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Rebryk A, Koschorreck J, Haglund P. Temporal trends of lipophilic organic contaminants in blue mussel (1994-2017) and eelpout (1994-2017) from the southern Baltic Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 897:166282. [PMID: 37597558 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
A time-trend study was carried out for two important Baltic Sea species, blue mussel (1994-2017, 11 samples) and eelpout (1994-2017, 11 samples), to track the changes in levels of regulated persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and show potential increases in the levels of the contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). It was carried out utilizing gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) based non-target screening (NTS). Data were acquired in two modes - electron ionization (EI) and electron capture negative ion chemical ionization (ECNI) - to widen the contaminant coverage, and treated using a fast semi-automated NTS data processing workflow. The study revealed that >250 tentatively identified compounds show statistically significant temporal trends in Baltic blue mussel and eelpout. A large number of regulated substances, including but not limited to PCBs, DDTs and other organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), chlorobenzenes, and many polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), showed significant declining trends, as was expected. Their rates of decline were in good agreement with previously reported data. In contrast, increasing trends were observed for many CECs, some polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs), and hydrocarbons. The CEC group included, among others, four compounds, namely, one personal care product ingredient, 2-ethylhexyl stearate, one brominated compound 1,2,3,5-tetrabromobenzene and two intermediates 4-isopropoxyaniline and bilobol dimethyl ether, that were reported in marine biota for the first time to the best of our knowledge. Several compounds, including four CECs and two unknown brominated compounds, showed levels considerably higher than the common legacy pollutants (CB-153 and BDE-99), which might be taken into consideration for future monitoring and risk assessment. In addition, this work revealed the presence of a plethora of organoiodinated compounds that exhibited statistically significant temporal trends in the samples under study, which could be of future interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Rebryk
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre (KBC), Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Jan Koschorreck
- Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Colditzstraße 34, 14193, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Haglund
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre (KBC), Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
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2
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Chen H, Wu J, Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Xu G, Yang X. From mass to structure: Modified van Krevelen diagram and adjusted indexes for high-resolution mass data of organic matter. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9622. [PMID: 37706429 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hechao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaofei Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guiping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
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3
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Ruan T, Li P, Wang H, Li T, Jiang G. Identification and Prioritization of Environmental Organic Pollutants: From an Analytical and Toxicological Perspective. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10584-10640. [PMID: 37531601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental organic pollutants has triggered significant ecological impacts and adverse health outcomes, which have been received substantial and increasing attention. The contribution of unidentified chemical components is considered as the most significant knowledge gap in understanding the combined effects of pollutant mixtures. To address this issue, remarkable analytical breakthroughs have recently been made. In this review, the basic principles on recognition of environmental organic pollutants are overviewed. Complementary analytical methodologies (i.e., quantitative structure-activity relationship prediction, mass spectrometric nontarget screening, and effect-directed analysis) and experimental platforms are briefly described. The stages of technique development and/or essential parts of the analytical workflow for each of the methodologies are then reviewed. Finally, plausible technique paths and applications of the future nontarget screening methods, interdisciplinary techniques for achieving toxicant identification, and burgeoning strategies on risk assessment of chemical cocktails are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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4
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Li C, Su Q, Wu J, Zhou X, Zhong D, Liu X, Zhou S. Analysis of polyhalogenated carbazoles and two related compounds in earthworms using a modified QuEChERS method with GC/MS and GC/MS/MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:86255-86267. [PMID: 37405602 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28535-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
A precise analytical method based on QuEChERS has been proposed for the concurrent determination of 11 polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs), benzocarbazole (BZCZ), and 9H-carbazoles (CZ). The quantification was confirmed by gas chromatography using triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (Shimadzu GC-MS/MS-TQ8040) and gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (Agilent 7890A-5973 GC-MS). The developed method was validated by testing the following parameters: linearity, instrument limit of detection (LOD), instrument limit of quantification (LOQ), method limit of detection (MLD), method limit of quantification (MLQ), matrix effect (ME), accuracy, and precision. All compounds showed good linearity in the range of 0.005-0.2 μg/mL with correlation coefficients higher than 0.992. The method demonstrated satisfactory recoveries (ranging from 71.21 to 105.04%) for most of the compounds with relative standard deviation precision (RSD) < 10.46%, except 3-BCZ (Recovery = 67.53%, RSD = 2.83%). The values of LOD and LOQ varied from 0.05 to 0.24 ng and 0.14 to 0.92 ng, respectively, while those of MLD and MLQ ranged from 0.02 to 0.12 ng/g wet weight (ww) and 0.07 to 0.45 ng/g ww, respectively. The developed method represents a reliable tool for the routine analysis of PHCZ congeners in invertebrate animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojie Li
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Qi Su
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Juan Wu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xinmei Zhou
- Ecology and Environment Bureau of Qiannan, Guizhou, 558300, China
| | - Dan Zhong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xincheng Liu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 330027, China.
