Thiosemicarbazone-benzene Sulfonamide Derivatives as Human Carbonic Anhydrases Inhibitors: Synthesis, Characterization, and In silico Studies

INTRODUCTION

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are widespread metalloenzymes with the core function of catalyzing the interconversion of CO2 and HCO3-. Targeting these enzymes using selective inhibitors has emerged as a promising approach for the development of novel therapeutic agents against multiple diseases.

METHOD

A series of novel thiosemicarbazones-containing derivatives were synthesized, characterized, and tested for their inhibitory activity against pharmaceutically important human CA I (hCA I), II (hCA II), IX (hCA IX), and XII (hCA XII) using the single tail approach.

RESULT

The compounds generally inhibited the isoenzymes at low nanomolar concentrations, with compound 6b having Ki values of 7.16, 0.31, 92.5, and 375 nM against hCA I, II, IX and XII, respectively. Compound 6e exhibited Ki values of 27.6, 0.34, 872, and 94.5 nM against hCA I, II, IX and XII, respectively.

CONCLUSION

To rationalize the inhibition data, molecular docking studies were conducted, providing insight into the binding mechanisms, molecular interactions, and selectivity of the compounds towards the isoenzymes.

Architecture of Easy-to-Synthesize and Superior Probe Based on Aminoquinoline Appended Naphthoquinone: Instant and On-Site Cu2+ Ion Quantification in Real Samples and Unusual Crystal Structure and Logic Gate Operations

Easy-to-synthesize aminoquinoline (AQ) appended naphthoquinone (NQ)-based colorimetric and ratiometric probe (AQNQ) was successfully synthesized in one step with high yield and low cost, and was utilized to supply an effective solution to critical shortcomings encountered in Cu2+ analysis. The structure of AQNQ and its interaction with Cu2+ forming an unusual AQNQ-Cu complex were enlightened with single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and different spectroscopic methods. AQNQ-Cu complex is the first Cu2+ containing dinuclear crystal where the octahedral coordination sphere is fulfilled through the coordination of a NQ oxygen atom. AQNQ exhibited long-term stability (more than 1 month), superior probe ability toward Cu2+ with quite fast response (30 s), high selectivity among many ions, and limit of detection of 12.13 ppb that is significantly below the highest amount of Cu2+ allowed in drinking water established by both WHO and EPA. Ratiometric determination of Cu2+ using AQNQ was performed with high recovery and low RSD values for drinking water, tap water, lake water, cherry, and watermelon samples. Colorimetric on-site determination including smartphone and paper strip applications, IMPLICATION, and INHIBIT logic gate applications were successfully carried out. The reversibility and reusability of the response to Cu2+ ions with the paper strip application were examined for the first time.

Combining Step-Growth and Chain-Growth Polymerizations in One Pot: Light-Induced Fabrication of Conductive Nanoporous PEDOT-PCL Scaffold

A novel method based on light-induced fabrication of a poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polycaprolactone (PEDOT-PCL) scaffold using phenacyl bromide (PAB) as a single-component photoinitiator is presented. HBr released from the step-growth polymerization of EDOT is utilized as an in situ catalyst for the chain-growth polymerization of ε-caprolactone. Detailed investigations disclose the formation of a self-assembled nanoporous electroconductive scaffold (1.2 mS cm-1 ). Fluorescence emission spectra of the fabricated scaffold exhibit a mixed solvatochromic behavior, indicating specific interactions between the self-assembled scaffold and solvents with varying polarities, as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Moreover, the same light-induced technique can also be applied for bulk photopolymerization showcasing the versatility and wide-ranging scope of the originated method. In brief, this study introduces a novel approach for light-induced polymerization reactions that is merging step-growth and chain-growth mechanisms. This innovative approach is promising to facilitate in situ polymerization of monomers possessing diverse functionalities.

Biological Effects and Crystal X-Ray Study of Novel Schiff Base Containing Pentafluorophenyl Hydrazine: In Vitro and in Silico Studies

A novel Schiff base namely 3,5-di-tert-butyl-6-((2-(perfluorophenyl)hydrazono)methyl)phenol was successfully synthesized and characterized using FT-IR and 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, and 19 F-NMR. The crystal structure analysis of the Schiff base compound was also characterized with single crystal X-ray diffraction studies and supported the spectroscopic results. The cytotoxicity, anti-bacterial properties, and enzyme inhibition of the compound were also investigated. The molecular docking studies were performed in order to explain the interactions of the synthesized compound with target enzymes. The newly synthesized hydrazone derivative Schiff base compound showed high cellular toxicity on MCF-7 and PC-3 cells. Also, this compound caused low antibacterial effect on E. coli and S. aureus. Besides, the compound exhibited the inhibitory effect against pancreatic cholesterol esterase and carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme I, II with IC50 values 63, 99, and 188 μM, respectively. Consequently, it has been determined that the prepared Schiff base is an active compound in terms of cytotoxicity, enzyme inhibition, and anti-bacterial properties. These results provide preliminary information for some biological features of the compound and can play a major role in drug applications of the Schiff base compound.

