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Wang L, Cheng Y, Parekh G, Naidu R. Real-time monitoring and predictive analysis of VOC flux variations in soil vapor: Integrating PID sensing with machine learning for enhanced vapor intrusion forecasts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171616. [PMID: 38479534 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
In the rapidly evolving domain of vapor intrusion (VI) assessments, traditional methodologies encompass detailed groundwater and soil vapor sampling coupled with comprehensive laboratory measurements. These models, blending empirical data, theoretical equations, and site-specific parameters, evaluate VI risks by considering a spectrum of influential factors, from volatile organic compounds (VOC) concentrations in groundwater to nuanced soil attributes. However, the challenge of variability, influenced by dynamic ambient conditions and intricate soil properties, remains. Our study presents an advanced on-site gas sensing station geared towards real-time VOC flux monitoring, enriched with an array of ambient sensors, and spearheaded by the reliable PID sensor for VOC detection. Integrating this dynamic system with machine learning, we developed predictive models, notably the random forest regression, which boasts an R-squared value exceeding 79 % and mean relative error near 0.25, affirming its capability to predict trichloroethylene (TCE) concentrations in soil vapor accurately. By synergizing real-time monitoring and predictive insights, our methodology refines VI risk assessments, equipping communities with proactive, informed decision-making tools and bolstering environmental safety. Implementing these predictive models can simplify monitoring for residents, reducing dependence on specialized systems. Once proven effective, there's potential to repurpose monitoring stations to other VI-prone regions, expanding their reach and benefit. The developed model can leverage weather forecasting data to predict and provide alerts for future VOC events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ATC, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Ying Cheng
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ATC, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Gaurang Parekh
- CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ATC, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ATC, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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Jiang D, Chen Q, Ding D, Zhou Y, Xie W, Xia F, Li M, Wei J, Chen Y, Deng S. Derivation of human health and odor risk control values for soil ammonia nitrogen by incorporating solid-liquid partitioning, ammonium/ammonia equilibrium: A case study of a retired nitrogen fertilizer site in China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 273:116133. [PMID: 38394758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen fertilizer supports agricultural intensification, but its manufacturing results in substantial contaminated sites. Ammonia nitrogen is the main specific pollutant in retired nitrogen fertilizer sites with potential human health and odor risks. However, few studies focus on ammonia nitrogen risk assessment at contaminated sites, particularly considering its solid-liquid partitioning process (Kd) and ammonium/ammonia equilibrium process (R) in the soil. This study took a closed nitrogen fertilizer factory site as an example and innovatively introduced Kd and R to scientifically assess the human health and odor risk of ammonia nitrogen. The risk control values (RCVs) of ammonia nitrogen based on human health and odor risk were also derived. The maximum concentration of ammonia nitrogen was 3380 mg/kg in the unsaturated soil, which was acceptable for human health because the health RCVs were 5589 ∼ 137,471 mg/kg in various scenarios. However, odor risk was unacceptable for RCVs were 296 ∼ 1111 mg/kg under excavation scenarios and 1118 ∼ 35,979 mg/kg under non-excavation scenarios. Of particular concern, introducing Kd and R in calculation increased the human health and odor RCVs by up to 27.92 times. Despite the advancements in ammonia risk assessment due to the introduction of Kd and R, odor risk during excavation remains a vital issue. These findings inform a more scientific assessment of soil ammonia risk at contaminated sites and provide valuable insights for the management and redevelopment of abandoned nitrogen fertilizer plant sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengdeng Jiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Da Ding
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Wenyi Xie
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Feiyang Xia
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Mei Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Jing Wei
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210046, China.
| | - Shaopo Deng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210046, China.
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Guan J, Huang J, Sun Y, Li C, Wan Y, Wei G, Kang R, Pang H, Shi Q, McHugh T, Ma J. Understanding petroleum vapor fate and transport through high resolution analysis of two distinct vapor plumes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169464. [PMID: 38123082 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
No field study has provided a detailed characterization of the molecular composition and spatial distribution of a vadose zone plume of petroleum volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which is critical to improve the current understanding of petroleum VOC transport and fate. This is study reports a high-resolution analysis of two distinct vapor plumes emanating from two different light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) sources (an aliphatic-rich LNAPL for Zone #1vs an aromatic-rich LNAPL for Zone #2) at a large petrochemical site. Although deep soil vapor signatures were similar to the source zone LNAPL signatures, the composition of the shallow soil vapors reflected preferential attenuation of certain hydrocarbons over others during upward transport in the vadose zone. Between deeper and shallower soil gas samples, attenuation of aromatics was observed under all conditions, but important differences were observed in attenuation to aliphatic compound classes. Attenuation of all aliphatic compounds was observed under aerobic conditions but little attenuation of any aliphatics was observed under anoxic conditions without methane. In contrast, under methanogenic conditions, paraffins attenuated more than isoparaffins and naphthenes. These results suggest that isoparafins and naphthenes may present more of a vapor intrusion risk than benzene or other aromatic hydrocarbons commonly considered to be petroleum vapor intrusion risk drivers. While the overall vapor composition changed significantly within the vadose zone, diagnostic ratios of relatively recalcitrant alkylcyclopentanes were preserved in shallow soil vapor samples. These alkylcyclopentanes may be useful for distinguishing between petroleum vapor intrusion and other sources of petroleum VOCs detected in indoor air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China; College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Jierui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China; College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Yue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China; College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Chong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China; College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Yuruo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China; College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Guo Wei
- Beijing Beitou Eco-environment Co., Ltd, Canal East St. 6th, Beijing 101117, China
| | - Rifeng Kang
- Beijing Beitou Eco-environment Co., Ltd, Canal East St. 6th, Beijing 101117, China
| | - Hongwei Pang
- Beijing Beitou Eco-environment Co., Ltd, Canal East St. 6th, Beijing 101117, China
| | - Quan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China; College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Thomas McHugh
- GSI Environmental Inc., 2211 Norfolk Street, Suite 1000, Houston, TX 77098, USA
| | - Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China; College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China.
