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Meng FL, Zhang X, Hu Y, Sheng GP. New Barrier Role of Iron Plaque: Producing Interfacial Hydroxyl Radicals to Degrade Rhizosphere Pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:795-804. [PMID: 38095914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Iron plaque, as a natural barrier between rice and soil, can reduce the accumulation of pollutants in rice by adsorption, contributing to the safe production of rice in contaminated soil. In this study, we unveiled a new role of iron plaque, i.e., producing hydroxyl radicals (·OH) by activating root-secreted oxygen to degrade pollutants. The ·OH was produced on the iron plaque surface and then diffused to the interfacial layer between the surface and the rhizosphere environment. The iron plaque activated oxygen via a successive three-electron transfer to produce ·OH, involving superoxide and hydrogen peroxide as the intermediates. The structural Fe(II) in iron plaque played a dominant role in activating oxygen rather than the adsorbed Fe(II), since the structural Fe(II) was thermodynamically more favorable for oxygen activation. The oxygen vacancies accompanied by the structural Fe(II) played an important role in oxygen activation to produce ·OH. The interfacial ·OH selectively degraded rhizosphere pollutants that could be adsorbed onto the iron plaque and was less affected by the rhizosphere environments than the free ·OH. This study uncovered the oxidative role of iron plaque mediated by its produced ·OH, reshaping our understanding of the role of iron plaque as a barrier for rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Li Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guo-Ping Sheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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2
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Han Y, Li L, Jin L, Zhou R, Li Y, Jing W. Direct and indirect photodegradation of bisphenol A in the presence of natural water components. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 46:18. [PMID: 38147143 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01780-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The impacts and mechanisms of natural water constituents, such as humic acid (HA), nitrates, iron and chloride ions, to the photodegradation of bisphenol A (BPA) were investigated in aqueous media under UV light irradiation. Due to the contributions of ·OH, 1O2, O2- and BPA* to BPA photodegradation in pure water in 13.4, 7.7, 22.9 and 47.9%, respectively, BPA was attenuated through the reaction pathway of direct photodegradation more than self-sensitized photodegradation. About indirect photodegradation, BPA photolysis through inhibitory effect from HA was mainly by light screening effect and quenching effect was insignificant. NO- 3 and NO- 2 both showed inhibitory effect but due to different reactive oxidization species (ROS). The photodegradation of BPA was significantly enhanced by the addition of iron from the formation of ·OH and H2O2, due to iron-assisted indirect photolysis for the degradation process. A dual effect of chloride depending on the different concentration levels involved quenching and promotion effect on reactive photo-induced species (RPS). A simple linear model revealed that BPA photodegradation was significantly impacted by the interaction of the above factors. In natural water, the decreased photolytic rate of BPA was mainly attributed to triple-excited dissolved organic matter (3DOM*), indicating that indirect photolysis was the primary transformation pathway of BPA. The detected photolysis products, such as nitrate and chlorinated products, suggest that there might be potential ecological risk of BPA photodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Han
- Applied Chemistry Laboratory, College of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agriculture University, Urumqi, 830052, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Li
- Shenyang Center of China Geological Survey, Shenyang, 110034, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lu Jin
- Applied Chemistry Laboratory, College of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agriculture University, Urumqi, 830052, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Applied Chemistry Laboratory, College of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agriculture University, Urumqi, 830052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yayu Li
- Applied Chemistry Laboratory, College of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agriculture University, Urumqi, 830052, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwen Jing
- Applied Chemistry Laboratory, College of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agriculture University, Urumqi, 830052, People's Republic of China.
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An J, Jiang Y, Cao H, Yi C, Li S, Qu M, Liu G. Photodegradation of glyphosate in water and stimulation of by-products on algae growth. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115211. [PMID: 37418942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in global agricultural cultivation. However, little is known about the environmental risks associated with its migration and transformation. We conducted light irradiation experiments to study the dynamics and mechanism of photodegradation of glyphosate in ditches, ponds and lakes, and evaluated the effect of glyphosate photodegradation on algae growth through algae culture experiments. Our results showed that glyphosate in ditches, ponds and lakes could undergo photochemical degradation under sunlight irradiation with the production of phosphate, and the photodegradation rate of glyphosate in ditches could reach 86% after 96 h under sunlight irradiation. Hydroxyl radicals (•OH) was the main reactive oxygen species (ROS) for glyphosate photodegradation, and its steady-state concentrations in ditches, ponds and lakes were 6.22 × 10-17, 4.73 × 10-17, and 4.90 × 10-17 M. The fluorescence emission-excitation matrix (EEM) and other technologies further indicated that the humus components in dissolved organic matter (DOM) and nitrite were the main photosensitive substances producing •OH. In addition, the phosphate generated by glyphosate photodegradation could greatly promote the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa, thereby increasing the risk of eutrophication. Thus, glyphosate should be scientifically and reasonably applied to avoid environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi An
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yongcan Jiang
- PowerChina Huadong Engineering Corporation Ltd., Hangzhou 311122, Zhejiang Province, China; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Huafen Cao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ceng Yi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Suxia Li
- Qinzhou Key Laboratory for Eco-Restoration of Environment, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, Guangxi 535011, China
| | - Mengjie Qu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Guanglong Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Qinzhou Key Laboratory for Eco-Restoration of Environment, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, Guangxi 535011, China.
