1
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Li L, Wang X, Fu N. Electrochemical Nickel-Catalyzed Hydrogenation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403475. [PMID: 38504466 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Olefin hydrogenation is one of the most important transformations in organic synthesis. Electrochemical transition metal-catalyzed hydrogenation is an attractive approach to replace the dangerous hydrogen gas with electrons and protons. However, this reaction poses major challenges due to rapid hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of metal-hydride species that outcompetes alkene hydrogenation step, and facile deposition of the metal catalyst at the electrode that stalls reaction. Here we report an economical and efficient strategy to achieve high selectivity for hydrogenation reactivity over the well-established HER. Using an inexpensive and bench-stable nickel salt as the catalyst, this mild reaction features outstanding substrate generality and functional group compatibility, and distinct chemoselectivity. In addition, hydrodebromination of alkyl and aryl bromides could be realized using the same reaction system with a different ligand, and high chemoselectivity between hydrogenation and hydrodebromination could be achieved through ligand selection. The practicability of our method has been demonstrated by the success of large-scale synthesis using catalytic amount of electrolyte and a minimal amount of solvent. Cyclic voltammetry and kinetic studies were performed, which support a NiII/0 catalytic cycle and the pre-coordination of the substrate to the nickel center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubo Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Niankai Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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2
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Ware SD, Zhang W, Guan W, Lin S, See KA. A guide to troubleshooting metal sacrificial anodes for organic electrosynthesis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5814-5831. [PMID: 38665512 PMCID: PMC11041367 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06885d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of reductive electrosynthetic reactions is often enabled by the oxidation of a sacrificial metal anode, which charge-balances the reductive reaction of interest occurring at the cathode. The metal oxidation is frequently assumed to be straightforward and innocent relative to the chemistry of interest, but several processes can interfere with ideal sacrificial anode behavior, thereby limiting the success of reductive electrosynthetic reactions. These issues are compounded by a lack of reported observations and characterization of the anodes themselves, even when a failure at the anode is observed. Here, we weave lessons from electrochemistry, interfacial characterization, and organic synthesis to share strategies for overcoming issues related to sacrificial anodes in electrosynthesis. We highlight common but underexplored challenges with sacrificial anodes that cause reactions to fail, including detrimental side reactions between the anode or its cations and the components of the organic reaction, passivation of the anode surface by an insulating native surface film, accumulation of insulating byproducts at the anode surface during the reaction, and competitive reduction of sacrificial metal cations at the cathode. For each case, we propose experiments to diagnose and characterize the anode and explore troubleshooting strategies to overcome the challenge. We conclude by highlighting open questions in the field of sacrificial-anode-driven electrosynthesis and by indicating alternatives to traditional sacrificial anodes that could streamline reaction optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skyler D Ware
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Wendy Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Weiyang Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Kimberly A See
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
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3
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Wang XY, Pan YZ, Yang J, Li WH, Gan T, Pan YM, Tang HT, Wang D. Single-Atom Iron Catalyst as an Advanced Redox Mediator for Anodic Oxidation of Organic Electrosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202404295. [PMID: 38649323 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Homogeneous electrocatalysts can indirect oxidate the high overpotential substrates through single-electron transfer on the electrode surface, enabling efficient operation of organic electrosynthesis catalytic cycles. However, the problems of this chemistry still exist such as high dosage, difficult recovery, and low catalytic efficiency. Single-atom catalysts (SACs) exhibit high atom utilization and excellent catalytic activity, hold great promise in addressing the limitations of homogeneous catalysts. In view of this, we have employed Fe-SA@NC as an advanced redox mediator to try to change this situation. Fe-SA@NC was synthesized using an encapsulation-pyrolysis method, and it demonstrated remarkable performance as a redox mediator in a range of reported organic electrosynthesis reactions, and enabling the construction of various C-C/C-X bonds. Moreover, Fe-SA@NC demonstrated a great potential in exploring new synthetic method for organic electrosynthesis. We employed it to develop a new electro-oxidative ring-opening transformation of cyclopropyl amides. In this new reaction system, Fe-SA@NC showed good tolerance to drug molecules with complex structures, as well as enabling flow electrochemical syntheses and gram-scale transformations. This work highlights the great potential of SACs in organic electrosynthesis, thereby opening a new avenue in synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110004, China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yong-Zhou Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110004, China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Jiarui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wen-Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Tao Gan
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Ying-Ming Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Hai-Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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4
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Zhuang W, Xiao F, Chen Y, Zhang X, Huang Q. Cascade Electrochemical Aerobic Oxygenation of 2-Substituted Indoles and Electrochemical [5 + 3] Annulation with Amidines: Access to Eight-Membered Benzo[1,3,5]triazocin-6(5 H)-ones. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4673-4683. [PMID: 38478890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The cascade electrochemical C3-selective aerobic oxygenation of 2-substituted indoles and electrochemical [5 + 3] annulation with amidines through an undivided cell galvanostatic method employing molecular oxygen and "electricity" as green oxidants was developed. This protocol provides an efficient and direct approach to eight-membered benzo[1,3,5]triazocin-6(5H)-ones. Mechanistic studies suggested that two subsequent electrochemical processes both proceeded through radical pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihui Zhuang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, PR China