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Liu S, Yang X, Shi B, Liu Z, Yan X, Zhou Y, Liang T. Utilizing machine learning algorithm for finely three-dimensional delineation of soil-groundwater contamination in a typical industrial park, North China: Importance of multisource auxiliary data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 911:168598. [PMID: 37981145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Intensive industrial activities cause soil contamination with wide variations and even perturb groundwater safety. Precision delineation of soil contamination is the foundation and precondition for soil quality assurance in the practical environmental management process. However, spatial non-stationarity phenomenon of soil contamination and heterogeneous sampling are two key issues that affect the accuracy of contamination delineation model. Taking a typical industrial park in North China as the research object, we constructed a random forest (RF) model for finely characterizing the distribution of soil contaminants using sparse-biased drilling data. Results showed that the R2 values of arsenic and 1,2-dichloroethane predicted by RF (0.8896 and 0.8973) were greatly higher than those of inverse distance weighted model (0.2848 and 0.2908), indicating that RF was more adaptable to actual non-stationarity sites. The back propagation neural network algorithm was utilized to establish a three-dimensional visualization of the contamination parcel of subsoil-groundwater system. Multiple sources of environmental data, including hydrogeological conditions, geochemical characteristics and anthropogenic industrial activities were integrated into the model to optimize the prediction accuracy. The feature importance analysis revealed that soil particle size was dominant for the migration of arsenic, while the migration of 1,2-dichloroethane highly depended on vertical permeability coefficients of the soil. Contaminants migrated downwards with soil water under gravity-driven conditions and penetrated through the subsoil to reach the saturated aquifer, forming a contamination plume with groundwater flow. Our findings afford a new idea for spatial analysis of soil-groundwater contamination at industrial sites, which will provide valuable technical support for maintaining sustainable industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Biling Shi
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhaoshu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiulan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Tao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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Kim PG, Tarafdar A, Lee KY, Kwon JH, Hong Y. The passive sampler assisted human exposure risk characterization for tetrachloroethene soil vapor intrusion scenario. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117238. [PMID: 37783324 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential human health risks associated with soil vapor intrusion and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) exposure were characterized at an industrialized site by the quantification of gaseous VOCs in soil pores using a passive sampling technique. The gaseous tetrachloroethene (PCE) in soil pores varied between 12 and 5,400 μg m-3 showing 3 orders of magnitude variation with dependence on groundwater PCE concentrations. Though the PCE concentration in the air only varied between 0.45 and 1.5 μg m-3 showing negligible variations compared to the variation observed in soil pores. The PCE concentration in the air varied between 0.45 and 1.5 μg m-3. The calculation of fugacity suggested that the PCE in the test site originated from groundwater. Measured PCE in groundwater ranged from 14 to 2,400 times higher than PCE in soil gas. This indicates that conducting a vapor intrusion risk assessment using passive soil gas sampling is critical for accurate risk characterization and assessment. Estimated PCE inhalation cancer risks for street cleaners and indoor residents varied between 10-6 and 10-4 with a low plausible hazard, and between 10-3 and 10-2 with a high risk, respectively. The results of this study demonstrate that passive sampling offers a significantly lower cost and labor-intensive approach compared to traditional methods for assessing pollution distribution in contaminated sites and characterizing risks. This highlights the potential for wider application of passive sampling techniques in environmental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil-Gon Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Abhrajyoti Tarafdar
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Keum Young Lee
- R&D Center, H-Plus Eco Ltd.,130-70, Jinsangmi-ro 813beon-gil, Seolseong-myeon, Icheon-si, 17412, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Hong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, 30019, Republic of Korea.
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Zheng H, Du X, Ma Y, Zhao W, Zhang H, Yao J, Shi Y, Zhao C. Combined assessment of health hazard and odour impact of soils at a contaminated site: a case study on a defunct pharmaceuticals factory in China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:7679-7692. [PMID: 37410198 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01678-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Surveys and assessments of contaminated sites primarily focus on hazardous pollutants in the soil with less attention paid to odorants. This makes the management of contaminated sites difficult. In this study, hazardous and odorous pollutants in the soil were assessed for a large site that was previously used for production of pharmaceuticals to determine the degree and characteristics of soil contamination at pharmaceutical production sites, for undertaking rational remediation measures. The main hazardous pollutants at the study site were triethylamine, n-butyric acid, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (DBA), total petroleum hydrocarbons (C10-C40) (TPH), and 1,2-dichloroethane; TEA, BA, and isovaleric acid (IC) were the main odorants. As the type and distribution of hazardous and odorous pollutants differ, it is necessary to separately assess the impact of these pollutants at a contaminated site. Soils in the surface layer pose significant non-carcinogenic (HI = 68.30) and carcinogenic risks (RT = 3.56E-5), whereas those in the lower layer only pose non-carcinogenic risks (HI > 7.43). Odorants were found at considerable concentrations both in the surface and lower layers, with the maximum concentrations being 29,309.91 and 41.27, respectively. The findings of this study should improve our understanding of soil contamination at former pharmaceutical production sites and should inform the assessment of the risks posed by contaminated sites, with problems associated with odour, and possible remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Zheng
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100012, China
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaoming Du
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yan Ma
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Weiguang Zhao
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Hailing Zhang
- Hebei Zongda Environmental Technology Co., LTD, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Juejun Yao
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Yi Shi
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Caiyun Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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7