Copper-mediated synthesis of temperature-responsive poly(N-acryloyl glycinamide) polymers: a step towards greener and simple polymerisation

Stimuli-responsive materials with reversible supramolecular networks controlled by a change in temperature are of interest in medicine, biomedicine and analytical chemistry. For these materials to become more impactful, the development of greener synthetic practices with more sustainable solvents, lower energy consumption and a reduction in metallic catalysts is needed. In this work, we investigate the polymerisation of N-acryloyl glycinamide monomer by single-electron transfer reversible-deactivation radical polymerisation and its effect on the cloud point of the resulting PNAGA polymers. We accomplished 80% conversion within 5 min in water media using a copper wire catalyst. The material exhibited a sharp upper critical solution temperature (UCST) phase transition (10-80% transition within 6 K). These results indicate that UCST-exhibiting PNAGA can be synthesized at ambient temperatures and under non-inert conditions, eliminating the cost- and energy-consuming deoxygenation step. The choice of copper wire as the catalyst allows the possibility of catalyst recycling. Furthermore, we show that the reaction is feasible in a simple vial which would facilitate upscaling.

Base-Mediated Rearrangement of α-Dithioacetyl Propargylamines via Expansion of Dithioacetyl Ring: Synthesis of Medium-Sized S,S-Heterocycles

Base-mediated rearrangement of 1,3-dithianyl-substituted propargylamines in DMF via expansion of the dithiane ring has been reported. The rearrangement provided 9-membered amino-functionalized sulfur-containing heterocycles (dithionine derivatives) in good yields under mild conditions. Propargylamines bearing 5-membered 1,3-dithiolane and 7-membered 1,3-dithiepane rings rearranged in a similar manner yielding 8- and 10-membered S,S-heterocycles, respectively.

Colorimetric and near-infrared spectrophotometric monitoring of bisulfite using glyoxal modified chromenylium-cyanine chemosensor: Smartphone and paper strip applications for on-site food and beverages control

Detection of bisulfite (HSO₃^-) in food and beverages has vital importance because the excessive amount leads to ill effects on the human body. Colorimetric and fluorometric chromenylium-cyanine-based chemosensor CyR was synthesized and applied for high selective and sensitive analysis of HSO₃^- in red wine, rose wine and, granulated sugar with high recovery ranges and very fast response time without any interference from other competitive species. The limits of detection (LOD) for the UV-Vis and fluorescence titrations were found as 11.5 μM and 3.77 μM, respectively. The on-site and very rapid methods based on paper strips and smartphone which depend on the color changes from yellow to green have been successfully developed to analyze HSO₃^- concentration (10^-5-10^-1 M for paper strip and 163-1205 μM for smartphone). CyR and the bisulfite-adduct formed in the nucleophilic addition reaction with HSO₃^- were verified by FT-IR, ¹H NMR, and MALDI-TOF results as well as Single-Crystal X-Ray Crystallography for CyR.

A new Fe3+-selective, sensitive, and dual-channel turn-on probe based on rhodamine carrying thiophenecarboxaldehyde: Smartphone application and imaging in living cells

A new dual-channel probe based on rhodamine B derivative (MSB) was successfully designed, synthesized, characterized by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR), Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and Single Crystal X-rayDiffraction, and the sensing abilities toward Fe³⁺ cation have been demonstrated and the probe was successfully utilized for fluorescence imaging of Fe³⁺ in living cells. The probe demonstrated quite fast, sensitive, and selective response to Fe³⁺ by causing an extreme enhancement in UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy techniques in the buffered aqueous media which makes MSB a dual-channel probe. While the color of MSB solution was initially light yellow, it turned pink in the presence of Fe³⁺, which provided highly selective naked-eye determination among several ions as alkaline, alkaline-earth, and transition metal ions. After that, the probe was easily applied to paper strips and real samples such as drinking waters and supplementary iron tablets for sensing Fe³⁺ in an aqueous solution. The detection limit (LOD) and the response time of the probe were determined as 4.85x10^-9 M and 4 min, respectively, which are quite lower compared with other rhodamine based Fe³⁺ sensors in the literature. According to Job's plot, ¹H NMR titration, MALDI-TOF MS, XPS, and DFT study techniques, the complexation ratio between MSB and Fe³⁺ was found as 1:1. Moreover, the spectral response was reversible with alternately addition of Fe³⁺ or Na₂EDTA to the MSB solution. In addition, fluorescence imaging in NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblast cells and studies in real samples with a quite high recovery rate exhibited that the probe is qualified for detection of Fe³⁺ ion with multiple practical usages.