| | - Fengyi Xiao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, PR China
| | - Yumei Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, PR China
| | - Qiufeng Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, PR China
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5
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Rani S, Aslam S, Lal K, Noreen S, Alsader KAM, Hussain R, Shirinfar B, Ahmed N. Electrochemical C-H/C-C Bond Oxygenation: A Potential Technology for Plastic Depolymerization. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300331. [PMID: 38063812 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we provide eco-friendly and safely operated electrocatalytic methods for the selective oxidation directly or with water, air, light, metal catalyst or other mediators serving as the only oxygen supply. Heavy metals, stoichiometric chemical oxidants, or harsh conditions were drawbacks of earlier oxidative cleavage techniques. It has recently come to light that a crucial stage in the deconstruction of plastic waste and the utilization of biomass is the selective activation of inert C(sp3 )-C/H(sp3 ) bonds, which continues to be a significant obstacle in the chemical upcycling of resistant polyolefin waste. An appealing alternative to chemical oxidations using oxygen and catalysts is direct or indirect electrochemical conversion. An essential transition in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries is the electrochemical oxidation of C-H/C-C bonds. In this review, we discuss cutting-edge approaches to chemically recycle commercial plastics and feasible C-C/C-H bonds oxygenation routes for industrial scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Rani
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Samina Aslam
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Kiran Lal
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Noreen
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | | | - Riaz Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Education Lahore, D.G. Khan Campus, 32200, Pakistan
| | - Bahareh Shirinfar
- West Herts College - University of Hertfordshire, Watford, WD17 3EZ, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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6
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Bairagi A, Pereverzev AY, Tinnemans P, Pidko EA, Roithová J. Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction: Monitoring of Catalytically Active, Downgraded, and Upgraded Cobalt Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5480-5492. [PMID: 38353430 PMCID: PMC10910500 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The premise of most studies on the homogeneous electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is a good understanding of the reaction mechanisms. Yet, analyzing the reaction intermediates formed at the working electrode is challenging and not always attainable. Here, we present a new, general approach to studying the reaction intermediates applied for CO2RR catalyzed by a series of cobalt complexes. The cobalt complexes were based on the TPA-ligands (TPA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) modified by amino groups in the secondary coordination sphere. By combining the electrochemical experiments, electrochemistry-coupled electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we identify and spectroscopically characterize the key reaction intermediates in the CO2RR and the competing hydrogen-evolution reaction (HER). Additionally, the experiments revealed the rarely reported in situ changes in the secondary coordination sphere of the cobalt complexes by the CO2-initiated transformation of the amino substituents to carbamates. This launched an even faster alternative HER pathway. The interplay of three catalytic cycles, as derived from the experiments and supported by the DFT calculations, explains the trends that cobalt complexes exhibit during the CO2RR and HER. Additionally, this study demonstrates the need for a molecular perspective in the electrocatalytic activation of small molecules efficiently obtained by the EC-ESI-MS technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Bairagi
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandr Y. Pereverzev
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Tinnemans
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Evgeny A. Pidko
- Inorganic
Systems Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty
of Applied Sciences, Delft University of
Technology, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Jana Roithová
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
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7
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Kumar S, Chand S, Singh KN. Electro-oxidative coupling of Bunte salts with aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates: a benign access to unsymmetrical sulfoxides. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:850-856. [PMID: 38175526 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01955a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical strategy for the synthesis of unsymmetrical sulfoxides has been explored using Bunte salts and aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates under constant current electrolysis at room temperature. In addition to being eco-safe and using mild conditions, the present protocol is free from the use of metal/oxidant, and is endowed with a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Shiv Chand
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Krishna Nand Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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8
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Rafiee M, Abrams DJ, Cardinale L, Goss Z, Romero-Arenas A, Stahl SS. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry: mechanistic tools for organic electrosynthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:566-585. [PMID: 38050749 PMCID: PMC10842901 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00706a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical methods offer unique advantages for chemical synthesis, as the reaction selectivity may be controlled by tuning the applied potential or current. Similarly, measuring the current or potential during the reaction can provide valuable mechanistic insights into these reactions. The aim of this tutorial review is to explain the use of cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry to interrogate reaction mechanisms, optimize electrochemical reactions, or design new reactions. Fundamental principles of cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry experiments are presented together with the application of these techniques to probe (electro)chemical reactions. Several diagnostic criteria are noted for the use of cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry to analyze coupled electrochemical-chemical (EC) reactions, and a series of individual mechanistic studies are presented. Steady state voltammetric and amperometric measurements, using microelectrodes (ME) or rotating disk electrodes (RDE) provide a means to analyze concentrations of redox active species in bulk solution and offer a versatile strategy to conduct kinetic analysis or determine the species present during (electro)synthetic chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rafiee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA.
