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Zhao W, Zhang B, Zheng S, Yan W, Yu X, Ye C. High temperatures promote antibiotic resistance genes conjugative transfer under residual chlorine: Mechanisms and risks. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2025; 483:136675. [PMID: 39603126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2024] [Revised: 11/16/2024] [Accepted: 11/25/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024]
Abstract
The impact of residual chlorine on the dissemination of antibiotic resistance during the distribution and storage of water has become a critical concern. However, the influence of rising temperatures attributed to global warming on this process remains ambiguous, warranting further investigation. This study investigated the effects of different temperatures (17, 27, 37, and 42°C) on the conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) under residual chlorine (0, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mg/L). The results indicated that high temperatures significantly increased the conjugative transfer frequency of ARGs in intra-species under residual chlorine. Compared to 17°C, the transfer frequencies at 27°C, 37°C, and 42°C increased by 1.07-2.43, 1.20-4.80, and 1.24-2.82 times, respectively. The promoting effect of high temperatures was mainly due to the generation of reactive oxygen species, the triggered SOS response, and the formation of pilus channels. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that higher temperature stimulates the electron transport chain, thereby enhancing ATP production and facilitating the processes of conjugative, as confirmed by inhibitor validation. Additionally, rising temperatures similarly promoted the frequency of conjugative transfer in inter-species and communities under residual chlorine. These further highlighted the risk of antibiotic resistance spread in extreme and prolonged high-temperature events. The increased risk of antibiotic resistance in the process of drinking water transmission under the background of climate warming is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Zhao
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Binghuang Zhang
- College of the Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shikan Zheng
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wanli Yan
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xin Yu
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chengsong Ye
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Azanaw J, Tsegaye M, Mesele W. Temporal trends and spatial heterogeneity of sanitation facilities in Ethiopia: evidence from the 2005-2019 Demographic and Health Surveys. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e088211. [PMID: 39627146 PMCID: PMC11624780 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-088211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 11/01/2024] [Indexed: 12/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main aim of sanitation is to prevent human contact with faecal pathogens to decrease occurrences of diseases. However, no region in the world is on the right track to accomplish Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6.2 for universal access to sanitation. Sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia, is significantly behind in meeting the 2030 SDG 6.2 targets. Hence, this study focused on the spatial and temporal analysis of sanitation in Ethiopia based on four demographic health surveys. DESIGN This research was undertaken among households in Ethiopia based on a weighted sample size. Variables with a p<0.2 in bivariable analysis were incorporated into the multivariable analysis. Subsequently, a 95% CI and a p<0.05 were used to assess the statistical significance of the final model. Global and local indicators of spatial correlation were done. Statistical analyses were performed by using STATA V.17 and ArcGIS V.10.7 software. RESULTS This study includes data from 13 721 households in the 2005 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS), 16 702 households in the 2011 EDHS, 16 650 households in the 2016 EDHS and 8663 households in the 2019 EDHS. The prevalence of improved sanitation facilities in Ethiopia was 20.46%, 25.61%, 25.86% and 27.45% based on EDHS 2005, 2011, 2016 and 2019, respectively. Global Moran's I spatial autocorrelations, hotspots and spatial interpolation analysis indicated the inequality of improved sanitation facilities. Educational status of primary (adjusted OR, AOR 2.43, 95% CI 2.00, 2.95), secondary (AOR 2.02, 95% CI 1.61, 2.54) and higher (AOR 4.12, 95% CI 3.35, 7.54), watching television (AOR 5.49, 95% CI 4.37, 6.89), urban areas (AOR 9.08, 95% CI 6.69, 12.33) and region were factors statistically associated with sanitation facilities. CONCLUSION The overall finding of this study concludes a very slow increment in sanitation facilities over time and the presence of geographical heterogeneity in Ethiopia. Educational status, watching television, wealth index, community-level education, type of residence and region were factors statistically associated with sanitation facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jember Azanaw
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mesenbet Tsegaye
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Wodage Mesele
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgeon, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Cunningham I, Kohlitz J, Willetts J. Designing for climate change: twenty-five design features to improve sanitation technology resilience in low- and middle- income countries. MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES FOR GLOBAL CHANGE 2024; 29:82. [PMID: 39554904 PMCID: PMC11561023 DOI: 10.1007/s11027-024-10177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 10/21/2024] [Indexed: 11/19/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is exacerbating events such as floods and droughts, and trends including sea-level rise, leading to failures in sanitation technologies, increased public health risks and environmental pollution. To reduce these risks, it is crucial to incorporate climate resilience into sanitation technology designs. In this study, we reviewed academic and selected grey literature and identified 25 design features that can contribute to the technology's resilience to an increasingly volatile and extreme climate. Design features that were conceptually similar were collated into seven categories. These categories included: (i) avoid exposure to hazards, (ii) withstand exposure to hazards, (iii) enable flexibility, (iv) contain failures, (v) limit consequences of complete failure, (vi) facilitate fast recovery and (vii) features that provide resilience benefits beyond technological resilience. In this paper we define the categories and design features, and provide examples of each feature in practice. We also outline how the resilience design features can support sanitation designers and implementers to critique the climate resilience of sanitation technology, and prompt more resilient designs of sanitation technology. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11027-024-10177-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Cunningham