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4
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Photochemical Implications of Changes in the Spectral Properties of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter: A Model Assessment for Surface Waters. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062664. [PMID: 36985638 PMCID: PMC10055727 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is the main sunlight absorber in surface waters and a very important photosensitiser towards the generation of photochemically produced reactive intermediates (PPRIs), which take part in pollutant degradation. The absorption spectrum of CDOM (ACDOM(λ), unitless) can be described by an exponential function that decays with increasing wavelength: ACDOM(λ) = 100 d DOC Ao e− Sλ, where d [m] is water depth, DOC [mgC L−1] is dissolved organic carbon, Ao [L mgC−1 cm−1] is a pre-exponential factor, and S [nm−1] is the spectral slope. Sunlight absorption by CDOM is higher when Ao and DOC are higher and S is lower, and vice versa. By the use of models, here we investigate the impact of changes in CDOM spectral parameters (Ao and S) on the steady-state concentrations of three PPRIs: the hydroxyl radical (•OH), the carbonate radical (CO3•−), and CDOM excited triplet states (3CDOM*). A first finding is that variations in both Ao and S have impacts comparable to DOC variations on the photochemistry of CDOM, when reasonable parameter values are considered. Therefore, natural variability of the spectral parameters or their modifications cannot be neglected. In the natural environment, spectral parameters could, for instance, change because of photobleaching (prolonged exposure of CDOM to sunlight, which decreases Ao and increases S) or of the complex and still poorly predictable effects of climate change. A second finding is that, while the steady-state [3CDOM*] would increase with increasing ACDOM (increasing Ao, decreasing S), the effect of spectral parameters on [•OH] and [CO3•−] depends on the relative roles of CDOM vs. NO3− and NO2− as photochemical •OH sources.
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Hoa NT, Ngoc Van LT, Vo QV. Reactions of nicotine and the hydroxyl radical in the environment: Theoretical insights into the mechanism, kinetics and products. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 314:137682. [PMID: 36586441 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine (NCT) is a prevalent and highly poisonous tobacco alkaloid found in wastewater discharge. Advanced oxidative processes (AOP) are radical interactions between harmful pollutants and ambient free radicals that, theoretically, result in less toxic compounds. For a better understanding of the chemical transformations and long-term environmental effects of toxic discharges, the study of these processes is crucial. Here, quantum chemical calculations are used to investigate the AOP of the NCT in aqueous and lipidic environments. It was found that NCT interacted with HO• in polar and nonpolar media, with an overall rate constant koverall = 106 - 1010 M-1 s-1. The computed kinetic data are reasonably accurate as seen by the comparison with the experimental rate constant in water (pH = 7.0), which results in a kcalculated/kexperimetal ratio of 1.4. The hydrogen transfer (C7, C9, C12)-single electron transfer pathways are the main mechanisms for the HO• + NCT reaction in pentyl ethanoate solvent to form the cations as the primary products of the two-step reaction. However, in aqueous environments, the degradation of NCT by HO• radicals increases with increasing pH levels. It is predicted that oxidation products are less toxic than nicotine itself, especially in an aqueous environment with a pH < 7.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Hoa
- The University of Danang - University of Technology and Education, Danang, 550000, Viet Nam
| | | | - Quan V Vo
- The University of Danang - University of Technology and Education, Danang, 550000, Viet Nam.
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Liu Y, Chen X, Zhao J, Jin W, Zhang K, Qu J, Zhang YN, Chen G, Peijnenburg WJGM. Development of a quantitative structure-activity relationship model for predicting quantum yield of hydroxyl radical generation from organic compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:66-74. [PMID: 36504232 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00396a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic compounds are capable of generating hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) through their excited triplet states in natural water. It is of significance to reveal the underlying mechanism of the generation and obtain the generation quantum yield of ˙OH from organic compounds for better understanding of its involvement in indirect photochemical processes in the environment. In this study, the ˙OH quantum yields (Φ˙OH) of 20 organic compounds were determined by photochemical experiments. The calculated Φ˙OH values for the selected organic compounds vary from (1.2 ± 0.39) × 10-5 to (7.2 ± 0.16) × 10-4. A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model for log Φ˙OH was developed and the established model was proven to have a proper goodness of fit, robustness, and predictive ability. The QSAR model was successfully used to predict the Φ˙OH value of organic pollutants. Mechanistic interpretation showed that the electron distribution and the electronegativity of organic compounds are the most important factors that determine the generation of ˙OH. The results are helpful for understanding the generation mechanism of ˙OH from organic compounds and also provide insights into the generation of ˙OH from dissolved organic matter in natural water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Jianchen Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Wenjie Jin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Kun Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Jiao Qu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Guangchao Chen
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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7
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Wu B, Zhou C, Zhao G, Wang J, Dai H, Liu T, Zheng X, Chen B, Chu C. Enhanced photochemical production of reactive intermediates at the wetland soil-water interface. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 223:118971. [PMID: 35977437 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photochemically produced reactive intermediates (PPRIs) formed by sunlight-irradiation of natural photosensitizers play critical roles in accelerating biogeochemical cycles on earth surface. Existing PPRI studies mostly focus on bulk phase reactions (e.g., bulk water), with PPRI processes at the environmental interfaces largely unexplored. Here, we report the wetland soil-water interface (SWI) as a widespread but previously unappreciated hotspot for PPRI productions. Massive productions of four important PPRI species (i.e., triplet-state excited organic matter (3OM*), singlet oxygen (1O2), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (•OH)) were observed at the SWI. All four PPRI species exhibited higher productions at the SWI than those in bulk water, where •OH production was largely elevated by up to one order of magnitude. The enhanced PPRI productions at the SWI were caused by intensified photon absorption and vibrant Fe-mediated redox processes, where the light absorption by less- or non-photoactive soil substances partially offset the enhancement on PPRI productions. Nationwide wetland investigations demonstrate that the SWI was a ubiquitous hotspot for PPRI productions. Simulations on PPRIs-mediated reactions suggest that the enhanced PPRI productions could greatly affect the kinetics and transformation pathways of nutrients and pollutants. Given that the SWI also acts a hotspot for nutrient and pollutant accumulation, incorporating the SWI enhanced PPRI productions into biogeochemical process assessments is pivotal for advancing our understandings on the element cycles and pollutant dynamics in wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Wu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chong Zhou
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hengyi Dai
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zheng
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Baoliang Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chiheng Chu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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8