| | - Dylan J Abrams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Luana Cardinale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Zachary Goss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA.
| | - Antonio Romero-Arenas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Prof. García González, 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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9
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Liu Y, Yang Z, Zou Y, Wang S, He J. Interfacial Micro-Environment of Electrocatalysis and Its Applications for Organic Electro-Oxidation Reaction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306488. [PMID: 37712127 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Conventional designing principal of electrocatalyst is focused on the electronic structure tuning, on which effectively promotes the electrocatalysis. However, as a typical kind of electrode-electrolyte interface reaction, the electrocatalysis performance is also closely dependent on the electrocatalyst interfacial micro-environment (IME), including pH, reactant concentration, electric field, surface geometry structure, hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, etc. Recently, organic electro-oxidation reaction (OEOR), which simultaneously reduces the anodic polarization potential and produces value-added chemicals, has emerged as a competitive alternative to oxygen evolution reaction, and the role IME played in OEOR is receiving great interest. Thus, this article provides a timely review on IME and its applications toward OEOR. In this review, the IME for conventional gas-involving reactions, as a contrast, is first presented, and then the recent progresses of IME toward diverse typical OEOR are summarized; especially, some representative works are thoroughly discussed. Additionally, cutting-edge analytical methods and characterization techniques are introduced to comprehensively understand the role IME played in OEOR. In the last section, perspectives and challenges of IME regulation for OEOR are shared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Yang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Yuqin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Shuangyin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Junying He
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
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10
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Liu Z, Yu X, Li J, Wei D, Peng J, Jiang H, Liu H, Mahmud S. Electrocatalytic hydrogenation of indigo by NiMoS: energy saving and conversion improving. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:17438-17448. [PMID: 37947491 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02272b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2023]
Abstract
An NiMo alloy bonded with sulfur (NiMoS) exhibits enhanced surface affinity toward water and organic molecules, thereby enhancing electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) reactions through synergistic effects. In industrial processes, indigo, an ancient dye employed in the denim industry, is typically chemically reduced using sodium dithionite. However, this process generates an excess of toxic sulfide, which heavily contaminates the environment. ECH is a sustainable alternative for indigo reduction due to its reduced reliance on chemicals and energy consumption. In this study, carbon-felt (CF)-supported NiMoS was synthesized in a two-step process. First, the NiMo alloy was electrodeposited onto the CF surface, followed by sulfidation in an oven at 600 °C. NiMoS exhibits a larger electrochemically active surface area and a smaller charge transfer resistance compared to pure Ni and NiMo. Furthermore, NiMoS demonstrates excellent thermodynamic and kinetic properties for water splitting in strong alkaline solutions (1.0 M KOH). Additionally, optimal reaction conditions for the ECH of indigo were explored. Under the conditions of a 1.0 M KOH hydroxide medium with 10% methanol (v/v), an indigo concentration of 5 g L-1, a reaction temperature of 70 °C, and a current density of 10 mA cm-2, NiMoS/CF achieved remarkable improvements in both conversion (99.2%) and Faraday efficiency (38.1%). The results of this experimental work offer valuable insights into the design and application of novel catalytic materials for the ECH of vat dyes, opening up new possibilities for sustainable and environmentally friendly processes in the dye industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-dyeing & Finishing, Wuhan 430200, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xunkai Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-dyeing & Finishing, Wuhan 430200, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-dyeing & Finishing, Wuhan 430200, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dong Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-dyeing & Finishing, Wuhan 430200, People's Republic of China.