- Small is Beautiful Consulting, Australia; and Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Jeremy Kohlitz
- Small is Beautiful Consulting, Australia; and Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Juliet Willetts
- Small is Beautiful Consulting, Australia; and Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
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Gyimah R, Lebu S, Owusu-Frimpong I, Semiyaga S, Salzberg A, Manga M. Effluents from septic systems and impact on groundwater contamination: a systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:62655-62675. [PMID: 39480579 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-35385-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 10/18/2024] [Indexed: 11/02/2024]
Abstract
Globally, 2.2 billion people rely on groundwater for their water supply, and 2.8 billion use onsite sanitation systems for their sanitation needs. Groundwater contamination from septic systems is a critical public health concern, linked with diseases related to water sanitation and hygiene. Despite the severe impacts of septic systems on groundwater quality, comprehensive global studies remain limited. This study conducted a systematic review of articles published between 2012 and 2023 on topics related to septic systems and groundwater contamination, and 82 peer-reviewed articles met the inclusion criteria. The review identified key contaminants, including E.coli, nitrate, Enterococcus spp., total coliform, ammonium, phosphate, chlorides, and pharmaceuticals. Research on microbial indicators is more prevalent in Africa, while research on nutrients is common in North America. Research on organic contaminants including polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), pharmaceuticals, and personal care products (PCPPs) is limited, particularly in low-and middle-income countries. Critical factors contributing to groundwater contamination include soil, hydrogeological conditions, climate, septic system maintenance and functioning, and septic density. The goal of this study was to comprehensively assess the extent of groundwater contamination resulting from septic system effluents by identifying the major contaminants typically found in affected groundwater sources and exploring the factors contributing to contamination. Identifying the major contaminants and factors related to groundwater contamination from septic systems is crucial for developing effective management strategies to protect groundwater sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Gyimah
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, Campus Box # 7431, Chapel Hill, NC, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sarah Lebu
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, Campus Box # 7431, Chapel Hill, NC, NC 27599, USA
| | - Isaac Owusu-Frimpong
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Swaib Semiyaga
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, CEDAT, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Aaron Salzberg
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, Campus Box # 7431, Chapel Hill, NC, NC 27599, USA
| | - Musa Manga
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, Campus Box # 7431, Chapel Hill, NC, NC 27599, USA.
- Department of Construction Economics and Management, CEDAT, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA.
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Lebu S, Gyimah R, Nandoya E, Brown J, Salzberg A, Manga M. Assessment of sanitation infrastructure resilience to extreme rainfall and flooding: Evidence from an informal settlement in Kenya. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120264. [PMID: 38354609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Sanitation infrastructure can fail during heavy rainfall and flooding, allowing the release of fecal waste - and the pathogens it carries - into spaces where people live, work, and play. However, there is a scarcity of reliable frameworks that can effectively assess the resilience of such infrastructure to extreme rainfall and flooding events. The purpose of this study was to develop and apply a novel framework for assessing and ranking the resilience of sanitation infrastructure in informal settlements. A framework for assessing sanitation infrastructure resilience was developed consisting of 19 indicators that were categorized into three domains: physical infrastructure design (8 indicators), operations and management (5 indicators), and environmental factors (6 indicators). The framework was applied to data from 200 shared sanitation facilities in Kibera, Kenya, collected through transect walks, field observations, surveys, and sanitary risk inspections. Results indicate that sanitation infrastructure type impacts resilience. Toilet facilities connected to a piped sewer (r = 1.345, 95% CI: 1.19-1.50) and toilets connected to a septic system (r = 1.014, 95% CI: 0.78-1.25) demonstrated higher levels of resilience compared to latrines (r = 0.663, 95% CI: 0.36-0.97) and hanging toilets (r = 0.014, 95% CI: 0.30-0.33) on a scale ranging from 0 to 4. The key determinants of sanitation infrastructure resilience were physical design, functionality, operational and maintenance routines, and environmental factors. This evidence provides valuable insights for developing standards and guidelines for the design and safe siting of new sanitation infrastructure and encourages investment in sewer and septic systems as superior options for resilient sanitation infrastructure. Additionally, our findings underscore the importance for implementers and communities to prioritize repairing damaged infrastructure, sealing potential discharge points into open drains, and emptying filled containment systems before the onset of the rainy season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lebu
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, 135 Dauer Drive, Campus Box # 7431, NC 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rita Gyimah
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, 135 Dauer Drive, Campus Box # 7431, NC 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Erick Nandoya