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Zeng Y, Fang G, Fu Q, Peng F, Wang X, Dionysiou DD, Guo J, Gao J, Zhou D, Wang Y. Mechanistic Study of the Effects of Agricultural Amendments on Photochemical Processes in Paddy Water during Rice Growth. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:4221-4230. [PMID: 35275630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical properties of paddy water might be affected by the commonly used amendments in rice fields owing to the associated changes in water chemistry; however, this important aspect has rarely been explored. We examined the effects of agricultural amendments on the photochemistry of paddy water during rice growth. The amendments significantly influenced the photogenerated reactive intermediates (RIs) in paddy water, such as triplet dissolved organic matter (3DOM*), singlet oxygen, and hydroxyl radicals. Compared with control experiments without amendments, the application of straw and lime increased the RI concentrations by up to 16.8 and 11.1 times, respectively, while biochar addition had limited effects on RI generation from paddy water in in situ experiments under sunlight. Fluorescence emission-excitation matrix spectroscopy, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, and structural equation modeling revealed that upon the addition of straw and lime amendments, humified DOM substances contained lignins, proteins, and fulvic acids, which could produce more RIs under irradiation. Moreover, the amendments significantly accelerated the degradation rate of 2,4-dichlorophenol but led to the 3DOM*-mediated formation of more toxic and stable dimeric products. This study provides new insights into the effects of amendments on the photochemistry of paddy water and the pathways of abiotic degradation of organic contaminants in paddy fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, P. R. China
| | - Qinglong Fu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geoscience, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Fei Peng
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, P. R. China
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Xinghao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, P. R. China
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0071, United States
| | - Jianbo Guo
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Juan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, P. R. China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yujun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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9
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Liu H, Zhang Z, Tu YN, Li Y, Lei Y, Tian S. Dual roles of Cu 2+ complexation with dissolved organic matter on the photodegradation of trace organic pollutants: Triplet- and OH-induced reactions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152934. [PMID: 35007586 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The triplet excited state of dissolved organic matter (3DOM⁎) is highly effective in the photodegradation of a broad spectrum of trace organic pollutants (TOPs), and its photoactivity is affected by concomitant metal ions in surface waters. However, the impact of environmental metal ions on the 3DOM⁎-induced photodegradation of TOPs has not been systemically explored. Herein, we investigated the effect of environmental Cu2+ on the 3DOM⁎-induced photodegradation kinetics of 16 TOPs. A fluorescence quenching experiment showed that a Cu(II)-DOM complex was formed. For the TOPs with stronger electron-donating groups (triplet-labile moieties, e.g., phenols and anilines), Cu2+ complexation notably inhibited 3DOM⁎-induced photodegradation. This may be ascribed to the decrease of 3DOM⁎ steady-state concentration because Cu2+ complexation reduces its formation rates and enhances scavenging rates tested by sorbic acid isomerization experiment. Meanwhile, it was found that Cu2+ complexation facilitated the photolysis of refractory TOPs (lower triplet reactivity) because of enhanced electron transfer between DOM and Cu(II), causing photoinduced OH formation. These findings implied that 3DOM⁎ reactivity differences in TOPs could affect the photodegradation rates in the complex system, which was confirmed via a linear correlation of photodegradation rate ratios for 16 TOPs induced by 3DOM⁎ in the presence/absence of Cu2+ with their 3DOM⁎ reactivity. These findings helped to improve our understanding of the photochemical reactivity of 3DOM⁎ in natural waters, especially the effects of environmentally concomitant metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaying Liu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi-Na Tu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yingjie Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Yajie Lei
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Senlin Tian
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China.
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10
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Xu R, Zhao M, Chen Z, Gao Z, Song H, An T, Zheng S, Gu F. Degradation pathways of penthiopyrad by δ-MnO 2 mediated processes: a combined density functional theory and experimental study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:1977-1985. [PMID: 34751295 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00339a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Penthiopyrad is a widely used succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide and frequently detected in natural environments. In order to better understand its fate in natural systems, the degradation of penthiopyrad by manganese dioxide (MnO2) was investigated in this study. The results show that penthiopyrad is rapidly degraded in the δ-MnO2 system. Moreover, density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the atoms of C18, C12, and S1 in penthiopyrad have relatively high reactive active sites. The degradation products mainly include sulfoxides, sulfones, and diketone. A sulfoxide and sulfone are formed by the oxidation of the thioether group, and diketone is formed by the oxidation of the olefin group, respectively. Based on the DFT calculations and degradation products, the degradation pathway of penthiopyrad by MnO2 is proposed. This study also reveals that the degradation of penthiopyrad by δ-MnO2 is affected by various environmental factors. A warm environment, low pH, and co-existing humic acid are beneficial to the degradation of penthiopyrad in the δ-MnO2 system, whereas, co-existing metal cations inhibit penthiopyrad degradation. This result provides theoretical guidance for predicting the potential fate of penthiopyrad in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruishuang Xu
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Mengjiu Zhao
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Zhengqiang Chen
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Zhihong Gao
- Analysis and Testing Center, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Haiyan Song
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shengrun Zheng
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Fenglong Gu
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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11
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Zeng Y, Fang G, Fu Q, Dionysiou DD, Wang X, Gao J, Zhou D, Wang Y. Photochemical characterization of paddy water during rice cultivation: Formation of reactive intermediates for As(III) oxidation. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 206:117721. [PMID: 34624658 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the photochemical behavior of surface water and its effects on pollutant transformation have been studied extensively in recent years, the photochemistry of paddy water remains largely unknown. In this study, we examined the photochemical processes involving paddy water samples collected at four different cultivation stages of rice. Triplet dissolved organic matter (3DOM*), singlet oxygen (1O2), and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) were found to be the dominant reactive intermediates (RIs), and their apparent quantum yields and steady-state concentrations were quantified. Compared with the typical surface water, quantum yields of 3DOM* and •OH were comparable, while quantum yields of 1O2 were about 2.4-6.7 times higher than those of surface water. Fluorescence emission-excitation matrix (EEM) spectra, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS), and statistical analysis revealed that DOM properties and nitrite concentration were the main factor influencing RIs generation. The results suggest that DOM with lower molecular weight and humification extent generated more RIs, and nitrite contributed to 23.9%-100% of •OH generation. EEM and FTICR-MS data showed that DOM with more saturated and less aromatic formulas could produce more 3DOM* under the irradiation, while the polyphenolic components of DOM inhibited the formation of RIs. Moreover, RIs significantly enhanced arsenite (As(III)) oxidation with oxidation rate increased by 1.8-4.1 times in paddy water, and •OH and 3DOM* were the main RIs responsible for As(III) oxidation. This study provides new insight into the pathways of arsenite abiotic transformation in paddy soil and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Guodong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Qinglong Fu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geoscience, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0071, USA
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Juan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yujun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
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12