| | - Junjun Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-dyeing & Finishing, Wuhan 430200, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huiyu Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-dyeing & Finishing, Wuhan 430200, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huihong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-dyeing & Finishing, Wuhan 430200, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sakil Mahmud
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-dyeing & Finishing, Wuhan 430200, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Hosseini S, Beeler JA, Sanford MS, White HS. Electroorganic synthesis in aqueous solution via generation of strongly oxidizing and reducing intermediates. Faraday Discuss 2023; 247:195-208. [PMID: 37492982 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00067b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Water is the ideal green solvent for organic electrosynthesis. However, a majority of electroorganic processes require potentials that lie beyond the electrochemical window for water. In general, water oxidation and reduction lead to poor synthetic yields and selectivity or altogether prohibit carrying out a desired reaction. Herein, we report several electroorganic reactions in water using synthetic strategies referred to as reductive oxidation and oxidative reduction. Reductive oxidation involves the homogeneous reduction of peroxydisulfate (S2O82-) via electrogenerated Ru(NH3)62+ at potential of -0.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl (3.5 M KCl) to form the highly oxidizing sulfate radical anion (E0' (SO4˙-/SO42-) = 2.21 V vs. Ag/AgCl), which is capable of oxidizing species beyond the water oxidation potential. Electrochemically generated SO4˙- then efficiently abstracts a hydrogen atom from a variety of organic compounds such as benzyl alcohol and toluene to yield product in water. The reverse analogue of reductive oxidation is oxidative reduction. In this case, the homogeneous oxidation of oxalate (C2O42-) by electrochemically generated Ru(bpy)33+ produces the strongly reducing carbon dioxide radical anion (E0' (CO2˙-/CO2) = -2.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl), which can reduce species at potential beyond the water or proton reduction potential. In preliminary studies, the CO2˙- has been used to homogeneously reduce the C-Br moiety belonging to benzyl bromide at an oxidizing potential in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua A Beeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
| | - Henry S White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
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12
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Torres WR, Zeballos NC, Flexer V. Effect of [Na +]/[Li +] concentration ratios in brines on lithium carbonate production through membrane electrolysis. Faraday Discuss 2023; 247:101-124. [PMID: 37477538 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00051f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Lithium is a fundamental raw material for the production of rechargeable batteries. The technology currently in use for lithium salts recovery from continental brines entails the evaporation of huge water volumes in desert environments. It also requires that the native brines reside for not less than a year in open air ponds, and is only applicable to selected compositions, not allowing its application to more diluted brines such as those geothermally sourced or waters produced from the oil industry. We have proposed an alternative technology based on membrane electrolysis. In three consecutive water electrolyzers, fitted alternately with anion and cation permselective membranes, we have shown, at proof-of-concept level, that it is possible to sequentially recover lithium carbonate and several by-products, including magnesium and calcium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, H2 and HCl. The big challenge is to bring this technology closer to practical implementation. Thus, the issue is how to apply relatively well-known electrochemical technology principles to large volumes and to a highly complex and saline broth. We have studied the application of this new methodology to ternary mixtures (NaCl, LiCl and KCl) with constant LiCl and KCl composition and increasing NaCl content. Results showed very similar behaviour for systems containing [Na+]/[Li+] concentration ratios ranging from 1.24 to 4.80. The voltage developed between the anode and cathode is almost the same in all systems at roughly 3.5 V when a constant current density of 50 A m-2 is applied. The three monovalent cations migrate with different rates across the cation exchange membrane, with Li+ being the most sluggish and thus crystallization of Li2CO3 only occurs close to completion of the electrolysis. The dimensionless concentration profiles are almost indistinguishable despite the changes in total salinity. The solids crystallized from different feeds showed higher Na+ and K+ contents as the initial Na+ concentration was increased. However, solids with over 99.9% purity in Li2CO3 could be obtained after a simple re-suspension treatment in hot water. The electrochemical energy consumption greatly increases with higher Na+ concentrations, and the amount of fresh water that can be recovered is diminished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter R Torres
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Materiales Avanzados y Almacenamiento de Energía de Jujuy-CIDMEJu (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Jujuy), Av. Martijena S/N, Palpalá, 4612, Argentina.
| | - Nadia C Zeballos
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Materiales Avanzados y Almacenamiento de Energía de Jujuy-CIDMEJu (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Jujuy), Av. Martijena S/N, Palpalá, 4612, Argentina.