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Settimi C, Zingaretti D, Verginelli I, Baciocchi R. Degradation of trichloroethylene vapors by micrometric zero-valent FeCu and FeNi bimetals under partially saturated conditions. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2023; 257:104204. [PMID: 37301040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2023.104204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of trichloroethylene (TCE) vapors by zero-valent Iron-Copper (Fe-Cu) and Iron-Nickel (Fe-Ni) bimetals with 1%, 5% and 20% weight content (%wt) of Cu or Ni was tested in anaerobic batch vapor systems carried out at ambient room temperature (20 ± 2 °C) under partially saturated conditions. The concentrations of TCE and byproducts were determined at discrete reaction time intervals (4 h-7 days) by analyzing the headspace vapors. In all the experiments, up to 99.9% degradation of TCE in the gas phase was achieved after 2-4 days with zero-order TCE degradation kinetic constants in the range of 134-332 g mair-3d-1. Fe-Ni showed a higher reactivity towards TCE vapors compared to Fe-Cu, with up to 99.9% TCE dechlorination after 2 days of reaction, i.e., significantly higher than zero-valent iron alone that in previous studies was found to achieve comparable TCE degradation after minimum 2 weeks of reaction. The only detectable byproducts of the reactions were C3-C6 hydrocarbons. Neither vinyl chloride or dichloroethylene peaks were detected in the tested conditions above their method quantification limits that were in the order of 0.01 g mair-3. In view of using the tested bimetals in horizontal permeable reactive barriers (HPRBs) placed in the unsaturated zone to treat chlorinated solvent vapors emitted from contaminated groundwater, the experimental results obtained were integrated into a simple analytical model to simulate the reactive transport of vapors through the barrier. It was found that an HPRB of 20 cm could be potentially effective to ensure TCE vapors reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Settimi
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science Engineering, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Zingaretti
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science Engineering, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Iason Verginelli
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science Engineering, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Renato Baciocchi
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science Engineering, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Manz KE, Dodson RE, Liu Y, Scheidl L, Burks S, Dunn F, Gairola R, Lee NF, Walker ED, Pennell KD, Braun JM. Effects of Corsi-Rosenthal boxes on indoor air contaminants: non-targeted analysis using high resolution mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:537-547. [PMID: 37414869 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00577-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In response to COVID-19, attention was drawn to indoor air quality and interventions to mitigate airborne COVID-19 transmission. Of developed interventions, Corsi-Rosenthal (CR) boxes, a do-it-yourself indoor air filter, may have potential co-benefits of reducing indoor air contaminant levels. OBJECTIVE We employed non-targeted and suspect screening analysis (NTA and SSA) to detect and identify volatile and semi-volatile organic contaminants (VOCs and SVOCs) that decreased in indoor air following installation of CR boxes. METHODS Using a natural experiment, we sampled indoor air before and during installation of CR boxes in 17 rooms inside an occupied office building. We measured VOCs and SVOCs using gas chromatography (GC) high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) with electron ionization (EI) and liquid chromatography (LC) HRMS in negative and positive electrospray ionization (ESI). We examined area count changes during vs. before operation of the CR boxes using linear mixed models. RESULTS Transformed (log2) area counts of 71 features significantly decreased by 50-100% after CR boxes were installed (False Discovery Rate (FDR) p-value < 0.2). Of the significantly decreased features, four chemicals were identified with Level 1 confidence, 45 were putatively identified with Level 2-4 confidence, and 22 could not be identified (Level 5). Identified and putatively identified features (Level ≥4) that declined included disinfectants (n = 1), fragrance and/or food chemicals (n = 9), nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds (n = 4), organophosphate esters (n = 1), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (n = 8), polychlorinated biphenyls (n = 1), pesticides/herbicides/insecticides (n = 18), per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (n = 2), phthalates (n = 3), and plasticizers (n = 2). IMPACT STATEMENT We used SSA and NTA to demonstrate that do-it-yourself Corsi-Rosenthal boxes are an effective means for improving indoor air quality by reducing a wide range of volatile and semi-volatile organic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Manz
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| | | | - Yun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Lukas Scheidl
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Shaunessey Burks
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Fiona Dunn
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Richa Gairola
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Nina Franzen Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Erica D Walker
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Kurt D Pennell
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
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9
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Sun Y, Liu Y, Yue G, Cao J, Li C, Ma J. Vapor-phase biodegradation and natural attenuation of petroleum VOCs in the unsaturated zone: A microcosm study. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139275. [PMID: 37343641 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Traditional natural attenuation studies focus on aqueous process in the saturated zone while vapor-phase biodegradation and natural attenuation in the unsaturated zone received much less attention. This study used microcosm experiments to explore the vapor-phase biodegradation and natural attenuation of 23 petroleum VOCs in the unsaturated zone including 7 monoaromatic hydrocarbons, 6 n-alkanes, 4 cycloalkanes, 3 alkylcycloalkanes and 3 fuel ethers. We found that monoaromatic hydrocarbon vapors were easily attenuated with significantly high first-order biodegradation rates (9.48 d-1-43.20 d-1) in live yellow earth, of which toluene and benzene had the highest biodegradation rates (43.20 d-1 and 28.32 d-1, respectively). The 13 aliphatic hydrocarbons and 3 fuel ethers all have relatively low attenuation rates (<0.54 d-1) in live soil and negligible biodegradation contribution. We explored the effects of soil types (black soil, yellow earth, lateritic red earth and quartz sand), soil moisture (2, 5, 10, and 17 wt%) contents and temperatures (4, 15, 25, 35 and 45 °C) on the vapor attenuation. Results showed that increasing soil organic matter (SOM) content, silt content, porosity and soil microorganism numbers enhanced contaminant attenuation and remediation efficiency. Increasing moisture content reduced the apparent first-order biodegradation rates of monoaromatic hydrocarbon vapors. The vapor-phase biodegradation had optimal temperature (∼25 °C in yellow earth) and increasing or decreasing temperature slowed down biodegradation rate. Overall, this study enhanced our understanding of vapor-phase biodegradation and natural attenuation of petroleum VOCs in the unsaturated zone, which is critical for the long-term management and remediation of petroleum contaminated site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Yanbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Gangsen Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Jinhui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Chong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China.