- CFK Africa, P.O. Box 10763, Nairobi Postal Code: 00100 - GPO, Kenya
| | - Joe Brown
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, 135 Dauer Drive, Campus Box # 7431, NC 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Aaron Salzberg
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, 135 Dauer Drive, Campus Box # 7431, NC 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Musa Manga
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, 135 Dauer Drive, Campus Box # 7431, NC 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Strande L, Evans B, von Sperling M, Bartram J, Harada H, Nakagiri A, Nguyen VA. Urban Sanitation: New Terminology for Globally Relevant Solutions? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15771-15779. [PMID: 37819045 PMCID: PMC10603773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Progress toward Sustainable Development Goals for global access to safe sanitation is lagging significantly. In this Feature, we propose that misleading terminology leads to errors of categorization and hinders progress toward sanitation service provision in urban areas. Binary classifications such as "offsite/onsite" and "sewered/nonsewered" do not capture the need for "transport to treatment" or the complexity of urban sanitation and should be discarded. "Fecal sludge management" is used only in the development context of low- or middle-income countries, implying separate solutions for "poor" or "southern" contexts, which is unhelpful. Terminology alone does not solve problems, but rather than using outdated or "special" terminology, we argue that a robust terminology that is globally relevant across low-, middle-, and upper-income contexts is required to overcome increasingly unhelpful assumptions and stereotypes. The use of accurate, technically robust vocabulary and definitions can improve decisions about management and selection of treatment, promote a circular economy, provide a basis for evidence-based science and technology research, and lead to critical shifts and transformations to set policy goals around truly safely managed sanitation. In this Feature, the three current modes of sanitation are defined, examples of misconceptions based on existing terminology are presented, and a new terminology for collection and conveyance is proposed: (I) fully road transported, (II) source-separated mixed transport, (III) mixed transport, and (IV) fully pipe transported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Strande
- Eawag:
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for
Development (Sandec), Überlandstrasse 133, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Evans
- School
of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Marcos von Sperling
- Department
of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627 - Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Jamie Bartram
- School
of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Hidenori Harada
- Graduate
School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-shimoadachi-cho 46, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Anne Nakagiri
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kyambogo University, Kyambogo Road, Kampala, P.O. Box 1, Kyambogo, Uganda
| | - Viet-Anh Nguyen
- Institute
of Environmental Science and Engineering (IESE), Hanoi University of Civil Engineering (HUCE), 55 Giai Phong Road, Hanoi 113068, Vietnam
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Li J, Li X, Liu H, Gao L, Wang W, Wang Z, Zhou T, Wang Q. Climate change impacts on wastewater infrastructure: A systematic review and typological adaptation strategy. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120282. [PMID: 37399688 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater infrastructures play an indispensable role in society's functioning, human production activities, and sanitation safety. However, climate change has posed a serious threat to wastewater infrastructures. To date, a comprehensive summary with rigorous evidence evaluation for the impact of climate change on wastewater infrastructure is lacking. We conducted a systematic review for scientific literature, grey literature, and news. In total, 61,649 documents were retrieved, and 96 of them were deemed relevant and subjected to detailed analysis. We developed a typological adaptation strategy for city-level decision-making for cities in all-income contexts to cope with climate change for wastewater structures. 84% and 60% of present studies focused on the higher-income countries and sewer systems, respectively. Overflow, breakage, and corrosion were the primary challenge for sewer systems, while inundation and fluctuation of treatment performance were the major issues for wastewater treatment plants. In order to adapt to the climate change impact, typological adaptation strategy was developed to provide a simple guideline to rapidly select the adaptation measures for vulnerable wastewater facilities for cities with various income levels. Future studies are encouraged to focus more on the model-related improvement/prediction, the impact of climate change on other wastewater facilities besides sewers, and countries with low or lower-middle incomes. This review provided insight to comprehensively understand the climate change impact on wastewater facilities and facilitate the policymaking in coping with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin Li
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Xuan Li
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Huan Liu
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Li Gao
- South East Water, 101 Wells Street, Frankston, VIC 3199, Australia
| | - Weitong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, Espoo, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Zhenyao Wang
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Ting Zhou
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Qilin Wang
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