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Industrial (INTI) Sede Jujuy, Av. Martijena S/N, Palpalá, 4612, Argentina
| | - Victoria Flexer
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Materiales Avanzados y Almacenamiento de Energía de Jujuy-CIDMEJu (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Jujuy), Av. Martijena S/N, Palpalá, 4612, Argentina.
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13
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Punchihewa BT, Minda V, Gutheil WG, Rafiee M. Electrosynthesis and Microanalysis in Thin Layer: An Electrochemical Pipette for Rapid Electrolysis and Mechanistic Study of Electrochemical Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312048. [PMID: 37669353 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry represents unique approaches for the promotion and mechanistic study of chemical reactions and has garnered increasing attention in different areas of chemistry. This expansion necessitates the enhancement of the traditional electrochemical cells that are intrinsically constrained by mass transport limitations. Herein, we present an approach for designing an electrochemical cell by limiting the reaction chamber to a thin layer of solution, comparable to the thickness of the diffusion layer. This thin layer electrode (TLE) provides a modular platform to bypass the constraints of traditional electrolysis cells and perform electrolysis reactions in the timescale of electroanalytical techniques. The utility of the TLE for electrosynthetic applications benchmarked using NHPI-mediated electrochemical C-H functionalization. The application of microscale electrolysis for the study of drug metabolites was showcased by elucidating the oxidation pathways of the paracetamol drug. Moreover, hosting a microelectrode in the TLE, was shown to enable real-time probing of the profiles of redox-active components of these rapid electrosynthesis reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buwanila T Punchihewa
- Division of Energy, Matter and Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MI 64110, USA
| | - Vidit Minda
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MI 64108, USA
| | - William G Gutheil
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MI 64108, USA
| | - Mohammad Rafiee
- Division of Energy, Matter and Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MI 64110, USA
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14
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Wan Q, Chen K, Dong X, Ruan X, Yi H, Chen S. Elucidating the Underlying Reactivities of Alternating Current Electrosynthesis by Time-Resolved Mapping of Short-Lived Reactive Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306460. [PMID: 37593930 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Alternating current (AC) electrolysis is an emerging field in synthetic chemistry, however its mechanistic studies are challenged by the effective characterization of the elusive intermediate processes. Herein, we develop an operando electrochemical mass spectrometry platform that allows time-resolved mapping of stepwise electrosynthetic reactive intermediates in both direct current and alternating current modes. By dissecting the key intermediate processes of electrochemical functionalization of arylamines, the unique reactivities of AC electrosynthesis, including minimizing the over-oxidation/reduction through the inverse process, and enabling effective reaction of short-lived intermediates generated by oxidation and reduction in paired electrolysis, were evidenced and verified. Notably, the controlled kinetics of reactive N-centered radical intermediates in multistep sequential AC electrosynthesis to minimize the competing reactions was discovered. Overall, this work provides direct evidence for the mechanism of AC electrolysis, and clarifies the underlying reasons for its high efficiency, which will benefit the rational design of AC electrosynthetic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongqiong Wan
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Kaixiang Chen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xin Dong
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xianqin Ruan
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yi
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Suming Chen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
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15
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Li M, Zhang JN. Rational design of bimetallic catalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction: A review. Sci China Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-023-1565-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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16
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Bai F, Wang N, Bai Y, Ma X, Gu C, Dai B, Chen J. NHPI-Mediated Electrochemical α-Oxygenation of Amides to Benzimides. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 36866582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
This report describes a mild electrochemical α-oxygenation of a wide range of linear and cyclic benzamides mediated by N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) in an undivided cell using O2 as the oxygen source and 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine perchlorate as an electrolyte. The radical scavenger experiment and the 18O labeling experiment were carried out, which indicated the involvement of a radical pathway and suggested O2 as an oxygen source in the imides, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Bai
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 832000, China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 832000, China
| | - Yinshan Bai
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 832000, China
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 832000, China
| | - Chengzhi Gu
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 832000, China
| | - Bin Dai
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 832000, China