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10
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Zhao K, Yang Y, Hou J, Liu H, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Christie P, Qi P, Liu W. Depth and contaminant-shaped bacterial community structure and assembly at an aged chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon-contaminated site. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131220. [PMID: 37003001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) are potentially toxic substances that have been detected in various contaminated environments. Biological elimination is the main technique of detoxifying CAHs in the contaminated sites, but the soil bacterial community at CAH-contaminated sites have been little investigated. Here, high-throughput sequencing analysis of soil samples from different depths (to 6 m depth) at an aged CAH-contaminated site has been conducted to investigate the community composition, function, and assembly of soil bacteria. The alpha diversity of the bacterial community significantly increased with increasing depth and bacterial community also became more convergent with increasing depth. Organohalide-respiring bacteria (OHRB) is considered keystone taxa to reduce the environmental stress of CAHs by reductive dechlorinate CAHs into nontoxic products, increases the alpha diversity of bacterial community and improves the stability of bacterial co-occurrence network. The high concentration of CAHs in deep soil and the stable anaerobic environment make deterministic processes dominate bacterial community assembly, while the topsoil is dominated by dispersal limitation. In general, CAHs at contaminated sites have a great impact on bacterial community, but the CAHs metabolic community acclimated in deep soil can reduce the environmental stress of CAHs, which provides foundation for the monitored natural attenuation technology in CAHs-contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210018, China
| | - Yuying Yang
- Jiangsu Chengran Environmental Restoration Engineering Co., Ltd, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Jinyu Hou
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210018, China
| | - Haozhe Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210018, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210018, China
| | - Qingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210018, China
| | - Peter Christie
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210018, China
| | - Peishi Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Wuxing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210018, China.
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11
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Moon JK, Kim PG, Lee KY, Kwon JH, Hong Y. Development of an in situ equilibrium polydimethylsiloxane passive sampler for measuring volatile organic compounds in soil vapor. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 325:138419. [PMID: 36925016 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An equilibrium passive sampler made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fiber was developed to measure volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in soil vapor. Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) was used to protect PDMS from pollution and direct contact with soil components. For all tested VOCs, equilibrium was reached after 7 days at 5 °C. The equilibrium partition coefficients of VOCs between PDMS, gas, and water were measured at three different temperatures. The analyte concentrations in PDMS exposed to gas and water separately were almost the same, which suggests that Cgas and Cwater in soil pores can be accurately deduced from CPDMS after equilibrium at various temperatures. To evaluate the passive sampler, active sampling measurements were performed simultaneously. Concentrations of VOCs deduced from the passive sampler were consistent with the concentrations measured by active sampling near the 1:1 line. Tests with artificial soils were conducted to observe the effects of soil components on passive sampling. The results suggest that the effect of water saturation can be ignored; in other words, the developed passive sampler can be applied in the vadose zone, which has fluctuating water saturation. With a holder for the sampler made of stainless steel, the developed in situ passive sampler can measure VOCs in contaminated soil vapor. The developed passive sampler was proven to be an alternative for measuring VOCs in soil vapor, which can be helpful for soil risk assessment and for observing the diffusion of VOCs in contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Kyoung Moon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil-Gon Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Keum Young Lee
- R&D Center, H-Plus Eco Ltd., 130-70, Jinsangmi-ro 813beon-gil, Seolseong-myeon, Icheon-si, 17412, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Hong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, 30019, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Sun Y, Yue G, Ma J. Transport and natural attenuation of benzene vapor from a point source in the vadose zone. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 323:138222. [PMID: 36863631 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The vadose zone is a very dynamic and active environment that directly affects natural attenuation and vapor intrusion of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Therefore, it is important to understand the fate and transport of VOCs in the vadose zone. A column experiment combined with model study was conducted to investigate the influence of soil type, vadose zone thickness, and soil moisture content on benzene vapor transport and natural attenuation in the vadose zone. Vapor-phase biodegradation and volatilization to atmosphere for benzene are two main natural attenuation mechanism in the vadose zone. Our data showed that biodegradation in black soil is the main natural attenuation mechanism (82.8%) while volatilization is the main natural attenuation mechanism in quartz sand, floodplain soil, lateritic red earth and yellow earth (>71.9%). The R-UNSAT model-predicted soil gas concentration profile and flux were close with four soil column data except for yellow earth. Increasing the vadose zone thickness and soil moisture content significantly reduced the volatilization contribution while increased biodegradation contribution. The volatilization loss decreased from 89.3% to 45.8% when the vadose zone thickness increased from 30 cm to 150 cm. The volatilization loss decreased from 71.9% to 10.1% when the soil moisture content increased from 6.4% to 25.4%. Overall, this study provided valuable insights into clarifying the roles of soil type, moisture, and other environmental conditions in vadose zone natural attenuation mechanism and vapor concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Gangsen Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China.