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Wang J, Wang K, Guo Y, Ye Z, Guo Z, Lei Y, Yang X, Zhang L, Niu J. Dichlorine radicals (Cl 2•-) promote the photodegradation of propranolol in estuarine and coastal waters. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 414:125536. [PMID: 33667804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Propranolol (PRO) is frequently detected in estuarine and coastal waters, which has adverse effects on estuarine and coastal ecosystems. In this study, the effects of halide ions and DOM from estuarine and coastal waters on the photochemical transformation of PRO were investigated. The results demonstrated that the presence of Br- alone exhibited slight effect on photochemical transformation of PRO, while photodegradation rates of PRO increased with the addition of 0.1-0.54 M Cl-. The quenching experiments and the laser flash photolysis experiments together demonstrated the generation of Cl2•- in the photolytic systems. Cl2•- is possibly produced through the charge separation of exciplex of 3PRO* and Cl- rather than via direct oxidation of Cl-. Additional experiments indicated that addition of seawater DOM inhibited the halide ions-sensitized photodegradation rates of PRO, which may be due to the quenching of Cl2•- by phenolic substances in DOM molecules. Compared with pure water, three new photochemical intermediates were identified in the presence of DOM or Cl-. The direct photolysis of PRO mainly reacted by hydroxyl additions, hydroxyl elimination and de-propylation, whereas electron transfer coupled with H-abstraction by Cl2•- and 3DOM* was proposed as the primary role for PRO degradation in the presence of Cl- or DOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqiong Wang
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yuchen Guo
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Zimi Ye
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Zhongyu Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yu Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lilan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Junfeng Niu
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
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13
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Wang J, Wang K, Zhang L, Guo Y, Guo Z, Sun W, Ye Z, Niu J. Mechanism of bicarbonate enhancing the photodegradation of β-blockers in natural waters. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 197:117078. [PMID: 33819659 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The impact of HCO3- on the photodegradation of β-blockers was investigated under simulated sunlight irradiation. The results show that in the presence of HCO3-, the photodegradation rates increase significantly for sotalol (SOT), whereas no effects on the degradation of carvedilol and arotinolol are observed. Using quenching experiments, electron paramagnetic resonance spectra and degradation product determination, we demonstrate that carbonate radical (CO3•-) is formed by direct oxidation of HCO3- by triplet-excited SOT (3SOT*) and plays a significant role in SOT photodegradation. Competition kinetics experiments show that the three β-blockers all have high second-order rate constants (107-108 M-1 s-1) for the reaction with CO3•-. However, only 3SOT* has a higher reduction potential that can oxidize HCO3- to produce CO3•-. Thus, enhanced SOT removal rates in the presence of HCO3- were observed. In addition, the results show that seawater DOM could increase HCO3--induced photodegradation of SOT, whereas SRNOM mainly behaves as a CO3•- quencher and decreases the removal rate of SOT. The results underscore the role of HCO3- in limiting the persistence of organic pollutants like SOT in sunlit natural waters, and especially in marine and coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqiong Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Kai Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Lilan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China
| | - Yuchen Guo
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Zhongyu Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Wei Sun
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Zimi Ye
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Junfeng Niu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, PR China.
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14
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Vione D. The modelling of Surface-Water photoreactions made easier: introducing the concept of 'equivalent monochromatic wavelengths'. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116675. [PMID: 33279749 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of successful model approaches that predict the photochemical behaviour of surface waters has greatly aided in the understanding of how water environments work and will likely work in the future, from a photochemical point of view. However, the inherent multi-wavelength (polychromatic) nature of environmental photochemistry causes the relevant mathematics to be quite complex, which discourages many scientists to carry out photochemical calculations. To greatly simplify model mathematics, this paper proposes a new approach that is based on a monochromatic approximation to the polychromatic problem, introducing the concept of what is here defined as equivalent monochromatic wavelengths (EMWs). The EMW is the single wavelength that reproduces the behaviour of the polychromatic system, using a monochromatic (Lambert-Beer based) equation. The EMW approach largely simplifies calculations, getting rid of integrals and allowing for much more straightforward and manageable equations to be obtained. In particular, this work shows that: (i) the EMW approach, although approximated, entails a negligible loss in accuracy compared to the exact polychromatic treatment of photochemical reactions; (ii) in the case of direct photolysis, the quantum yield is to be replaced by an apparent photon efficiency that is not bound to be < 1 (quantum yields can actually be > 1 for chain reactions and few other cases, but this is not the point here); (iii) the monochromatic Lambert-Beer equations work in most cases once the EMW is identified, with the present exception of sunlight absorption by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). The latter spans a very wide wavelength range (from 300 to at least 600 nm), which makes a single-wavelength treatment more difficult. However, a relatively small modification to the monochromatic Lambert-Beer equation allows for successfully using the EMW approach, in the case of CDOM as well. The near-perfect coincidence between polychromatic and EMW-based predictions of photodegradation kinetics is here shown for the pollutants atrazine, bentazone, carbamazepine, diclofenac, diuron and ibuprofen. Extension to additional compounds requires translation of the traditional, polychromatic language into the EMW one. Hopefully, this contribution will introduce a new paradigm in the mathematical description of photochemical reactions in environmental waters. It could also become a new and simple way to treat multi-wavelength systems in general photochemistry studies, thereby completely changing the way multi-wavelength problems are dealt with.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Vione
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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15
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Salazar Mercado SA, Quintero Caleño JD, Rojas Suárez JP. Cytogenotoxic effect of propanil using the Lens culinaris Med and Allium cepa L test. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126193. [PMID: 32086064 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Propanil can produce methemoglobinemia, hemolytic anemia, hepatotoxicity, metabolic disorder and nephrotoxicity. It also has a genotoxic effect, although it is not listed as a carcinogen and it continues to be applied excessively throughout the world. Consequently, in this study the cytogenotoxic effect of propanil was evaluated, using apical root cells of Allium cepa and Lens culinaris. In which, L. culinaris seeds and A. cepa bulbs were subjected to 6 treatments with propanil (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 mg L-1) and to distilled water as control treatment. Subsequently, the root growth was measured every 24 h for 3 days. Next, the mitotic index and cellular anomalies were determined. Whereby, decreased root development was observed in all treatments. Likewise, greater inhibition of mitosis was evidenced in L. culinaris compared to A. cepa. In addition, chromosomal abnormalities, such as nucleus absence, sticky chromosomes in metaphase and binucleated cells, were present in most of the treatments. Thus, the presence of micronuclei and the results of L. culinaris, indicate the high cytogenotoxicity of propanil and the feasibility of this species as bioindicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seir Antonio Salazar Mercado
- Department of Biology, Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, Avenida Gran Colombia No. 12E-96B Colsag, San José de Cúcuta, Colombia.
| | | | - Jhan Piero Rojas Suárez
- Department of Civil Constructions, Roads, Transportation, Hydraulics and Fluids, Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, Cúcuta, Colombia.