Comparison of post-mortem vitreous fluid and blood glucose levels in diabetes-induced rabbit models

Background

Diabetes is a common systemic disease in the world. Acute complications of diabetes may cause sudden unexpected deaths. Analysis done in vitreous fluid which is more protected and less contaminated by bacteria comparing to blood will produce more accurate results.

Aim

Thus, we aimed to diagnose diabetes by comparing glucose levels of post mortem blood and vitreous fluid in death cases.

Materials and Methods

A total of 17 New Zealand-type rabbits were divided into hyperglycemia (8), hypoglycemia (8), and control group (1). Rabbits were monitored for 5 days after experimental diabetes induction, and samples were taken at the point of death. Later rabbits were left in their environment, and samples were taken again at the post mortem first day. Mean blood glucose levels of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia group were in diabetic range.

Results

Blood glucose levels of hyperglycemic rabbits were measured as 512 ± 52,1 mg/dl, while vitreous glucose levels were 518,3 ± 76,8 mg/dl at the point of death. After one day, levels were measured as 433,9 ± 59,3 mg/dl and 329,8 ± 86,6 mg/dl. Blood glucose levels of hypoglycemic rabbits were measured as 39 ± 3,8 mg/dl, while vitreous glucose levels were 53,4 ± 13,9 mg/dl at the point of death. After one day, levels were measured as 36 ± 4,2 mg/dl and 1,6 ± 0,6 mg/dl. After analysis, there was a statistically significant difference between day 0 and 1 vitreous levels of hypoglycemia group.

Conclusion

It can be clearly seen that vitreous fluid samples should be taken in judicial cases with sudden unexpected deaths like diabetes. This will contribute to identification cause of death.

Synthesis, fabrication and characterization of 2-naphthyloxy group-substituted bis(2-pyridylimino)isoindoline and its derivatives as positive electrode for vanadium redox flow battery applications

In recent years, tridentate nitrogen donor ligands have played a vital role in inorganic chemistry. The ease of synthesis, readily modifiable structure and high stability of 1,3-bis(2-pyridylimino)isoindole (BPIs) compounds make...

Soft metamaterial with programmable ferromagnetism

Magnetopolymers are of interest in smart material applications; however, changing their magnetic properties post synthesis is complicated. In this study, we introduce easily programmable polymer magnetic composites comprising 2D lattices of droplets of solid-liquid phase change material, with each droplet containing a single magnetic dipole particle. These composites are ferromagnetic with a Curie temperature defined by the rotational freedom of the particles above the droplet melting point. We demonstrate magnetopolymers combining high remanence characteristics with Curie temperatures below the composite degradation temperature. We easily reprogram the material between four states: (1) a superparamagnetic state above the melting point which, in the absence of an external magnetic field, spontaneously collapses to; (2) an artificial spin ice state, which after cooling forms either; (3) a spin glass state with low bulk remanence, or; (4) a ferromagnetic state with high bulk remanence when cooled in the presence of an external magnetic field. We observe the spontaneous emergence of 2D magnetic vortices in the spin ice and elucidate the correlation of these vortex structures with the external bulk remanence. We also demonstrate the easy programming of magnetically latching structures.

An Unusual Zig-Zag 2D Copper(I) Coordination Polymer as an Outstanding Catalyst for Azide-Alkyne “Click” Chemistry at Room Temperature

A straightforward method for the synthesis of a two-dimensional (2D) new copper(I) coordination polymer, namely Cu(bzpdc), containing the ligand benzophenone 4,4’-dicarboxylate, and its effective use as catalyst for the azide-alkyne...

Child deaths due to firearm-related İnjuries in Adana, Turkey

Background

Death by firearm is unacceptable for children who need to be under the protection of the state and the family, wherever and however. Firearm-related fatality is common among all ages. One of the causes of this high rate is likely the easy access to firearms.

Aim

This study aims to discuss the characteristics of deaths attributable to childhood firearm injuries in Adana, Turkey and to compare them with similar studies.

Patients and Methods

In this study, the records of 448 (1.97%) cases under 18 years of age who died due to firearm-related injuries among a total of 22,668 cases whose autopsies were performed by the Morgue Department, Council of Forensic Medicine Adana Group Administration between January 1, 2004 and December 12, 2017 were retrospectively evaluated.

Results

Age ranged from 45 days to 18 years; 285 cases were male and 163 cases were female, and male/female ratio was 1.7. The majority of cases were between 13 and 18 years of age (n: 340, 76.0%). According to the manner of death, the leading cause was homicide (n: 212, 47.4%) and the most frequently used type of firearm were shotguns (n: 226). Single firearm wound was present in 82.8% of the cases. The location of entrance wounds revealed that 185 wounds were located in the head-neck. Although homicide was the leading manner of death among the overall cases, it was determined that suicide was the leading cause among the 13-18 age group (n: 149). Firearm-related injuries and deaths in children should bring child neglect to the agenda.