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13
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Chaudhary DK, Park JH, Kim PG, Ok YS, Hong Y. Enrichment cultivation of VOC-degrading bacteria using diffusion bioreactor and development of bacterial-immobilized biochar for VOC bioremediation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 320:121089. [PMID: 36669717 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been globally reported at various sites. Currently, limited literature is available on VOC bioremediation using bacterial-immobilized biochar (BC-B). In this study, multiple VOC-degrading bacteria were enriched and isolated using a newly designed diffusion bioreactor. The most effective VOC-degrading bacteria were then immobilized on rice husk-derived pristine biochar (BC) to develop BC-B. Finally, the performances of BC and BC-B for VOCs (benzene, toluene, xylene, and trichloroethane) bioremediation were evaluated by establishing batch microcosm experiments (Control, C; bioconsortium, BS; pristine biochar, BC; and bacterial-immobilized biochar, BC-B). The results revealed that the newly designed diffusion bioreactor effectively simulated native VOC-contaminated conditions, easing the isolation of 38 diverse ranges of VOC-degrading bacterial strains. Members of the genus Pseudomonas were isolated in the highest (26.33%). The most effective bacterial strain was Pseudomonas sp. DKR-23, followed by Rhodococcus sp. Korf-18, which degraded multiple VOCs in the range of 52-75%. The batch microcosm experiment data showed that BC-B remediated the highest >90% of various VOCs, which was comparatively higher than that of BC, BS, and C. In addition, compared with C, the BS, BC, and BC-B microcosms abundantly reduced the half-life of various VOCs, implying a beneficial impact on the degradation behavior of VOCs. Altogether, this study suggests that a diffusion bioreactor system can be used as a cultivation device for the isolation of a wide range of VOC-degrading bacterial strains, and a compatible combination of biochar and bacteria may be an attractive and promising approach for the sustainable bioremediation of multiple VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Kumar Chaudhary
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung-Ho Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil-Gon Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management Program and Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Hong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Man J, Zhong M, Zhou Q, Jiang L, Yao Y. Exploring the nonlinear partitioning mechanism of volatile organic contaminants between soil and soil vapor using machine learning. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 315:137689. [PMID: 36584831 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Traditional phase equilibrium models usually depend on simplified assumptions and empirical parameters, which are difficult to obtain during regular site investigations. As a result, they often under- or over-estimate soil vapor concentrations for assessing the risks of volatile organic compound (VOC)-contaminated sites. In this study, we develop several machine learning models to predict soil vapor concentrations using 2225 soil-soil vapor data pairs collected from seven contaminated sites in northern China. Compared to the classic dual equilibrium desorption model, the random forest (RF) model can provide more accurate predictions of soil vapor concentrations by at least 1-2 orders of magnitude. Among the employed covariates, soil concentration and organic carbon-water partition coefficient are two of the most significant explanatory covariates affecting soil vapor concentrations. Further examination of the developed RF model reveals the phase equilibrium behavior of VOCs in soil is that: the soil vapor concentration increases with soil concentration at different rates in the first two intervals but remains almost unchanged in the last interval; the solid-vapor partitioning interface may still exist at up to 15% mass water content in our simulations. These findings can help site investigators perform more accurate risk assessments at VOC-contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Man
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Maosheng Zhong
- National Engineering Research Centre of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Risk Modeling and Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Risk Modeling and Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Yijun Yao
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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15
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Bailey RE, Loch-Caruso R. Atmosphere of Wet Basements as a Novel Route for Potential Residential Exposure to 1,4-Dioxane Vapor. CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & HEALTH 2022; 30:100406. [PMID: 36643950 PMCID: PMC9838188 DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2022.100406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Detection of 1,4-dioxane has been reported in shallow groundwater in neighborhoods of the city of Ann Arbor, Michigan. Michigan has a voluntary 1,4-dioxane shallow groundwater screening level based on its potential for vapor intrusion. Calculations show that if 1,4-dioxane-contaminated water were to enter a basement and evaporate, potentially unhealthy concentrations of 1,4-dioxane could arise in homes with damp basements under certain conditions. Potential residential risk is suggested if: 1) shallow groundwater is within 3 m of the surface, 2) groundwater 1,4-dioxane concentration exceeds 150 μg/L, and 3) a basement has higher humidity than the upper floors. Different from vapor intrusion, this suggests that liquid water intrusion with subsequent volatilization within a structure may be a novel exposure pathway for 1,4-dioxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Bailey
- Bailey Associates, 424 Little Lake Drive, Suite 13, Ann Arbor, MI, 48103, United States of America
- Coalition for Remediation of Dioxane, Washtenaw County, MI, United States of America
| | - Rita Loch-Caruso
- Coalition for Remediation of Dioxane, Washtenaw County, MI, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States of America
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16
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Filippini M, Leoncini C, Luchetti L, Emiliani R, Fabbrizi E, Gargini A. Detecting vinyl chloride by phytoscreening in the shallow critical zone at sites with potential human exposure. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 319:115776. [PMID: 35982574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated ethene (CE) contaminants are widespread in groundwater, and the occurrence of vinyl chloride (VC), among others, is a well-known issue due to its mobility, persistence, and carcinogenicity. Human exposure to VC may occur through inhalation after soil vapor intrusion into buildings at sites with shallow underground contamination. Soil vapor intrusion risk is traditionally assessed through indoor air and sub-slab sampling (direct evidence) or soil gas and groundwater surveys (indirect evidence). Phytoscreening (sampling and analysis of tree trunk matrices) was proven as a cost-effective alternative technique to indirectly detect shallow underground contamination by higher chlorinated ethenes and subsequent vapor intrusion risk. However, the technique has appeared barely capable to screen for the lower chlorinated VC, likely due to its fugacity and aerobic bio-degradability, with only one literature record to date showing successful detection in trees. We applied phytoscreening at two sites with severe CE contamination nearby residential buildings caused by illegal dumping of chlorinated pitches from petrochemical productions. The two sites show variable amounts of VC in the shallow groundwater (1e2 to 1e4 μg/L), posing potential sanitary risk issues. Former soil gas surveys did not detect VC in the vadose zone. At both sites, we sampled trunk micro-cores and trunk gas from poplar trees close to contaminated piezometers in different seasons. VC was detected in several instances, disproving the shared literature assumption of the inefficacy of phytoscreening towards this compound. Factors influencing the detectability of VC and other CEs in trees were analyzed through linear regressions. Two different conceptual models were proposed to explain the effective uptake of VC by trees at the two sites, i.e., direct uptake of contaminated groundwater at the first site and uptake of VC from an anoxic vadose zone at the second site. In planta reductive dechlorination of CEs is not expected based on current literature knowledge. Thus, the detection of VC in trunks would indicate its occurrence in the shallow underground, suggesting higher screening effectiveness of phytoscreening compared to soil gas; this has implications for indirect vapor intrusion risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Filippini