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16
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Xu H, Li Y, Liu J, Du H, Du Y, Su Y, Jiang H. Photogeneration and steady-state concentration of hydroxyl radical in river and lake waters along middle-lower Yangtze region, China. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 176:115774. [PMID: 32272319 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyl radical (HO∙) in natural waters plays a critical role in contaminant transformation and ecosystem health. In this study, the photogeneration and steady-state concentration of HO∙ in different aquatic environments (e.g., river and lake) along the middle-lower Yangtze region, China, were evaluated. The results showed that, compared to lake samples, the river waters were characterized by lower HO∙ photoformation rate (RHO∙) (5.10-11.69 × 10-11 vs. 1.10-1.82 × 10-10 M s-1) and steady-state HO∙ concentration ([HO∙]) (1.76-3.11 × 10-17 vs. 2.50-10.33 × 10-17 M). The contribution of nitrate and nitrite to the total RHO∙ in river waters was generally higher than that in lake waters, and photolysis of nitrite exhibited contributions 1-2 times higher than those of nitrate (0-25% vs. 0-9%) irrespective of sample types. As a result, the photosensitization by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) contributed more than 70% of the total RHO∙ for all samples except for River Ganjiang. [HO∙] among all samples was positively correlated with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, and the DOC-normalized [HO∙] was further related to the physicochemical properties of CDOM samples (e.g., aromaticity, humification, and molecular weight). The humic-like aromatic substances with low molecular weight were the controlling factors influencing [HO∙] in the studied surface waters. The results contributed to a deeper understanding of behaviors and fate of aquatic DOMs in terms of HO∙ formation and contaminant attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huacheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Yani Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Pearl River Estuarine Dynamics & Associated Process Regulation, MWR, Guangzhou, 510611, China
| | - Haiyan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yingxun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yaling Su
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Helong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
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17
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Carena L, Fabbri D, Passananti M, Minella M, Pazzi M, Vione D. The role of direct photolysis in the photodegradation of the herbicide bentazone in natural surface waters. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125705. [PMID: 31891848 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical fate of the herbicide bentazone was assessed by lab experiments and modeling tools. Experimental and modeling results showed that bentazone is mainly photodegraded by direct photolysis in natural water samples, even in the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) that can act as light-screening agent, photosensitizer and scavenger of reactive species. Even when it was dissolved in natural water samples containing different DOM amounts, the phototransformation kinetics of bentazone was unchanged compared to irradiation runs in ultrapure water. This finding suggests that the DOM and the other components of our samples did not affect the direct photolysis of bentazone by light-absorption competition, at least at the experimental optical path lengths, and did not induce significant indirect photodegradation by producing reactive transient species. Photochemical modeling in a lake-water photoreactivity scenario corroborated the observed experimental results, showing the predominant role of direct photolysis in the overall (direct + indirect) photodegradation of bentazone at different water depths and DOM contents. However, the model predicted a minor but non-negligible contribution of indirect photochemistry (i.e., reactions triggered by HO•, CO3•- and 3CDOM*) to the herbicide degradation. This contribution (especially by 3CDOM*) could become crucial in deep and DOM-rich water bodies. Finally, several photoproducts formed by direct photolysis and HO•-induced photodegradation were identified, which should not be particularly toxic for aquatic organisms and Vibrio fischeri bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Carena
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Debora Fabbri
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Monica Passananti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Minella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Pazzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Vione
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
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18
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Huang W, Wu G, Xiao H, Song H, Gan S, Ruan S, Gao Z, Song J. Transformation of m-aminophenol by birnessite (δ-MnO 2) mediated oxidative processes: Reaction kinetics, pathways and toxicity assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113408. [PMID: 31662267 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The m-aminophenol (m-AP) is a widely used industrial chemical, which enters water, soils, and sediments with waste emissions. A common soil metal oxide, birnessite (δ-MnO2), was found to mediate the transformation of m-AP with fast rates under acidic conditions. Because of the highly complexity of the m-AP transformation, mechanism-based models were taken to fit the transformation kinetic process of m-AP. The results indicated that the transformation of m-AP with δ-MnO2 could be described by precursor complex formation rate-limiting model. The oxidative transformation of m-AP on the surface of δ-MnO2 was highly dependent on reactant concentrations, pH, temperature, and other co-solutes. The UV-VIS absorbance and mass spectra analysis indicated that the pathway leading to m-AP transformation may be the polymerization through the coupling reaction. The m-AP radicals were likely to be coupled by the covalent bonding between unsubstituted C2, C4 or C6 atoms in the m-AP aromatic rings to form oligomers as revealed by the results of activation energy and mass spectra. Furthermore, the toxicity assessment of the transformation productions indicated that the toxicity of m-AP to the E. coli K-12 could be reduced by MnO2 mediated transformation. The results are helpful for understanding the environmental behavior and potential risk of m-AP in natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Huang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Universities Town, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Guowei Wu
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Universities Town, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Hong Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Universities Town, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Haiyan Song
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Universities Town, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Shuzhao Gan
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Universities Town, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shuhong Ruan
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Universities Town, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Zhihong Gao
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Universities Town, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jianzhong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
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19