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5
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Mehinto AC, Du B, Wenger E, Tian Z, Kolodziej EP, Apeti D, Maruya KA. Bioanalytical and non-targeted mass spectrometric screening for contaminants of emerging concern in Southern California bight sediments. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 331:138789. [PMID: 37116726 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the impact of chemical contaminants on aquatic ecosystem health remains challenging due to complex exposure scenarios and the myriad of impact metrics to consider. To expand the breadth of compounds monitored and evaluate the potential hazard of environmental mixtures, cell-based bioassays (estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)) and non-targeted chemical analyses with high resolution mass spectrometry (NTA-HRMS) were used to assess the quality of ∼70 marine sediment samples collected from 5 distinct coastal and offshore habitats of the Southern California Bight. AhR responses (<0.12-4.5 ng TCDD/g dry weight) were more frequently detectable and more variable than for ERα (<0.1-0.5 ng E2/g dry weight). The range of AhR and ERα responses increased by habitat as follows: Channel Islands < Mid-shelf < Marinas < Ports < Estuaries. The narrow range and magnitude of ERα screening response suggested limited potential for estrogenic impacts across sediments from all 5 habitats. The AhR response was positively correlated with total PAH and PCB concentrations and corresponded with a chemical score index representing the severity of metal and organic contamination. NTA-HRMS fingerprints generated in positive electrospray ionization mode were clearly distinguishable among coastal vs. offshore samples, with the greatest chemical complexity (n = 982 features detected) observed in estuarine sediment from a highly urbanized watershed (Los Angeles River). The concordance and complementary nature of bioscreening and NTA-HRMS results indicates their utility as holistic proxies for sediment quality, and when analyzed in conjunction with routine targeted chemical monitoring, show promise in identifying unexpected contaminants and novel toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvine C Mehinto
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA, USA.
| | - Bowen Du
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA, USA
| | - Ellie Wenger
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA, USA
| | | | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA, USA; Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Tacoma, WA, USA; Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dennis Apeti
- NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Keith A Maruya
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA, USA
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6
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Gong Y, Yang D, Barrett H, Sun J, Peng H. Building the Environmental Chemical-Protein Interaction Network (eCPIN): An Exposome-Wide Strategy for Bioactive Chemical Contaminant Identification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:3486-3495. [PMID: 36827403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although advancements in nontargeted analysis have made it possible to detect hundreds of chemical contaminants in a single run, the current environmental toxicology approaches lag behind, precluding the transition from analytical chemistry efforts to health risk assessment. We herein highlighted a recently developed "top-down" bioanalytical method, protein Affinity Purification with Nontargeted Analysis (APNA), to screen for bioactive chemical contaminants at the "exposome-wide" level. To achieve this, a tagged functional protein is employed as a "bait" to directly isolate bioactive chemical contaminants from environmental mixtures, which are further identified by nontargeted analysis. Advantages of this protein-guided approach, including the discovery of new bioactive ligands as well as new protein targets for known chemical contaminants, were highlighted by several case studies. Encouraged by these successful applications, we further proposed a framework, i.e., the environmental Chemical-Protein Interaction Network (eCPIN), to construct a complete map of the 7 billion binary interactions between all chemical contaminants (>350,000) and human proteins (∼20,000) via APNA. The eCPIN could be established in three stages through strategically prioritizing the ∼20,000 human proteins, such as focusing on the 48 nuclear receptors (e.g., thyroid hormone receptors) in the first stage. The eCPIN will provide an unprecedented throughput for screening bioactive chemical contaminants at the exposome-wide level and facilitate the identification of molecular initiating events at the proteome-wide level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Diwen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Holly Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jianxian Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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7