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Zamboni 67, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Carlotta Leoncini
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Zamboni 67, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucina Luchetti
- Senior Geologist Expert PNRR- ARTA (Regional Authority for the Protection of Environment -Abruzzo), District of Chieti, Via San Michele 32, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Renata Emiliani
- ARPAE (Authority for the Prevention Environment and Energy -Emilia Romagna), District of Ravenna, Via Alberoni 17/19, 48121, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Emanuela Fabbrizi
- ARPAE (Authority for the Prevention Environment and Energy -Emilia Romagna), District of Bologna, Via Rocchi 19, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gargini
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Zamboni 67, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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17
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Man J, Guo Y, Zhou Q, Yao Y. Database examination, multivariate analysis, and machine learning: Predictions of vapor intrusion attenuation factors. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 242:113874. [PMID: 35843107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Traditional soil vapor intrusion (VI) models usually rely on preset conceptual scenarios, simplifying the influences of limiting environmental covariates in determining indoor attenuation factors relative to subsurface sources. This study proposed a technical framework and applied it to predict VI attenuation factors based on site-specific parameters recorded in the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)'s and the California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA)'s VI databases, which can overcome the limitations of traditional VI models. We examined the databases with multivariate analysis of variance to identify effective covariates, which were then employed to develop VI models with three machine learning algorithms. The results of multivariate analysis show that the effective covariates include soil texture, source depth, foundation type, lateral separation, surface cover, and land use. Based on these covariates, the predicted attenuation factors by these new models are generally within one order of magnitude of the observations recorded in the databases. Then the developed models were employed to generate the generic indoor attenuation factors to subsurface vapor (i.e., the 95th percentile of selected dataset), the values of which are different between the USEPA's and CalEPA's databases by one order of magnitude, although comparable to recommendations by the USEPA and literature, respectively. Such a difference may reflect the significant regional disparity in factors such as building structures or operational conditions (e.g., indoor air exchange rates), which necessitates generating generic VI attenuation factors on a state-specific basis. This study provides an alternative for VI risk screens on a site-specific basis, especially in states with a good collection of datasets. Although the proposed technical framework is used for the VI databases, it can be equally applied to other environmental science problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Man
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanming Guo
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yijun Yao
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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18
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Man J, Guo Y, Jin J, Zhang J, Yao Y, Zhang J. Characterization of vapor intrusion sites with a deep learning-based data assimilation method. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 431:128600. [PMID: 35255335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate characterization of site soils is essential for accurate risk assessment of soil vapor intrusion (VI). In this study, we develop a data assimilation method based on deep learning (i.e., ES(DL)) to estimate the distribution of soil properties with limited measurements. Two hypothetical VI scenarios are employed to demonstrate site characterization using the ES(DL) method, followed by validation with a laboratory sandbox experiment and then one practical site application. The results show that the ES(DL) method can provide reasonable estimates of the effective diffusion coefficient distributions and corresponding emission rates (into the building) in all four cases. The spatial heterogeneity of site soils can be characterized by considerably enough measurements (i.e., 15 sampling points in the first hypothetical case); otherwise, layered characterization is recommended at the cost of neglecting horizontal heterogeneity of site soils. This new method provides an alternative to characterize VI sites with relatively fewer sampling efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Man
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanming Guo
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Junliang Jin
- Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Jianyun Zhang
- Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Yijun Yao
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jiangjiang Zhang
- Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China.
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19
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Xie S, Suuberg E. Adsorption of Trichloroethylene on Common Indoor Materials Studied Using a Combined Inverse Gas Chromatography and Frequency Response Technique. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1669:462926. [PMID: 35279557 PMCID: PMC8976738 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Building materials can act as sinks and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are indoor air contaminants. A knowledge of the dynamics of VOC sorption processes on building materials is needed in order to fully understand how these compounds can influence indoor air quality, and thus, their potential for influencing human health. In the current work, a combination of classical inverse gas chromatography (IGC) and frequency response (FR) technique was used to investigate the sorptive partition and diffusion coefficients of trichloroethylene (TCE) on building materials. This is a compound of considerable interest in many indoor air environments, particularly those impacted by vapor intrusion processes, and the TCE also serves as a model VOC for demonstrating the method. Six typical indoor materials (carpet, cotton, cinderblock, printer paper, polyethylene, drywall) were selected to demonstrate the technique. A selected building material was packed into a stainless-steel column and exposed to a low-concentration TCE flow applied in a sinusoidal temporal pattern at room temperature (22 ℃). In this case, cinderblock showed the highest sorption uptakes (6209 ng TCE/g material-ppbv TCE) and the slowest sorption rates (7.3 × 10-10 m2/s) among tested materials. The results from the FR-IGC method are compared to other conventionally obtained results and agree well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Xie
- School of Engineering, Brown University, 184 Hope Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Eric Suuberg
- School of Engineering, Brown University, 184 Hope Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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20