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A Critical View of the Application of the APEX Software (Aqueous Photochemistry of Environmentally-Occurring Xenobiotics) to Predict Photoreaction Kinetics in Surface Freshwaters. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010009. [PMID: 31861417 PMCID: PMC7017383 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The APEX (aqueous photochemistry of environmentally occurring xenobiotics) software computes the phototransformation kinetics of compounds that occur in sunlit surface waters. It is free software based on Octave, and was originally released in 2014. Since then, APEX has proven to be a remarkably flexible platform, allowing for the addressing of several environmental problems. However, considering APEX as a stand-alone software is not conducive to exploiting its full potentialities. Rather, it is part of a whole ecosystem that encompasses both the software and the laboratory protocols that allow for the measurement of substrate photoreactivity parameters. Coherently with this viewpoint, the present paper shows both how to use APEX, and how to experimentally derive or approximately assess the needed input data. Attention is also given to some issues that might provide obstacles to users, including the extension of APEX beyond the simple systems for which it was initially conceived. In particular, we show how to use APEX to deal with compounds that undergo acid–base equilibria, and with the photochemistry of systems such as stratified lakes, lakes undergoing evaporation, and rivers. Hopefully, this work will provide a reference for the smooth use of one of the most powerful instruments for the modeling of photochemical processes in freshwater environments. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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20
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Carena L, Puscasu CG, Comis S, Sarakha M, Vione D. Environmental photodegradation of emerging contaminants: A re-examination of the importance of triplet-sensitised processes, based on the use of 4-carboxybenzophenone as proxy for the chromophoric dissolved organic matter. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 237:124476. [PMID: 31404736 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The photoreactions sensitised by the excited triplet states of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (3CDOM*) are very important in the photochemical attenuation of emerging contaminants in natural waters. Until quite recently, anthraquinone-2-sulphonate (AQ2S) was the only available CDOM proxy molecule to estimate the contaminant reaction kinetics with 3CDOM*, under steady-state irradiation conditions. Unfortunately, the AQ2S triplet state (3AQ2S*) is considerably more reactive than average 3CDOM*. We have recently developed an alternative protocol based on 4-carboxybenzophenone (CBBP), the triplet state of which (3CBBP*) is less reactive compared to 3AQ2S*. Here we show that in the case of ibuprofen (IBP), paracetamol (APAP) and clofibric acid (CLO), the reaction rate constants with 3CBBP* are more reasonable as 3CDOM* reactivity estimates than those obtained by using AQ2S. In contrast, similar rate constants are measured for the reaction of atrazine (ATZ) with either 3AQ2S* or 3CBBP*. Moreover, the reactivity of ATZ with both 3AQ2S* and 3CBBP* is very similar to that with 3CDOM*, available through a literature estimate. The possibility to validate the ATZ-3CBBP* reactivity estimate against the 3CDOM* data, and to accurately predict the reported IBP and CLO field lifetime, support the suitability of CBBP as CDOM proxy. The replacement of AQ2S with CBBP as proxy molecule does not reverse the qualitative prediction, according to which 3CDOM* would be the main process involved in the photodegradation of the studied contaminants in waters with high dissolved organic carbon (DOC). However, the CBBP-based data prompt for an important reconsideration of the estimated lifetimes at high DOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Carena
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Cezara G Puscasu
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Comis
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Mohamed Sarakha
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, F-63177, Aubière, France
| | - Davide Vione
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy.
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21
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Serna-Galvis EA, Troyon JA, Giannakis S, Torres-Palma RA, Carena L, Vione D, Pulgarin C. Kinetic modeling of lag times during photo-induced inactivation of E. coli in sunlit surface waters: Unraveling the pathways of exogenous action. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 163:114894. [PMID: 31374404 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a kinetic analysis of the exogenous photo-induced disinfection of E. coli in natural waters. Herein, the inactivation of bacteria by light and photo-generated transient species, i.e., hydroxyl radical (HO•), excited triplet states of organic matter (3CDOM*) and singlet oxygen (1O2), was studied. It was found that the exogenous disinfection of E. coli proceeds through a lag time, followed by an exponential phase triggered by photo-generated HO•, 1O2 and 3CDOM*. Also, we report that the concentration increased of transient species (and especially HO•) precursors decreased the lag times of bacteria inactivation. Due to the limitations of the competition kinetics methodology to include the lag phase, an alternative strategy to study the interaction between E. coli and photo-generated transient species was proposed, considering the log-linear pseudo-first order rate constants and lag-times. On this basis and by using APEX software, a full kinetic analysis of exogenous bacterial inactivation, taking into account both lag-time and exponential decay, was developed. This approach provided insights into the conditions that could make exogenous inactivation competitive with the endogenous process for the E. coli inactivation in natural sunlit waters. Hence, this research contributes to the understanding of fundamental kinetic aspects of photoinduced bacterial inactivation, which is the basis for light-assisted processes such as the solar disinfection (SODIS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Efraim A Serna-Galvis
- School of Basic Sciences (SB), Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering (ISIC), Group of Advanced Oxidation Processes (GPAO), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; Grupo de Investigación en Remediación Ambiental y Biocatálisis (GIRAB), Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquía UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jean Arnaud Troyon
- School of Basic Sciences (SB), Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering (ISIC), Group of Advanced Oxidation Processes (GPAO), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefanos Giannakis
- School of Basic Sciences (SB), Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering (ISIC), Group of Advanced Oxidation Processes (GPAO), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S. Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Departamento de Hidráulica, Energía y Medio Ambiente, Unidad docente Ingeniería Sanitaria c/Profesor Aranguren, s/n, ES-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo A Torres-Palma
- Grupo de Investigación en Remediación Ambiental y Biocatálisis (GIRAB), Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquía UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Luca Carena
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Vione
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Cesar Pulgarin
- School of Basic Sciences (SB), Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering (ISIC), Group of Advanced Oxidation Processes (GPAO), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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22