| | - Jianpeng Chen
- Hami Shuoyuan Chemical Co., Ltd, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 832000, China
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17
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Rapisarda L, Fermi A, Ceroni P, Giovanelli R, Bertuzzi G, Bandini M. Electrochemical C(sp 3)-H functionalization of ethers via hydrogen-atom transfer by means of cathodic reduction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2664-2667. [PMID: 36785969 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06999g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The chemo- and stereoselective electrochemical allylation/alkylation of ethers is presented via a C(sp3)-H activation event. The electrosynthetic protocol enables the realization of a large library of functionalized ethers (35 examples) in high yields (up to 84%) via cathodic activation of a new type of redox-active carbonate (RAC), capable of triggering HAT (Hydrogen-Atom-Transfer) events through the generation of electrophilic oxy radicals. The process displayed high functional group tolerance and mild reaction conditions. A mechanistic elucidation via voltammetric analysis completes the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Rapisarda
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Andrea Fermi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy. .,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Ceroni
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy. .,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Giovanelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy. .,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulio Bertuzzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy. .,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Bandini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy. .,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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18
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Pence M, Rodríguez O, Lukhanin NG, Schroeder CM, Rodríguez-López J. Automated Measurement of Electrogenerated Redox Species Degradation Using Multiplexed Interdigitated Electrode Arrays. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:62-72. [PMID: 36817007 PMCID: PMC9936799 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the decomposition of electrogenerated species in solution is essential for applications involving electrosynthesis, homogeneous electrocatalysis, and energy storage with redox flow batteries. In this work, we present an automated, multiplexed, and highly robust platform for determining the rate constant of chemical reaction steps following electron transfer, known as the EC mechanism. We developed a generation-collection methodology based on microfabricated interdigitated electrode arrays (IDAs) with variable gap widths on a single device. Using a combination of finite-element simulations and statistical analysis of experimental data, our results show that the natural logarithm of collection efficiency is linear with respect to gap width, and this quantitative analysis is used to determine the decomposition rate constant of the electrogenerated species (k c). The integrated IDA method is used in a series of experiments to measure k c values between ∼0.01 and 100 s-1 in aqueous and nonaqueous solvents and at concentrations as high as 0.5 M of the redox-active species, conditions that are challenging to address using standard methods based on conventional macroelectrodes. The versatility of our approach allows for characterization of a wide range of reactions including intermolecular cyclization, hydrolysis, and the decomposition of candidate molecules for redox flow batteries at variable concentration and water content. Overall, this new experimental platform presents a straightforward automated method to assess the degradation of redox species in solution with sufficient flexibility to enable high-throughput workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
A. Pence
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Oliver Rodríguez
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Nikita G. Lukhanin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Charles M. Schroeder
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
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19
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Sharma S, Shaheeda S, Shaw K, Bisai A, Paul A. Two-Electron- and One-Electron-Transfer Pathways for TEMPO-Catalyzed Greener Electrochemical Dimerization of 3-Substituted-2-Oxindoles. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c06361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sulekha Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
| | - Saina Shaheeda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
| | - Kundan Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
| | - Alakesh Bisai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741 246, India
| | - Amit Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
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20
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Lenk T, Schröder U. An experimental guide to in operando electrochemical Raman spectroscopy. J Solid State Electrochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-023-05381-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AbstractElectrochemical Raman spectroscopy can provide valuable insights into electrochemical reaction mechanisms. However, it also shows various pitfalls and challenges. This paper gives an overview of the necessary theoretical background, crucial practical considerations for successful measurement, and guidance for in situ/in operando electrochemical Raman spectroscopy. Several parameters must be optimized for suitable reaction and measurement conditions. From the experimental side, considerations for the setup, suitable signal enhancement methods, choice of material, laser, and objective lens are discussed. Different interface phenomena are reviewed in the context of data interpretation and evaluation.