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Chou L, Zhou C, Luo W, Guo J, Shen Y, Lin D, Wang C, Yu H, Zhang X, Wei S, Shi W. Identification of high-concern organic pollutants in tap waters from the Yangtze River in China based on combined screening strategies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159416. [PMID: 36244484 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, numerous organic pollutants have been detected in water environment. The safety of our drinking water has attracted widespread attention. Effective methods to screen and identify high-concern substances are urgently needed. In this study, the combined workflow for the detection and identification of high-concern organic chemicals was established and applied to tap water samples from the Yangtze River Basin. The solid phase extraction (SPE) sorbents were compared and evaluated and finally the HLB cartridge was selected as the best one for most of the contaminants. Based on target, suspect and non-target analysis, 3023 chemicals/peaks were detected. Thirteen substances such as diundecyl phthalate (DUP), 2-hydroxyatrazine, dioxoaminopyrine and diethyl-2-phenylacetamide were detected in drinking water in the Yangtze River Basin for the very first time. Based on three kinds of prioritization principles, 49 ubiquitous, 103 characteristic chemicals and 13 inefficiently removed chemicals were selected as high-concern substances. Among them, 8, 31, 9, 3, 4 substances overlapped with the toxic, risky or high-concern chemicals lists in China, America, European Union, Japan, Korea, respectively. Specific management and removal strategies were further recommended. The workflow is efficient for identification of key pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liben Chou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chengzhuo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenrui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yanhong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Die Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Si Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Ecology and Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health Risk, Nanjing 210023, China
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8
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Gribble GW. Naturally Occurring Organohalogen Compounds-A Comprehensive Review. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 121:1-546. [PMID: 37488466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26629-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The present volume is the third in a trilogy that documents naturally occurring organohalogen compounds, bringing the total number-from fewer than 25 in 1968-to approximately 8000 compounds to date. Nearly all of these natural products contain chlorine or bromine, with a few containing iodine and, fewer still, fluorine. Produced by ubiquitous marine (algae, sponges, corals, bryozoa, nudibranchs, fungi, bacteria) and terrestrial organisms (plants, fungi, bacteria, insects, higher animals) and universal abiotic processes (volcanos, forest fires, geothermal events), organohalogens pervade the global ecosystem. Newly identified extraterrestrial sources are also documented. In addition to chemical structures, biological activity, biohalogenation, biodegradation, natural function, and future outlook are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Gribble
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
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9
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Wang K, Zhu X, Liu Z, Wang J, Chen B. Occurrence and transformation of unknown organochlorines in the wastewater treatment plant using specific Fragment-Based method with LC Q-TOF MS. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 216:118372. [PMID: 35378449 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are important point sources of organochlorines in surface waters. However, comprehensive molecular-level understanding of the occurrence and transformation of organochlorines in WWTPs remains elusive. In this study, a specific fragment-based screening method with SWATH of LC Q-TOF MS was established to better understand the molecular composition of organochlorines. This method effectively excludes the non-chlorinated signals and provides multi-dimensional information (e.g., retention time, precursor ion mass, product ions, and molecular formula) with one injection to identify the possible structures of organochlorines. Eighty-seven organochlorines were successfully screened in practical wastewater samples, where 8 chlorinated sulfonic acids, 4 chlorophenols, 4 chlorinated benzenediols, and 6 chlorinated benzoic acids were further (tentatively) identified. Relative abundance of organochlorines showed that their occurrence was associated with the treatment units. In particular, anaerobic biological and NaClO treatment units contributed to the formation of chlorinated by-products. Most chlorinated by-products were substituted with more chlorine atoms than organochlorines from the influent. Furthermore, the relative abundance indicated that the fate of organochlorines were related to their structures. Chlorinated benzene sulfonic acids would be removed by adsorption on activated sludge. Most chlorinated benzoic acids were refractory, but some were likely to be chlorinated during the anaerobic process. Chlorophenols and chlorinated benzenediols might undergo chlorination, dealkylation/C-O bond breakage, and bromination. Our study offers a new tool to gain molecular information on organochlorines in complex environmental samples and highlights the importance of molecular structures when evaluating the fate of organochlorines and managing effluent discharge to surrounding waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhengzheng Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China.