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Makehelwala M, Wei Y, Weragoda SK, Weerasooriya R, Zheng L. Characterization of dissolved organic carbon in shallow groundwater of chronic kidney disease affected regions in Sri Lanka. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 660:865-875. [PMID: 30743972 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Number of Chronic Kidney Disease patients with no identifiable cause (Chronic Kidney Disease Unknown Aetiology, CKDu) are escalating in the North Central Province (NCP) of Sri Lanka. This study examined distribution of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in shallow groundwater of three CKDu risk zones (high risk, HR; low risk, LR and no risk, NR) and a control zone (CR) from wet to dry seasons. The interactions of DOC with calcium and magnesium ions and metabolites of selected pesticides were also examined. The lowest CODMnDOC values of 0.60 ± 0.19, 0.58 ± 0.17 were reported in the DOC of the HR water in the wet and dry seasons, respectively, and this DOC fraction encompasses organic compounds with the lowest labile C with the highest aromaticity. Four distinct fluorescence DOC fractions in the HR water were identified with fulvic acid component associated as dominant non-labile C fraction. The essential building blocks of non-labile C were concentrated into molecular weight (MW) fraction II (900-1800 Da). The DOC source in all groundwater was identified as autochthonous (fluorescence index > 1.8). In the HR water, pentachlorophenol (PCP) was also detected in appreciable quantities. The factor loadings based on principal component analysis (PCA) showed a positive correlation between DOC and sulfate, calcium, total iron, PCP in the HR groundwater. Accordingly, it can be inferred that divalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+) abundant in the HR groundwater interact with phenolate and carboxylate functional groups in DOC at alkaline pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhubhashini Makehelwala
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuansong Wei
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | | | - Rohan Weerasooriya
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hanthana Road, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka
| | - Libing Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Carena L, Vione D. Modelling the photochemistry of imazethapyr in rice paddy water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 644:1391-1398. [PMID: 30743851 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work the photochemistry of imazethapyr, an imidazolinone herbicide used in rice crops, was modelled in rice paddy water. The photochemical half-life time of the herbicide was assessed by means of the APEX software (Aqueous Photochemistry of Environmentally occurring Xenobiotics) taking into account the direct photolysis, the reactions with hydroxyl radicals (HO) and, in some cases, the reactions with the excited triplet states of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (3CDOM*). We found that direct photolysis and HO reaction can account for a half-life time ranging between 8 and 11 days in May, which is in quite good agreement with the half-life times measured in the field and reported in the literature. These findings suggest that direct photolysis and reaction with HO are important degradation pathways for imazethapyr in paddy water. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) has been reported in the literature to decrease the imazethapyr photodegradation rate. Our model computations confirm this finding but, upon comparison of model predictions with experimental data from the literature, we provide evidence of a non-negligible role of DOM-photosensitised processes in imazethapyr degradation, particularly in DOM-rich waters. We also assess an upper limit (108 L mol-1 s-1) for the second-order rate constant of the reaction between imazethapyr and 3CDOM*. Furthermore, on the basis of literature-reported photodegradation pathways and by using both APEX and the US-EPA ECOSAR V2.0 software, we assess that the direct photolysis by-products of imazethapyr could pose a potential ecotoxicological threat to aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Carena
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Davide Vione
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Bai Y, Cui Z, Su R, Qu K. Influence of DOM components, salinity, pH, nitrate, and bicarbonate on the indirect photodegradation of acetaminophen in simulated coastal waters. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 205:108-117. [PMID: 29689524 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The indirect photodegradation behaviors of acetaminophen (APAP) were investigated in the presence of four kinds of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and were also assessed in the presence of seawater components and conditions such as salinity, pH, nitrate and bicarbonate. The results showed three important findings: firstly, in the indirect photolysis of APAP, the contributions of 3DOM*, ·OH and 1O2 were >85.0%, 2.3-9.9% and 0.8-2.6% at pH 8.0. Secondly, DOM was divided into four terrestrial humic-like components by Excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMs) combined with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). This study showed a good linearity between DOM fluorescence components and the indirect photodegradation of APAP (R2 = 0.92) and the differences in photodegradation rates of APAP among various DOM solutions were due to the diverse compositions of DOM. Finally, salinity was an important factor influencing the removal of APAP, and the APAP photodegradation rate constants increased from (3.33 ± 0.07) × 10-5 s-1 to (1.25 ± 0.05) × 10-4 s-1 with increasing salinity. The increased pseudo-first-order rate constants for photolysis of APAP with increasing salinity, pH and nitrate were attributed to the enhanced generation of reactive intermediates (RI) and easier reactions between RI and APAP. The increased APAP removal rate constant with increasing bicarbonate was likely ascribed to the yield of ∙CO3-. This is the first report of the roles of DOM components and salinity on the indirect photolysis of APAP. These findings would be essential to predict the photochemical fate of APAP and would also allow for a better understanding of the environmental fate of other phenolic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Bai
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhengguo Cui
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Rongguo Su
- Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Keming Qu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Berto S, Carena L, Chiavazza E, Marletti M, Fin A, Giacomino A, Malandrino M, Barolo C, Prenesti E, Vione D. Off-line and real-time monitoring of acetaminophen photodegradation by an electrochemical sensor. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 204:556-562. [PMID: 29602587 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The photochemistry of N-acetyl-para-aminophenol (acetaminophen, APAP) is here investigated by using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) analysis to monitor APAP photodegradation upon steady-state irradiation. The purpose of this work is to assess the applicability of DPV to monitor the photochemical behaviour of xenobiotics, along with the development of an electrochemical set-up for the real-time monitoring of APAP photodegradation. We here investigated the APAP photoreactivity towards the main photogenerated reactive transients species occurring in sunlit surface waters (hydroxyl radical HO, carbonate radical CO3-, excited triplet state of anthraquinone-2-sulfonate used as proxy of the chromophoric DOM, and singlet oxygen 1O2), and determined relevant kinetic parameters. A standard procedure based on UV detection coupled with liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV) was used under identical experimental conditions to compare and verify the DPV-based results. The latter were in agreement with HPLC data, with the exception of the triplet-sensitized processes. In the other cases, DPV could be used as an alternative to the well-tested but more costly and time-consuming HPLC-UV technique. We have also assessed the reaction rate constant between APAP and HO by real-time DPV, which allowed for the monitoring of APAP photodegradation inside the irradiation chamber. Unfortunately, real-time DPV measurements are likely to be affected by temperature variations of the irradiated samples. Overall, DPV appeared as a fast, cheap and reasonably reliable technique when used for the off-line monitoring of APAP photodegradation. When a suitable real-time procedure is developed, it could become a very straightforward method to study the photochemical behaviour of electroactive xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Berto
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Luca Carena
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Enrico Chiavazza
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Marletti