Graphical Abstract
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21
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Electroreductive coupling of benzaldehyde by balancing the formation and dimerization of the ketyl intermediate. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7909. [PMID: 36564379 PMCID: PMC9789095 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35463-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroreductive coupling of biomass-derived benzaldehyde offers a sustainable approach to producing value-added hydrobenzoin. The low efficiency of the reaction mainly ascribes to the mismatch of initial formation and subsequent dimerization of ketyl intermediates (Ph-CH = O → Ph-C·-OH → Ph-C(OH)-C(OH)-Ph). This paper describes a strategy to balance the active sites for the generation and dimerization of ketyl intermediates by constructing bimetallic Pd/Cu electrocatalysts with tunable surface coverage of Pd. A Faradaic efficiency of 63.2% and a hydrobenzoin production rate of up to 1.27 mmol mg-1 h-1 (0.43 mmol cm-2 h-1) are achieved at -0.40 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode. Experimental results and theoretical calculations reveal that Pd promotes the generation of the ketyl intermediate, and Cu enhances their dimerization. Moreover, the balance between these two sites facilitates the coupling of benzaldehyde towards hydrobenzoin. This work offers a rational strategy to design efficient electrocatalysts for complex reactions through the optimization of specified active sites for different reaction steps.
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22
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Zhou P, Lv X, Tao S, Wu J, Wang H, Wei X, Wang T, Zhou B, Lu Y, Frauenheim T, Fu X, Wang S, Zou Y. Heterogeneous-Interface-Enhanced Adsorption of Organic and Hydroxyl for Biomass Electrooxidation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2204089. [PMID: 36036562 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) provides an efficient way to obtain high-value-added biomass-derived chemicals. Compared with other transition metal oxides, CuO exhibits poor oxygen evolution reaction performance, leading to high Faraday efficiency for HMF oxidation. However, the weak adsorption and activation ability of CuO to OH- species restricts its further development. Herein, the CuO-PdO heterogeneous interface is successfully constructed, resulting in an advanced onset-potential of the HMF oxidation reaction (HMFOR), a higher current density than CuO. The results of open-circuit potential, in situ infrared spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations indicate that the introduction of PdO enhances the adsorption capacity of the organic molecule. Meanwhile, the CuO-PdO heterogeneous interface promotes the adsorption and activation of OH- species, as demonstrated by zeta potential and electrochemical measurements. This work elucidates the adsorption enhancement mechanism of heterogeneous interfaces and provides constructive guidance for designing efficient multicomponent electrocatalysts in organic electrocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xingshuai Lv
- Shenzhen JL Computational Science and Applied Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518110, China
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center (CSRC), Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shasha Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Jingcheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Hongfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Tehua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yuxuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Thomas Frauenheim
- Shenzhen JL Computational Science and Applied Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518110, China
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center (CSRC), Beijing, 100193, China
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, 2835, Bremen, Germany
| | - Xianzhu Fu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Shuangyin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yuqin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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23
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Abstract
Fluorinated organic compounds are common among pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and materials. The significant strength of the C-F bond results in chemical inertness that, depending on the context, is beneficial, problematic or simply a formidable synthetic challenge. Electrosynthesis is a rapidly expanding methodology that can enable new reactivity and selectivity for cleavage and formation of chemical bonds. Here, a comprehensive overview of synthetically relevant electrochemically driven protocols for C-F bond activation and functionalization is presented, including photoelectrochemical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes L Röckl
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Helena Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
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24
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Recent advances in organic electrosynthesis using heterogeneous catalysts modified electrodes. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Jiang C, Zhu Y, Li H, Liu P, Sun P. Direct Cyanation of Thiophenols or Thiols to Access Thiocyanates under Electrochemical Conditions. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10026-10033. [PMID: 35866614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical cross-coupling method for the synthesis of thiocyanates via the direct cyanation of readily available thiophenols or thiols with trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN) was developed. This approach was also suitable for selenols. External oxidant-free, transition-metal-free and mild operating conditions were the main advantages of this protocol. A series of thiocyanates and selenocyanates could be obtained in moderate to high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Heng Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ping Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peipei Sun
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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26
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Sen PP, Prakash R, Roy SR. Electricity Induced Rhodium-Catalyzed Oxidative C-H/N-H Annulation of Alkynes with Arylhydrophthalazinediones. Org Lett 2022; 24:4530-4535. [PMID: 35727892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of stoichiometric oxidant-free regioselective annulation protocol is a challenging aspect in organic synthesis. Herein, we disclose electricity as a greener oxidant for the C-H/N-H annulation to construct cinnolines using rhodium(III) catalyst under mild conditions. A detailed mechanistic investigation revealed the possibility of both Rh(III/I) and Rh(III/IV) catalytic cycles for the formation of annulated product. Exclusive regioselectivity, diverse substrate scope, and commercially available cheap graphite electrodes are key features of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Pratim Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Rashmi Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sudipta Raha Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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27