| | - Baoliang Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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10
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Fu QL, Fujii M, Watanabe A, Kwon E. Formula Assignment Algorithm for Deuterium-Labeled Ultrahigh-Resolution Mass Spectrometry: Implications of the Formation Mechanism of Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts. Anal Chem 2022; 94:1717-1725. [PMID: 35019276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry (UHR-MS) coupled with isotope labeling has attracted significant attention in elucidating the mechanisms of the transformation of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Herein, we developed a novel formula assignment algorithm based on deuterium (D)-labeled UHR-MS, namely, FTMSDeu, for the first time. This algorithm was employed to determine the precursor molecules of halogenated disinfection byproducts (Xn-DBPs) and to evaluate the relative contribution of electrophilic addition and substitution reactions in Xn-DBP formation according to the H/D exchange of DOM molecules. Further, tandem mass spectrometry with homologous-based network analysis was used to validate the formula assignment accuracy of FTMSDeu in the identification of iodinated disinfection byproducts. Electrophilic substitution accounted for 82-98, 71-89, and 43-45% of the formation for Cl-, Br-, and I-containing Xn-DBPs, respectively, indicating the dominant role of the electrophilic substitution in chlorinated disinfection byproducts with low Br and I concentrations. The absence of putative precursors in some Xn-DBPs also suggests that Xn-DBP formation includes secondary reactions (e.g., oxidation and hydrolysis) in addition to the electrophilic addition and/or substitution of halogens. These findings highlight the significance of isotopically labeled UHR-MS techniques in revealing the transformation of DOM in natural and engineered systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Long Fu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Manabu Fujii
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Akari Watanabe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Eunsang Kwon
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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11
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Wang G, Jiang T, Li S, Hou H, Xiao K, Hu J, Liang S, Liu B, Yang J. Occurrence and exposure risk evaluation of polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) in drinking water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:141615. [PMID: 32858294 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) can be generated and detected in drinking water, their occurrence and potential health risks to humans via drinking water ingestion are not well known. In this study, 11 PHCZs were screened in drinking water samples from Wuhan, the most populous city in central China. The total concentration of PHCZs could be up to 53.48 ng/L with a median level of 8.19 ng/L, which was comparable to polychlorinated biphenyls and poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances reported in the literatures for drinking water. Composition profiles revealed that 3,6-dichlorocarbazole, 3-chlorocarbazole, 3-bromocarbazole and 3,6-dibromocarbazole were the predominant PHCZ congeners in the tested samples. Regional differences in the levels and patterns of PHCZs suggested that anthropogenic releases should be the dominant source compared to natural generation. Boiling of the water samples caused no significant change in PHCZs concentrations after correcting the volume change due to evaporation. Potential health risks associated to the levels of PHCZs in drinking water were assessed using the toxic equivalent (TEQs) method. The estimated daily intake of PHCZs via drinking water ingestion is up to 0.38 pg-TEQ/kg body weight/day for infants, nearly 4.5 times higher than that for adults, and appears to reach the maximum permissible concentration set by certain authority agencies. Overall, drinking water ingestion represents an important exposure pathway for PHCZs. This is the first comprehensive study on the abundance and health risks of PHCZs in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Timing Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Sen Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Huijie Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Keke Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jingping Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Sha Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Bingchuan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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12
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Fakouri Baygi S, Fernando S, Hopke PK, Holsen TM, Crimmins BS. Decadal Differences in Emerging Halogenated Contaminant Profiles in Great Lakes Top Predator Fish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14352-14360. [PMID: 33103889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Legacy halogenated contaminants have been monitored in the Great Lakes for decades, but there are many additional unknown halogenated contaminants potentially affecting the Great Lakes ecosystem. To address this concern, lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were collected in 2005/2006 and 2015/2016 from each lake and screened for previously unidentified compounds. The isotopic profile deconvoluted chromatogram algorithm was used to isolate unknown halogenated components using high-resolution mass spectrometry data files generated by an atmospheric pressure gas chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer operated in positive and negative modes. The temporal and spatial differences in the newly detected features were used to isolate new potential contaminants. Decadal differences in the unknown halogenated compounds (or features) were compared with the total polychlorinated biphenyl concentration trends. Greater than 2000 unknown halogenated features were detected. As expected, Lake Superior contained the lowest number of unknown halogenated features, whereas Lake Ontario contained the highest. Unknown features tended to have fewer Cl and/or Br atoms compared to traditional legacy contaminant features typically monitored. Diverse patterns of unknown halogenated compounds between lakes suggested that there continues to be unidentified sources of halogenated contaminants in the Great Lakes missed by current monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadjad Fakouri Baygi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Sujan Fernando
