using 1,4- and 1,2-naphthoquinone (present in natural compounds as lawsone, napabucasin, plumbagin, lapachol, α-lapachone, and β -lapachone), and the related quinolone- and isoquinolinedione scaffolds reported in the literature up to 2021. In detail, the design and synthetic approaches adopted to produce the reported compounds are highlighted, the structural fragments considered in hybridization and their biological activities are described, and the structure–activity relationships and the computational analyses applied are underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Mancini
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Physics, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (J.V.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jacopo Vigna
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Physics, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (J.V.); (A.D.)
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy;
| | - Denise Sighel
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy;
| | - Andrea Defant
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Physics, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (J.V.); (A.D.)
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Lemos BC, Westphal R, Filho EV, Fiorot RG, Carneiro JWM, Gomes ACC, Guimarães CJ, de Oliveira FCE, Costa PMS, Pessoa C, Greco SJ. Synthetic enamine naphthoquinone derived from lawsone as cytotoxic agents assessed by in vitro and in silico evaluations. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 53:128419. [PMID: 34715305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized ten enamine naphthoquinones with yields ranging from 43 to 76%. These compounds were screened for their in vitro antiproliferative activities by MTT assay against four types of human cancer cell lines: HCT116, PC3, HL60 and SNB19. The naphthoquinones bearing the picolylamine (7) and quinoline (12) moieties were the most actives (IC50 < 24 μM for all the cell lines), which were comparable or better to the values obtained for the control drugs. In silico evaluations allowed us to develop a qualitative Structure-Activity Relationship which suggest that electrostatic features, particularly the C2-C3 internuclear repulsion and the molecular dipole moment, relate to the biological response. Furthermore, Molecular Docking simulations indicate that the synthetic compounds have the potential to act as anticancer molecules by inhibiting topoisomerase-II and thymidylate synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara C Lemos
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo CEP.:29075-910, Brazil
| | - Regina Westphal
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo CEP.:29075-910, Brazil
| | - Eclair Venturini Filho
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo CEP.:29075-910, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo G Fiorot
- Chemistry Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Outeiro de São João Batista, 24020-141 Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Walkimar M Carneiro
- Chemistry Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Outeiro de São João Batista, 24020-141 Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anne Caroline C Gomes
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro, Campus Realengo, Rio de Janeiro CEP.: 21715-000, Brazil
| | - Celina J Guimarães
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará., Fortaleza, Ceará CEP.: 60430-275, Brazil; Pharmacy Sector, Foundation of Oncology Control of the state of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas CEP.: 69040-010, Brazil
| | - Fátima C E de Oliveira
- Pharmacy Sector, Foundation of Oncology Control of the state of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas CEP.: 69040-010, Brazil
| | - Pedro Mikael S Costa
- Pharmacy Sector, Foundation of Oncology Control of the state of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas CEP.: 69040-010, Brazil
| | - Claudia Pessoa
- Pharmacy Sector, Foundation of Oncology Control of the state of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas CEP.: 69040-010, Brazil
| | - Sandro J Greco
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo CEP.:29075-910, Brazil.
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Vann KR, Oviatt AA, Osheroff N. Topoisomerase II Poisons: Converting Essential Enzymes into Molecular Scissors. Biochemistry 2021; 60:1630-1641. [PMID: 34008964 PMCID: PMC8209676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The extensive length, compaction, and interwound nature of DNA, together with its controlled and restricted movement in eukaryotic cells, create a number of topological issues that profoundly affect all of the functions of the genetic material. Topoisomerases are essential enzymes that modulate the topological structure of the double helix, including the regulation of DNA under- and overwinding and the removal of tangles and knots from the genome. Type II topoisomerases alter DNA topology by generating a transient double-stranded break in one DNA segment and allowing another segment to pass through the DNA gate. These enzymes are involved in a number of critical nuclear processes in eukaryotic cells, such as DNA replication, transcription, and recombination, and are required for proper chromosome structure and segregation. However, because type II topoisomerases generate double-stranded breaks in the genetic material, they also are intrinsically dangerous enzymes that have the capacity to fragment the genome. As a result of this dualistic nature, type II topoisomerases are the targets for a number of widely prescribed anticancer drugs. This article will describe the structure and catalytic mechanism of eukaryotic type II topoisomerases and will go on to discuss the actions of topoisomerase II poisons, which are compounds that stabilize DNA breaks generated by the type II enzyme and convert these essential enzymes into "molecular scissors." Topoisomerase II poisons represent a broad range of structural classes and include anticancer drugs, dietary components, and environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra R Vann
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Alexandria A Oviatt
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Neil Osheroff
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
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