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Noji M, Ishimaru S, Obata H, Kumaki A, Seki T, Hayashi S, Takanami T. Facile electrochemical synthesis of silyl acetals: An air-stable precursor to formylsilane. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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28
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Bertuzzi G, Ombrosi G, Bandini M. Regio- and Stereoselective Electrochemical Alkylation of Morita-Baylis-Hillman Adducts. Org Lett 2022; 24:4354-4359. [PMID: 35700274 PMCID: PMC9237826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Electrosynthesis
is effectively employed in a general regio- and
stereoselective alkylation of Morita–Baylis–Hillman
compounds. The exposition of N-acyloxyphthalimides
(redox-active esters) to galvanostatic electroreductive conditions,
following the sacrificial-anode strategy, is proved an efficient and
practical method to access densely functionalized cinnamate and oxindole
derivatives. High yields (up to 80%) and wide functional group tolerance
characterized the methodology. A tentative mechanistic sketch is proposed
based on dedicated control experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Bertuzzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giamician Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiotum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.,Center for Chemical Catalysis -C3-, Alma Mater Studiotum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giada Ombrosi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giamician Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiotum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Bandini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giamician Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiotum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.,Center for Chemical Catalysis -C3-, Alma Mater Studiotum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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29
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Tang J, Ren L, Li J, Wang Y, Hu D, Tong X, Xia C. Photochemical Synthesis of Indolocarbazoles through Tandem Indolization/Dimerization/Mannich Cyclization from Allenes. Org Lett 2022; 24:3582-3587. [PMID: 35549288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Indolocarbazole alkaloids and their derivatives were discovered to have potent protein kinase and topoisomerase I inhibitory activities. Disclosed herein is the photochemical synthesis of the indolocarbazole ring system from N-allenyl-2-iodoanilines. The tandem protocol included visible-light-mediated 5-exo-trig radical cyclization and subsequent radical dimerization, followed by acid-promoted deprotection and intramolecular Mannich cyclization. This strategy showed exceptional functional group tolerance and was successfully applied in the concise synthesis of natural products tjipanazoles B and D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Tang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research and Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Linlin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research and Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Jianwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research and Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Yonggong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research and Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Dongyan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research and Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Xiaogang Tong
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research and Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Chengfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research and Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
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30
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Ma Y, Cui L, Li M, Cao J, Zheng L, Wei Z. Product Identification and Mechanism Exploration of Organic Electrosynthesis Using on-line Electrochemistry-Mass Spectrometry. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Liu X, Wu Z, Feng C, Liu W, Li M, Shen Z. Catalyst‐ and Oxidant‐free Electrochemical Halogenation Reactions of 2H‐Indazoles with NaX (X = Cl, Br). European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Chemical Engeering CHINA
| | - Zengzhi Wu
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Chemical Engeering CHINA
| | - Chenglong Feng
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Chemical Engeering CHINA
| | - Wenlu Liu
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Chemical Engeering CHINA
| | - Meichao Li
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Chemical Engeering CHINA
| | - Zhenlu Shen
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Chemical Engineering 18 Chaowang Road 310032 Hangzhou CHINA
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32
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Xiong P, Hemming M, Ivlev SI, Meggers E. Electrochemical Enantioselective Nucleophilic α-C(sp 3)-H Alkenylation of 2-Acyl Imidazoles. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6964-6971. [PMID: 35385651 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Merging electrochemistry with asymmetric catalysis promises to provide an environmentally friendly and efficient strategy for the construction of nonracemic chiral molecules. However, in practice, significant challenges arise from the instability or incompatibility of the chiral catalysts under the electrochemical conditions at the interface of electrode and solution. Herein, we report a catalytic asymmetric indirect electrolysis employing the combination of a redox mediator and a chiral-at-rhodium Lewis acid, which achieves a previously elusive enantioselective nucleophilic α-C(sp3)-H alkenylation of ketones. Specifically, 2-acyl imidazoles react with potassium alkenyl trifluoroborates in high yields (up to 94%) and with exceptional enantioselectivities (27 examples with ≥99% ee) without the need for any additional stoichiometric oxidants (overall 40 examples). The new indirect electrosynthesis can be scaled to gram quantities and was applied to the straightforward synthesis of intermediates of the natural product cryptophycin A and a cathepsin K inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xiong
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Hemming
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sergei I Ivlev
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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