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Thomas M Holsen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Bernard S Crimmins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
- AEACS, LLC, New Kensington, Pennsylvania 15068, United States
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13
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Bidleman TF, Andersson A, Haglund P, Tysklind M. Will Climate Change Influence Production and Environmental Pathways of Halogenated Natural Products? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6468-6485. [PMID: 32364720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thousands of halogenated natural products (HNPs) pervade the terrestrial and marine environment. HNPs are generated by biotic and abiotic processes and range in complexity from low molecular mass natural halocarbons (nHCs, mostly halomethanes and haloethanes) to compounds of higher molecular mass which often contain oxygen and/or nitrogen atoms in addition to halogens (hHNPs). nHCs have a key role in regulating tropospheric and stratospheric ozone, while some hHNPs bioaccumulate and have toxic properties similar those of anthropogenic-persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Both chemical classes have common sources: biosynthesis by marine bacteria, phytoplankton, macroalgae, and some invertebrate animals, and both may be similarly impacted by alteration of production and transport pathways in a changing climate. The nHCs scientific community is advanced in investigating sources, atmospheric and oceanic transport, and forecasting climate change impacts through modeling. By contrast, these activities are nascent or nonexistent for hHNPs. The goals of this paper are to (1) review production, sources, distribution, and transport pathways of nHCs and hHNPs through water and air, pointing out areas of commonality, (2) by analogy to nHCs, argue that climate change may alter these factors for hHNPs, and (3) suggest steps to improve linkage between nHCs and hHNPs science to better understand and predict climate change impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry F Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University (UmU), SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Agneta Andersson
- Department of Ecology & Environmental Science, UmU, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, UmU, SE-905 71 Hörnefors, Sweden
| | - Peter Haglund
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University (UmU), SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Tysklind
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University (UmU), SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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14
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Tao W, Zhou Z, Shen L, Zhu C, Zhang W, Xu L, Guo Z, Xu T, Xie HQ, Zhao B. Determination of polyhalogenated carbazoles in soil using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 710:135524. [PMID: 31784154 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are emerging environmental contaminants that have caused wide concerns due to their dioxin-like toxicity and environmental persistence. It would be desirable to determine all of these chemicals using a simple analytical method. Within this study, a simple and sensitive method combining accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) with gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was established to simultaneously analyze eleven frequently detected PHCZs in soil, including CCZ-3, CCZ-36, CCZ-1368, CCZ-2367, BCZ-3, BCZ-27, BCZ-36, BCZ-136, BCZ-1368, 1-B-36-CCZ, 18-B-36-CCZ. The calibration curves of the target analytes showed good linearity (R2 > 0.99, level = 6), and method detection limits (MDLs) ranging from 1.5 to 14.6 pg g-1. The average recoveries of the analytes in soil samples ranged from 64% to 126% with the RSD ranging from 2.0% to 10%. The developed method was successfully used for determination of these eleven PHCZs in soil samples from a tie-dye area in southwest China. Total concentrations of these eleven PHCZs ranging up to 46.3 ng g-1 dw. CCZ-36, BCZ-3, CCZ-3, 1-B-36-CCZ, 18-B-36-CCZ, and BCZ-1368 were the most abundant compounds in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuqun Tao
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Li Shen
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Chaofei Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wanglong Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhingling Guo
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Tong Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Heidi Qunhui Xie
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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15
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Zhou S, Pan X, Tang Q, Zhu H, Zhou J, Zhao L, Guo J, Wang Z, Liu W, Li A. Photochemical degradation of polyhalogenated carbazoles in hexane by sunlight. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 671:622-631. [PMID: 30939315 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are a class of halogenated dibenzopyrrole, which have been increasingly detected in the environment and found to be bioaccumulative and potentially toxic. However, their environmental transformation potential is largely unknown. In this study, UV absorption spectra of carbazole (CZ) and 10 PHCZs were obtained with wavelength range 290-400 nm, and three peaks were identified in most cases with the highest occurring around 300 nm. Hexane solutions of CZ, 10 individual PHCZs, and a sediment extract containing nine other PHCZs were separately irradiated under natural sunlight in order to investigate their photodegradation kinetics and pathways. The pseudo-first-order reaction rate constants (k) of these PHCZs varied from 0.183 h-1 to 2.394 h-1, and increased exponentially with increasing numbers of chlorines and bromines in PHCZ molecules. Contribution to ln k from each bromine atom is more than doubling of that from each chlorine atom. Stepwise reduction debromination was confirmed to be one of the photodegradation mechanisms for both brominated and mixed halogenated (containing both bromine and chlorine) carbazoles. Only sporadic dechlorinated products were found during the photolysis of chlorinated carbazoles. By adopting a simplified kinetic approach, we estimated that dehalogenation contributed approximately 20% to 51% of the total loss of the parent PHCZs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL60612, United States.