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Ma E, Liang X, Zhang J, Zhang YK. Dynamics in Diffusive Emissions of Dissolved Gases from Groundwater Induced by Fluctuated Ground Surface Temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:2355-2365. [PMID: 35112835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During the lateral transport with subsurface flow, amounts of manufactured volatile organic chemicals and gases dissolved in groundwater are emitted into the atmosphere via upward diffusion through soils. Quantifying gas emissions is important for assessing environmental risk associated with these constituents (e.g., air pollution and global warming). It is widely recognized that the temperature would affect gas spreading in soils, which in turn regulates the gas emission from groundwater. However, the upward diffusive gas emission induced by the fluctuated ground surface temperature (GST) remains unexplored. A coupled heat transfer and gas transport model is developed to investigate emissions of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and N2O, a typical manufactured volatile organic chemical and a natural gas, from groundwater with seasonally fluctuating GSTs. The results indicate that both PCE and N2O emissions vary significantly from month to month. Moreover, fluctuations of emissions lag obviously behind the fluctuation of GST due to the damping effects of both capillary fringe and soil sorption. The proposed model agrees with the observed data from a monolith lysimeter experiment well. The model is also applied to the estimations of N2O emissions from 12 aquifers in Walloon Region, Belgium. The estimated N2O emission is 12.6 μg N/m2/d that falls in the estimated range (9.0-21.5 μg N/m2/d) using the IPCC emission factor approach that commonly accounts for the N2O emission of groundwater discharge to surface water only. It suggests that the upward diffusion is non-negligible for estimations of N2O emission from groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enze Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China
| | - Xiuyu Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China
| | - Jiangwei Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China
| | - You-Kuan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China
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Kim PG, Kwon JH, Hong Y. Development of an expanded polytetrafluorethylene dosimeter for the passive sampling of volatile organic compounds in air. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149026. [PMID: 34303233 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A passive sampler composed of a porous, hydrophobic, and gas-permeable expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) tube was developed to effectively concentrate volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air. The ePTFE dosimeter has larger sorbent mass normalized sampling rates (L h-1) compared with literature. This result suggests that ePTFE dosimeter can effectively detect low level VOCs in less contaminated air, including indoors. The air boundary layer thickness can be neglected when the mass accumulated in sorbent is converted to gas phase VOCs concentrations. The vapor pressure dependent desorption of VOCs from the sorbent was observed and modeling results suggested that this could lead to the underestimation of VOCs concentrations in air. However, the determination of the appropriate sampling time and the consideration of desorption could overcome the underestimation. A proton transfer reaction quadrupole mass spectrometer and passive samplers were deployed simultaneously in a chamber under fluctuating VOCs concentrations in air. The time-weighted average concentrations of ethylbenzene were 0.016, 0.015, and 0.017 g m-3 for 23, 46, and 69 min experimental period, respectively. The average concentration of the real-time analysis was 0.015 g m-3 for 69 min. The results show the ePTFE dosimeter can be used to estimate time weighted VOCs concentrations in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil-Gon Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Hong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Man J, Wang G, Chen Q, Yao Y. Investigating the role of vadose zone breathing in vapor intrusion from contaminated groundwater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:126272. [PMID: 34492998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The fluctuation of the groundwater table can cause upward and downward advection of soil gas within the vadose zone, just like breathing. In this study, we developed a three-dimensional numerical model and used it to investigate the role of vadose zone breathing in vapor intrusion, through which subsurface volatile chemicals migrate into the concerned building at contaminated sites. The developed model was first applied to a sand tank experiment, followed by examining the influences of fluctuation amplitude and period of water table, soil textures, and groundwater level depth. Our results suggest that the indoor pollutant concentration can be increased by about three times with the oscillatory water table of 0.4 m amplitude and 4 d period. Within one cycle of vadose zone breathing, the indoor pollutant concentration is found to vary by about 7 orders of magnitude. The results also show that, compared to the groundwater level depth, the soil texture plays a significant role in determining vapor intrusion risks. Specifically, when soil particles increase from 0.25 mm to 0.44 mm, the indoor pollutant concentration tends to increase and becomes more sensitive to groundwater table fluctuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Man
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Genfu Wang
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Yijun Yao
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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23
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Lutes C, Holton C, Schumacher B, Zimmerman J, Kondash A, Truesdale R. Observation of Conditions Preceding Peak Indoor Air Volatile Org Compound Concentrations in Vapor Intrusion Studies. GROUND WATER MONITORING & REMEDIATION 2021; 41:99-111. [PMID: 34335002 PMCID: PMC8318117 DOI: 10.1111/gwmr.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Temporal and spatial variability of indoor air volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations can complicate vapor intrusion (VI) assessment and decision-making. Indicators and tracers (I&T) of VI, such as differential temperature, differential pressure, and indoor radon concentration, are low-cost lines of evidence to support sampling scheduling and interpretation of indoor air VOC sampling results. This study compares peak indoor air chlorinated VOC concentrations and I&T conditions before and during those peak events at five VI sites. The sites differ geographically and in their VI conceptual site models (CSM). Relative to site-specific baseline values, the results show that cold or falling outdoor temperatures, rising cross slab differential pressures, and increasing indoor radon concentrations can predict peak VOC concentrations. However, cold outdoor air temperature was not useful at one site where elevated shallow soil temperature was a better predictor. Correlations of peak VOC concentrations to elevated or rising barometric pressure and low wind speed were also observed with some exceptions. This study shows how the independent variables that control or predict peak indoor air VOC concentrations are specific to building types, climates, and VI CSMs. More I&T measurements at VI sites are needed to identify scenario-specific baseline and peak related I&T conditions to improve decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John Zimmerman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC
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Xie S, Suuberg E. The effects of temperature and relative humidity on trichloroethylene sorption capacities of building materials under conditions relevant to vapor intrusion. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123807. [PMID: 33113740 PMCID: PMC8493810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this research, the sorption capacities of trichloroethylene (TCE) vapors were investigated at ppbv concentrations on building materials in the temperature range from 283.15 K to 303.15 K and at relative humidity levels of 50% and 85%. These are conditions that are relevant to vapor intrusion investigations. Such interactions of TCE with different materials at different temperatures/ relative humidity have been studied to a very limited extent, and not yet at all at the extremely low concentration ranges in vapor intrusion scenarios. The sorption capacities of the building materials decrease as temperature increases. The isotherms are for the most part linear, indicating that the adsorption process takes place in the Henry's Law regime, except for cinderblock. The isosteric heats of adsorption have been calculated. The sorption capacities of glass wool and nylon carpet increased slightly when the relative humidity increased from 0% to 85% whereas the sorption capacities of printer paper, drywall, and cinderblock decreased significantly at elevated humidity levels. The influence of humidity is complicated since under certain conditions it may enhance sorption or inhibit sorption. The sorption capacities of the studied materials are in a range indicating the possibility of these processes should not be overlooked during vapor intrusion investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Xie
- Brown University, School of Engineering, 184 Hope Street, Providence, RI 02906, USA.
| | - Eric Suuberg
- Brown University, School of Engineering, 184 Hope Street, Providence, RI 02906, USA.