Conclusion

Presence of firearms at home and easy access are the causes of increased firearm injuries and death in children. Easily accessible weapons in homes are often involved in suicides and homicides, as well as accidents, which are more common in young children and adolescents. We believe that the use of firearms outside of the security forces should be prohibited and that strict laws should be enforced on the handling and use of firearms.

Cellulose-based polyacetals by direct and sensitized photocationic ring-opening polymerization of levoglucosenyl methyl ether

Polyacetal homopolymers and block copolymers are produced by photochemically initiated cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP).

A highly sensitive and selective fluorescent turn-on chemosensor bearing a 7-diethylaminocoumarin moiety for the detection of cyanide in organic and aqueous solutions

Novel 7-diethylaminocoumarin based dyes showed high sensitivity and selectivity to cyanide anions in both organic and aqueous solutions, which was observed by a drastic increment in the emission intensity.

Synthesis of New 7,8-Dioxa[6]helicenes with Triazole Rings as Potential Molecular Tweezers

This study introduces new triazole-linked host compounds, which have been synthesized from 7,8-dioxa-bisnaphthalene and 7,8-dioxa[6]helicenes. These compounds have different cavities depending on being ‘v’-shaped or helicene structures. The dimeric structure of 7,8-dioxa-bisnaphthalene has also been obtained and crystal structure analysis confirmed that it contains an unusual seven-membered dihydrooxepine ring. All synthesized compounds can act as molecular tweezers for organic molecules and also metal ions.

Sulfonium salt based charge transfer complexes as dual thermal and photochemical polymerization initiators for composites and 3D printing

Charge transfer complexes (CTCs) exhibit excellent initiating abilities as safe photo, thermal, or photo/thermal dual initiators, which cannot be achieved by classical initiators.

Photoinduced synthesis of poly(N-ethylcarbazole) from phenacylium salt without conventional catalyst and/or monomer

We report a new method for the photoinduced synthesis of poly(N-ethylcarbazole) (PEC).

Visible light-induced free radical promoted cationic polymerization using organotellurium compounds

In the present study, visible light and sunlight-induced cationic polymerization of vinyl and cyclic ethers using organotellurium compounds is demonstrated.

New platinum (II) and palladium (II) complexes of coumarin-thiazole Schiff base with a fluorescent chemosensor properties: Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, X-ray structure determination, in vitro anticancer activity on various human carcinoma cell lines and computational studies

A new coumarin-thiazole based Schiff base (Ligand, L) and its Pd(II), Pt(II) complexes; ([Pd(L)₂] and [Pt(L)₂]), were synthesized and characterized using spectrophotometric techniques (NMR, IR, UV-vis, LC-MS), magnetic moment, and conductivity measurements. A single crystal X-ray analysis for only L was done. The crystals of L have monoclinic crystal system and P21/c space group. To gain insight into the structure of L and its complexes, we used density functional theory (DFT) method to optimize the molecules. The photophysical properties changes were observed after deprotonation of L with CN^- via intermolecular charge transfer (ICT). Additionally, as the sensor is a colorimetric and fluorimetric cyanide probe containing active sites such as coumarin-thiazole and imine (CH=N), it showed fast color change from yellow to deep red in the visible region, and yellow fluorescence after CN^- addition to the imine bond, in DMSO. The reaction mechanisms of L with CN^-, F^- and AcO^- ions were evaluated using ¹H NMR shifts. The results showed that, the reaction of L with CN^- ion was due to the deprotonation and addition mechanisms at the same time. The anti-cancer activity of L and its Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes were evaluated in vitro using MTT assay on the human cancer lines MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma), LS174T (human colon carcinoma), and LNCAP (human prostate adenocarcinoma). The anti-cancer effects of L and its complexes, on human cells, were determined by comparing the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values. The activity results showed that, the Pd(II) complex of L has higher anti-tumor effect than L and its Pt(II) complex against the tested human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), human prostate adenocarcinoma (LNCAP), and human colon carcinoma (LS174T) cell lines.

Isolated renal and retroperitoneal hydatid cysts: a report of 23 cases

Isolated extrarenal retroperitoneal and renal echinococcal cysts are rare manifestations of hydatid disease. We report 23 cases of renal and other retroperitoneal hydatid cysts diagnosed and treated in our clinic. Flank pain, abdominal mass and non-specific symptoms such as nausea and vomiting were the major symptoms. Indirect haemagglutination test was positive in 18 cases and eosinophilia in four cases. Among imaging studies computerized tomography was the most valuable diagnostic examination. A high index of suspicion is needed for preoperative diagnosis of hydatid disease of kidney and retroperitoneum.