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Wolf J, Johnston RB, Ambelu A, Arnold BF, Bain R, Brauer M, Brown J, Caruso BA, Clasen T, Colford JM, Mills JE, Evans B, Freeman MC, Gordon B, Kang G, Lanata CF, Medlicott KO, Prüss-Ustün A, Troeger C, Boisson S, Cumming O. Burden of disease attributable to unsafe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in domestic settings: a global analysis for selected adverse health outcomes. Lancet 2023; 401:2060-2071. [PMID: 37290458 PMCID: PMC10290941 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)00458-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessments of disease burden are important to inform national, regional, and global strategies and to guide investment. We aimed to estimate the drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)-attributable burden of disease for diarrhoea, acute respiratory infections, undernutrition, and soil-transmitted helminthiasis, using the WASH service levels used to monitor the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as counterfactual minimum risk-exposure levels. METHODS We assessed the WASH-attributable disease burden of the four health outcomes overall and disaggregated by region, age, and sex for the year 2019. We calculated WASH-attributable fractions of diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections by country using modelled WASH exposures and exposure-response relationships from two updated meta-analyses. We used the WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene public database to estimate population exposure to different WASH service levels. WASH-attributable undernutrition was estimated by combining the population attributable fractions (PAF) of diarrhoea caused by unsafe WASH and the PAF of undernutrition caused by diarrhoea. Soil-transmitted helminthiasis was fully attributed to unsafe WASH. FINDINGS We estimate that 1·4 (95% CI 1·3-1·5) million deaths and 74 (68-80) million disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) could have been prevented by safe WASH in 2019 across the four designated outcomes, representing 2·5% of global deaths and 2·9% of global DALYs from all causes. The proportion of diarrhoea that is attributable to unsafe WASH is 0·69 (0·65-0·72), 0·14 (0·13-0·17) for acute respiratory infections, and 0·10 (0·09-0·10) for undernutrition, and we assume that the entire disease burden from soil-transmitted helminthiasis was attributable to unsafe WASH. INTERPRETATION WASH-attributable burden of disease estimates based on the levels of service established under the SDG framework show that progress towards the internationally agreed goal of safely managed WASH services for all would yield major public-health returns. FUNDING WHO and Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennyfer Wolf
- Department of Environment, Climate Change and Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Richard B Johnston
- Department of Environment, Climate Change and Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Argaw Ambelu
- Division of Water and Health, Ethiopian Institution of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Benjamin F Arnold
- FI Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert Bain
- UNICEF Middle East and North Africa, Amman, Jordan
| | - Michael Brauer
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joe Brown
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bethany A Caruso
- The Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas Clasen
- Gangarose Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John M Colford
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Joanna Esteves Mills
- Department of Environment, Climate Change and Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Evans
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Matthew C Freeman
- Gangarose Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bruce Gordon
- Department of Environment, Climate Change and Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gagandeep Kang
- Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tami Nadu, India
| | - Claudio F Lanata
- Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru; School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kate O Medlicott
- Department of Environment, Climate Change and Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Annette Prüss-Ustün
- Department of Environment, Climate Change and Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Troeger
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sophie Boisson
- Department of Environment, Climate Change and Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Cumming
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Disease, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Luwe K, Sindall RC, Garcia-Becerra FY, Chinyama A, Lohiya H, Hope C, Paczkowski F, Komakech HC, Morse T. Perceptions of Inclusivity and Sustainability in Urban Sanitation in Global South Cities. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2022; 16:11786302221139964. [PMID: 36466037 PMCID: PMC9716583 DOI: 10.1177/11786302221139964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Citywide Inclusive Sanitation (CWIS) calls for sustainable urban sanitation services for all, but the definitions of "inclusion" and "sustainability" within the framework leave room for interpretation. This study aims to provide an initial understanding of how these terms are currently interpreted by a range of sanitation actors in six cities of the Global South. Urban sanitation professionals from private (n = 16), public (n = 28), non-governmental (n = 43), and academic (n = 10) institutions were interviewed using a standardized tool, and data was analyzed to identify themes and trends. Terms such as "everyone" or "for all" shed little light on how to ensure inclusion, though disabled people, women, children, and the poor were all highlighted when probed. Greater specificity of beneficiary groups in policy is likely to enhance their visibility within sanitation service provision. All three pillars of sustainability identified within CWIS were referenced, with different stakeholders focusing more closely on environmental, social, or economic sustainability, based on their organizational goals and interests. Greater collaboration may foster a balanced view across the pillars, with different organizations acting as champions for each one. The findings can facilitate discussions on a shared understanding of multi-stakeholder engagement in achieving inclusive and sustainable sanitation service provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kondwani Luwe
- Centre for Water, Sanitation, Health, and Appropriate Technology Development, Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Rebecca C Sindall
- Water, Sanitation & Hygiene Research & Development Centre, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | | | | | - Huda Lohiya
- Water, Sanitation & Hygiene Research & Development Centre, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Utrecht University, Netherlands
| | - Caitlin Hope
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Hans C. Komakech
- WISE- Futures Centre, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Tanzania
| | - Tracy Morse
- Centre for Water, Sanitation, Health, and Appropriate Technology Development, Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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