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25
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Miller CJ, Runge-Morris M, Cassidy-Bushrow AE, Straughen JK, Dittrich TM, Baker TR, Petriello MC, Mor G, Ruden DM, O’Leary BF, Teimoori S, Tummala CM, Heldman S, Agarwal M, Roth K, Yang Z, Baker BB. A Review of Volatile Organic Compound Contamination in Post-Industrial Urban Centers: Reproductive Health Implications Using a Detroit Lens. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8755. [PMID: 33255777 PMCID: PMC7728359 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a group of aromatic or chlorinated organic chemicals commonly found in manufactured products that have high vapor pressure, and thus vaporize readily at room temperature. While airshed VOCs are well studied and have provided insights into public health issues, we suggest that belowground VOCs and the related vapor intrusion process could be equally or even more relevant to public health. The persistence, movement, remediation, and human health implications of subsurface VOCs in urban landscapes remain relatively understudied despite evidence of widespread contamination. This review explores the state of the science of subsurface movement and remediation of VOCs through groundwater and soils, the linkages between these poorly understood contaminant exposure pathways and health outcomes based on research in various animal models, and describes the role of these contaminants in human health, focusing on birth outcomes, notably low birth weight and preterm birth. Finally, this review provides recommendations for future research to address knowledge gaps that are essential for not only tackling health disparities and environmental injustice in post-industrial cities, but also protecting and preserving critical freshwater resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J. Miller
- Center for Leadership in Environmental Awareness and Research (CLEAR)—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.J.M.); (M.R.-M.); (A.E.C.-B.); (J.K.S.); (T.M.D.); (T.R.B.); (M.C.P.); (G.M.); (D.M.R.); (B.F.O.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering—College of Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (S.T.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Melissa Runge-Morris
- Center for Leadership in Environmental Awareness and Research (CLEAR)—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.J.M.); (M.R.-M.); (A.E.C.-B.); (J.K.S.); (T.M.D.); (T.R.B.); (M.C.P.); (G.M.); (D.M.R.); (B.F.O.)
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (M.A.); (K.R.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Andrea E. Cassidy-Bushrow
- Center for Leadership in Environmental Awareness and Research (CLEAR)—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.J.M.); (M.R.-M.); (A.E.C.-B.); (J.K.S.); (T.M.D.); (T.R.B.); (M.C.P.); (G.M.); (D.M.R.); (B.F.O.)
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, 1 Ford Place, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Straughen
- Center for Leadership in Environmental Awareness and Research (CLEAR)—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.J.M.); (M.R.-M.); (A.E.C.-B.); (J.K.S.); (T.M.D.); (T.R.B.); (M.C.P.); (G.M.); (D.M.R.); (B.F.O.)
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, 1 Ford Place, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Timothy M. Dittrich
- Center for Leadership in Environmental Awareness and Research (CLEAR)—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.J.M.); (M.R.-M.); (A.E.C.-B.); (J.K.S.); (T.M.D.); (T.R.B.); (M.C.P.); (G.M.); (D.M.R.); (B.F.O.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering—College of Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (S.T.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Tracie R. Baker
- Center for Leadership in Environmental Awareness and Research (CLEAR)—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.J.M.); (M.R.-M.); (A.E.C.-B.); (J.K.S.); (T.M.D.); (T.R.B.); (M.C.P.); (G.M.); (D.M.R.); (B.F.O.)
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (M.A.); (K.R.); (Z.Y.)
- Department of Pharmacology—School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
| | - Michael C. Petriello
- Center for Leadership in Environmental Awareness and Research (CLEAR)—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.J.M.); (M.R.-M.); (A.E.C.-B.); (J.K.S.); (T.M.D.); (T.R.B.); (M.C.P.); (G.M.); (D.M.R.); (B.F.O.)
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (M.A.); (K.R.); (Z.Y.)
- Department of Pharmacology—School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
| | - Gil Mor
- Center for Leadership in Environmental Awareness and Research (CLEAR)—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.J.M.); (M.R.-M.); (A.E.C.-B.); (J.K.S.); (T.M.D.); (T.R.B.); (M.C.P.); (G.M.); (D.M.R.); (B.F.O.)
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University, 275 E. Hancock, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Douglas M. Ruden
- Center for Leadership in Environmental Awareness and Research (CLEAR)—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.J.M.); (M.R.-M.); (A.E.C.-B.); (J.K.S.); (T.M.D.); (T.R.B.); (M.C.P.); (G.M.); (D.M.R.); (B.F.O.)
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (M.A.); (K.R.); (Z.Y.)
- Department of Pharmacology—School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, 275 E. Hancock, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Brendan F. O’Leary
- Center for Leadership in Environmental Awareness and Research (CLEAR)—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.J.M.); (M.R.-M.); (A.E.C.-B.); (J.K.S.); (T.M.D.); (T.R.B.); (M.C.P.); (G.M.); (D.M.R.); (B.F.O.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering—College of Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (S.T.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Sadaf Teimoori
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering—College of Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (S.T.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Chandra M. Tummala
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering—College of Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (S.T.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Samantha Heldman
- Department of Pharmacology—School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
| | - Manisha Agarwal
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (M.A.); (K.R.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Katherine Roth
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (M.A.); (K.R.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhao Yang
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (M.A.); (K.R.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Bridget B. Baker
- Center for Leadership in Environmental Awareness and Research (CLEAR)—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.J.M.); (M.R.-M.); (A.E.C.-B.); (J.K.S.); (T.M.D.); (T.R.B.); (M.C.P.); (G.M.); (D.M.R.); (B.F.O.)
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (M.A.); (K.R.); (Z.Y.)
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26
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Ma J, McHugh T, Eklund B. Flux Chamber Measurements Should Play a More Important Role in Contaminated Site Management. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11645-11647. [PMID: 32935981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Thomas McHugh
- GSI Environmental, Houston, Texas 77098, United States
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