| | - Xiaoxue Pan
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL60612, United States; School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qiaozhi Tang
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL60612, United States; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongbin Zhu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiayi Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiehong Guo
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL60612, United States
| | - Zunyao Wang
- School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - An Li
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL60612, United States; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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16
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Bidleman TF, Andersson A, Brugel S, Ericson L, Haglund P, Kupryianchyk D, Lau DCP, Liljelind P, Lundin L, Tysklind A, Tysklind M. Bromoanisoles and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers in macroalgae from Nordic coastal regions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:881-892. [PMID: 31032511 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00042a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Marine macroalgae are used worldwide for human consumption, animal feed, cosmetics and agriculture. In addition to beneficial nutrients, macroalgae contain halogenated natural products (HNPs), some of which have toxic properties similar to those of well-known anthropogenic contaminants. Sixteen species of red, green and brown macroalgae were collected in 2017-2018 from coastal waters of the northern Baltic Sea, Sweden Atlantic and Norway Atlantic, and analyzed for bromoanisoles (BAs) and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers (MeO-BDEs). Target compounds were quantified by gas chromatography-low resolution mass spectrometry (GC-LRMS), with qualitative confirmation in selected species by GC-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). Quantified compounds were 2,4-diBA, 2,4,6-triBA, 2'-MeO-BDE68, 6-MeO-BDE47, and two tribromo-MeO-BDEs and one tetrabromo-MeO-BDE with unknown bromine substituent positions. Semiquantitative results for pentabromo-MeO-BDEs were also obtained for a few species by GC-HRMS. Three extraction methods were compared; soaking in methanol, soaking in methanol-dichloromethane, and blending with mixed solvents. Extraction yields of BAs did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) with the three methods and the two soaking methods gave equivalent yields of MeO-BDEs. Extraction efficiencies of MeO-BDEs were significantly lower using the blend method (p < 0.05). For reasons of simplicity and efficiency, the soaking methods are preferred. Concentrations varied by orders of magnitude among species: ∑2BAs 57 to 57 700 and ∑5MeO-BDEs < 10 to 476 pg g-1 wet weight (ww). Macroalgae standing out with ∑2BAs >1000 pg g-1 ww were Ascophyllum nodosum, Ceramium tenuicorne, Ceramium virgatum, Fucus radicans, Fucus serratus, Fucus vesiculosus, Saccharina latissima, Laminaria digitata, and Acrosiphonia/Spongomorpha sp. Species A. nodosum, C. tenuicorne, Chara virgata, F. radicans and F. vesiculosus (Sweden Atlantic only) had ∑5MeO-BDEs >100 pg g-1 ww. Profiles of individual compounds showed distinct differences among species and locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry F Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University (UmU), SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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17
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Toušová Z, Vrana B, Smutná M, Novák J, Klučárová V, Grabic R, Slobodník J, Giesy JP, Hilscherová K. Analytical and bioanalytical assessments of organic micropollutants in the Bosna River using a combination of passive sampling, bioassays and multi-residue analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:1599-1612. [PMID: 30308846 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Complex mixtures of contaminants from multiple sources, including agriculture, industry or wastewater enter aquatic environments and might pose hazards or risks to humans or wildlife. Targeted analyses of a few priority substances provide limited information about water quality. In this study, a combined chemical and effect screening of water quality in the River Bosna, in Bosnia and Herzegovina was carried out, with focus on occurrence and effects of contaminants of emerging concern. Chemicals in water were sampled at 10 sites along the Bosna River by use of passive sampling. The combination of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) enabled sampling of a broad range of contaminants from hydrophobic (PAHs, PCBs, OCPs) to hydrophilic compounds (pesticides, pharmaceuticals and hormones), which were determined by use of GC-MS and LC-MS (MS). In vitro, cell-based bioassays were applied to assess (anti)androgenic, estrogenic and dioxin-like potencies of extracts of the samplers. Of a total of 168 targeted compounds, 107 were detected at least once. Cumulative pollutant concentrations decreased downstream from the city of Sarajevo, which was identified as the major source of organic pollutants in the area. Responses in all bioassays were observed for samples from all sites. In general, estrogenicity could be well explained by analysis of target estrogens, while the drivers of the other observed effects remained largely unknown. Profiling of hazard quotients identified two sites downstream of Sarajevo as hotspots of biological potency. Risk assessment of detected compounds revealed, that 7 compounds (diazinon, diclofenac, 17β-estradiol, estrone, benzo[k]fluoranthene, fluoranthene and benzo[k]fluoranthene) might pose risks to aquatic biota in the Bosna River. The study brings unique results of a complex water quality assessment in a region with an insufficient water treatment infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Toušová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Environmental Institute (EI), Okružná 784/42, 972 41 Koš, Slovakia
| | - Branislav Vrana
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Water Research Institute, Nabr. Arm. Gen. L. Svobodu 5, 812 49 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marie Smutná
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Novák
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Klučárová
- Slovak University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Radlinskeho 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | | | - John Paul Giesy
- Dept. Biomedical Veterinary Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Saskatchewan, Canada; School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Klára Hilscherová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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18
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Wang B, Cui H, Liu H, Wan Y. Derivatization for Nontargeted Screening of Acids in Oilfield Refinery Wastewater: Identification and Behaviors of Recalcitrant Chlorinated Naphthenic Acids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:1022-1030. [PMID: 30554506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The nontargeted scanning chemical profiling approach has shown great potential to identify unknown pollutants or novel biological markers; however, the structure identification of unknown compounds is a challenge. In this study, a carboxyl-specific derivatization reagent, N-(4-aminomethylphenyl) pyridinium (AMPP), was coupled with QTOF-MSE-MS scanning to establish a high-throughput nontargeted scanning method for acid compounds. The scanning method can isolate the precursor by data-independent acquisition and can select all of the acid compounds based on the characteristic fragment generated from the derivatization reagent. The method was applied to scan naphthenic acid fraction compounds in petroleum refinery wastewater and identify 70-126 NAs, 30-68 oxy-NAs, 54-60 NAs containing nitrogen, and 66-75 NAs containing both nitrogen and oxygen. Chlorinated NAs (Cl-NAs) including monochlorinated NAs (Cl-NAs), monochlorinated hydroxylated NAs (Cl-OH-NAs), and dichlorinated dihydroxylated NAs (Cl2-(OH)2-NAs) were first identified with the aid of chlorine isotopic patterns. The Cl-NAs might be naturally presented in crude oil together with NAs. Occurrences and mass balances of Cl-NAs were further assessed in the wastewater treatment plant in north China. The total concentrations of ∑Cl-NAs were estimated to be 12 ± 7.8-18 ± 17 μg/L and 8.5 ± 2.0-68 ± 35 μg/g in the wastewater and solid samples, respectively. The removal efficiencies of Cl-NAs (-29.9 to 34.3%) were much lower than those of NAs, suggesting the high recalcitrance of chlorinated compounds during the treatment processes. The estimated mass loss fractions due to degradation for Cl-NAs were 26.5-53.4% of initial loadings, and relatively high fractions (32.1-56.8%) were observed in the effluent directly discharged to the environment. Advanced treatment techniques are needed to effectively reduce the persistent Cl-NAs in the wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beili Wang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Hongyang Cui
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Hang Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Yi Wan
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
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19
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Lebedev AT, Mazur DM, Polyakova OV, Kosyakov DS, Kozhevnikov AY, Latkin TB, Andreeva Yu I, Artaev VB. Semi volatile organic compounds in the snow of Russian Arctic islands: Archipelago Novaya Zemlya. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 239:416-427. [PMID: 29679939 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contamination of the Arctic has widely been used as a worldwide pollution marker. Various classes of organic pollutants such as pesticides, personal care products, PAHs, flame retardants, biomass burning markers, and many others emerging contaminants have been regularly detected in Arctic samples. Although numerous papers have been published reporting data from the Canadian, Danish, and Norwegian Arctic regions, the environmental situation in Russian Arctic remains mostly underreported. Snow analysis is known to be used for monitoring air pollution in the regions with cold climate in both short-term and long-term studies. This paper presents the results of a nontargeted study on the semivolatile organic compounds detected and identified in snow samples collected at the Russian Artic Archipelago Novaya Zemlya in June 2016. Gas chromatography coupled to a high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer enabled the simultaneous detection and quantification of a variety of pollutants including those from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) priority pollutants list, emerging contaminants (plasticizers, flame retardants-only detection), as well as the identification of novel Arctic organic pollutants, (e.g., fatty acid amides and polyoxyalkanes). The possible sources of these novel pollutants are also discussed. GC-HRMS enabled the detection and identification of emerging contaminants and novel organic pollutants in the Arctic, e.g., fatty amides and polyoxyalkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Lebedev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility Center "Arktika", Nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia.
| | - D M Mazur
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility Center "Arktika", Nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - O V Polyakova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - D S Kosyakov
- Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility Center "Arktika", Nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - A Yu Kozhevnikov
- Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility Center "Arktika", Nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - T B Latkin
- Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility Center "Arktika", Nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - I Andreeva Yu
- Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility Center "Arktika", Nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - V B Artaev
- LECO Corporation, 3000 Lakeview Avenue, St. Joseph, MI, USA
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20
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Li T, Gao S, Ben Y, Zhang H, Kang Q, Wan Y. Screening of Chlorinated Paraffins and Unsaturated Analogues in Commercial Mixtures: Confirmation of Their Occurrences in the Atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:1862-1870. [PMID: 29366324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the detailed compositions of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) commercial mixtures is crucial to understand their environmental sources, fates, and potential risks. In this study, dichloromethane (DCM)-enhanced UPLC-ESI-QTOFMS analysis combined with characteristic isotope chlorine peaks is applied to screen all CPs and their structural analogues in the three most commonly produced CP commercial mixtures (CP-42, CP-52, and CP-70). Mass fractions of total short-chain CPs (SCCPs), medium-chain CPs (MCCPs) and long-chain CPs (LCCPs) ranged from 0.64 to 31.9%, 0.64 to 21.8%, and 0.04 to 43.9%, respectively, in the three commercial mixtures. 113 unsaturated SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs were identified in the commercial mixtures. The detailed mass percentages of saturated and unsaturated CPs with carbon numbers of 10-30, chlorine numbers of 5-28, and unsaturated degrees of 0-7 were characterized in all commercial mixtures. Occurrences of the predominant saturated and unsaturated CPs were further confirmed in air samples collected in Guangdong Province, one of the major CP production areas in China, over one year. The profiles of the detected compounds indicated that LCCPs in air samples might come mainly from the production and usage of CP-52, and unsaturated C24-29-LCCPs were specifically originated from CP-70 used in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shixiong Gao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yujie Ben
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiyue Kang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Wan
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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21
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Kureha T, Nishizawa Y, Suzuki D. Controlled Separation and Release of Organoiodine Compounds Using Poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate)-Analogue Microspheres. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:7686-7694. [PMID: 31457326 PMCID: PMC6645105 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A selective adsorption/desorption of organoiodine compounds was achieved on poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate)-analogue microspheres, wherein the side chains in the polymers act as halogen-bonding sites. These results demonstrate that the halogen-bonding sites in the side chains exhibit adequate specific affinity for organoiodine compounds. In addition, the water-swollen pMEA-analogue microspheres (microgels) showed a thermoresponsive swelling/deswelling behavior that permitted a controlled release of the organoiodine compounds upon changing the temperature. Thus, it seems plausible that a variety of problems associated with, e.g., the recovery of rare iodine-containing compounds, such as the marine-derived iodine compounds, the delivery of iodine-containing drugs, or the removal of halogen compounds from wastewater, could be resolved by polymer microspheres that exhibit controlled halogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Kureha
- Graduate
School of Textile Science & Technology and Division of Smart Textiles, Institute
for Fiber Engineering, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge
Research, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda 386-8567, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nishizawa
- Graduate
School of Textile Science & Technology and Division of Smart Textiles, Institute
for Fiber Engineering, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge
Research, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda 386-8567, Japan
| | - Daisuke Suzuki
- Graduate
School of Textile Science & Technology and Division of Smart Textiles, Institute
for Fiber Engineering, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge
Research, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda 386-8567, Japan
- E-mail:
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Guo J, Li Z, Ranasinghe P, Bonina S, Hosseini S, Corcoran MB, Smalley C, Rockne KJ, Sturchio NC, Giesy JP, Li A. Spatial and Temporal Trends of Polyhalogenated Carbazoles in Sediments of Upper Great Lakes: Insights into Their Origin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:89-97. [PMID: 27997128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have been increasingly detected in the environment. Their similarities in chemical structure with legacy pollutants and their potential toxicity have caused increasing concern. In this work, 112 Ponar grab and 28 core sediment samples were collected from Lakes Michigan, Superior, and Huron, and a total of 26 PHCZs were analyzed along with unsubstituted carbazole using gas chromatography coupled with single- or triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. Our results show that the total accumulation of PHCZs in the sediments of the upper Great Lakes is >3000 tonnes, orders of magnitude greater than those of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209). The 27 individual analytes differ in spatial distribution and temporal trend. Our results showed that PHCZs with substitution patterns of -Br2-5, -Cl1-2Br2-4, or having iodine, were more abundant in sediment of Lake Michigan deposited before 1900 than those deposited more recently, implying a natural origin. Some "emerging" PHCZs have been increasingly deposited into the sediment in recent decades, and deserve further environmental monitoring and research. Other PHCZs with low halogen substitution may form from in situ dehalogenation of PHCZs having more halogens. Anthropogenic sources of PHCZs may exist, particularly for the emerging and low molecular mass congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C5, Canada
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Peng H, Saunders DMV, Sun J, Jones PD, Wong CKC, Liu H, Giesy JP. Mutagenic Azo Dyes, Rather Than Flame Retardants, Are the Predominant Brominated Compounds in House Dust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:12669-12677. [PMID: 27934287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of toxicological profiles by use of traditional targeted strategies might underestimate the risk of environmental mixtures. Unbiased identification of prioritized compounds provides a promising strategy for meeting regulatory needs. In this study, untargeted screening of brominated compounds in house dust was conducted using a data-independent precursor isolation and characteristic fragment (DIPIC-Frag) approach, which used data-independent acquisition (DIA) and a chemometric strategy to detect peaks and align precursor ions. A total of 1008 brominated compound peaks were identified in 23 house dust samples. Precursor ions and formulas were identified for 738 (73%) of the brominated compounds. A correlation matrix was used to cluster brominated compounds; three large groups were found for the 140 high-abundance brominated compounds, and only 24 (17%) of these compounds were previously known flame retardants. The predominant class of unknown brominated compounds was predicted to consist of nitrogen-containing compounds. Following further validation by authentic standards, these compounds (56%) were determined to be novel brominated azo dyes. The mutagenicity of one major component was investigated, and mutagenicity was observed at environmentally relevant concentrations. Results of this study demonstrated the existence of numerous unknown brominated compounds in house dust, with mutagenic azo dyes unexpectedly being identified as the predominant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - David M V Saunders
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Jianxian Sun
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Paul D Jones
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan , 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - Chris K C Wong
- Department of Biology, Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Zoology Department, Michigan State University , 1129 Farm Lane Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B3
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