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Fin
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, United States
| | - Agnese Giacomino
- Dept. of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Mery Malandrino
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Claudia Barolo
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy; INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15A, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Enrico Prenesti
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Davide Vione
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Carena L, Proto M, Minella M, Ghigo G, Giovannoli C, Brigante M, Mailhot G, Maurino V, Minero C, Vione D. Evidence of an Important Role of Photochemistry in the Attenuation of the Secondary Contaminant 3,4-Dichloroaniline in Paddy Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:6334-6342. [PMID: 29676902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The secondary pollutant 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA) is produced by the biological degradation of several herbicides, including propanil in paddy fields. The enzymatic hydrolysis of propanil yields DCA with almost quantitative yield. DCA undergoes rather fast photodegradation in paddy water, mostly by direct photolysis. An exception might be represented by the cases (rather rare in paddies) of quite high nitrate concentration (around 50 mg of NO3- L-1), when DCA degradation by CO3•- would play a comparable role to that by direct photolysis. The experimentally measured photoreactivity parameters were used as input data for a photochemical model, which predicted a DCA lifetime of 0.5-1 days in sunlit paddy fields in late May, when propanil is usually applied. The model predictions compare remarkably well with the DCA attenuation data reported in field studies, carried out in paddies in temperate regions. Moreover, a consecutive reaction model based on typical biological (propanil) and photochemical (DCA) lifetimes reproduced quite well the time trends of both compounds in paddies, as reported in the literature. These successful comparisons suggest that photodegradation in general, and direct photolysis in particular, may play a key role in DCA attenuation in paddy water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Carena
- Department of Chemistry , University of Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 5, 7 , 10125 Torino , Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Proto
- Department of Chemistry , University of Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 5, 7 , 10125 Torino , Italy
| | - Marco Minella
- Department of Chemistry , University of Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 5, 7 , 10125 Torino , Italy
| | - Giovanni Ghigo
- Department of Chemistry , University of Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 5, 7 , 10125 Torino , Italy
| | - Cristina Giovannoli
- Department of Chemistry , University of Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 5, 7 , 10125 Torino , Italy
| | - Marcello Brigante
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand , F-63000 Clermont -Ferrand , France
| | - Gilles Mailhot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand , F-63000 Clermont -Ferrand , France
| | - Valter Maurino
- Department of Chemistry , University of Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 5, 7 , 10125 Torino , Italy
| | - Claudio Minero
- Department of Chemistry , University of Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 5, 7 , 10125 Torino , Italy
| | - Davide Vione
- Department of Chemistry , University of Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 5, 7 , 10125 Torino , Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale NatRisk , Università Degli Studi Di Torino , Largo Paolo Braccini 2 , 10095 Grugliasco (TO) , Italy
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Bais F, Luca RM, Bornman JF, Williamson CE, Sulzberger B, Austin AT, Wilson SR, Andrady AL, Bernhard G, McKenzie RL, Aucamp PJ, Madronich S, Neale RE, Yazar S, Young AR, de Gruijl FR, Norval M, Takizawa Y, Barnes PW, Robson TM, Robinson SA, Ballaré CL, Flint SD, Neale PJ, Hylander S, Rose KC, Wängberg SÅ, Häder DP, Worrest RC, Zepp RG, Paul ND, Cory RM, Solomon KR, Longstreth J, Pandey KK, Redhwi HH, Torikai A, Heikkilä AM. Environmental effects of ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2017. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:127-179. [PMID: 29404558 PMCID: PMC6155474 DOI: 10.1039/c7pp90043k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) is one of three Panels of experts that inform the Parties to the Montreal Protocol. The EEAP focuses on the effects of UV radiation on human health, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, air quality, and materials, as well as on the interactive effects of UV radiation and global climate change. When considering the effects of climate change, it has become clear that processes resulting in changes in stratospheric ozone are more complex than previously held. Because of the Montreal Protocol, there are now indications of the beginnings of a recovery of stratospheric ozone, although the time required to reach levels like those before the 1960s is still uncertain, particularly as the effects of stratospheric ozone on climate change and vice versa, are not yet fully understood. Some regions will likely receive enhanced levels of UV radiation, while other areas will likely experience a reduction in UV radiation as ozone- and climate-driven changes affect the amounts of UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface. Like the other Panels, the EEAP produces detailed Quadrennial Reports every four years; the most recent was published as a series of seven papers in 2015 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2015, 14, 1-184). In the years in between, the EEAP produces less detailed and shorter Update Reports of recent and relevant scientific findings. The most recent of these was for 2016 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2017, 16, 107-145). The present 2017 Update Report assesses some of the highlights and new insights about the interactive nature of the direct and indirect effects of UV radiation, atmospheric processes, and climate change. A full 2018 Quadrennial Assessment, will be made available in 2018/2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Bais
- Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki, Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - R. M. Luca
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National Univ., Canberra, Australia
| | - J. F. Bornman
- Curtin Univ., Curtin Business School, Perth, Australia
| | | | - B. Sulzberger
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - A. T. Austin
- Univ. of Buenos Aires, Faculty of Agronomy and IFEVA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S. R. Wilson
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, Univ. of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - A. L. Andrady
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - G. Bernhard
- Biospherical Instruments Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - P. J. Aucamp
- Ptersa Environmental Consultants, Faerie Glen, South Africa
| | - S. Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - R. E. Neale
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - S. Yazar
- Univ. of Western Australia, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Australia
| | | | - F. R. de Gruijl
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden Univ. Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M. Norval
- Univ. of Edinburgh Medical School, UK
| | - Y. Takizawa
- Akita Univ. School of Medicine, National Institute for Minamata Disease, Nakadai, Itabashiku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - P. W. Barnes
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environment Program, Loyola Univ., New Orleans, USA
| | - T. M. Robson
- Research Programme in Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Univ. of Helsinki, Finland
| | - S. A. Robinson
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, School of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - C. L. Ballaré
- Univ. of Buenos Aires, Faculty of Agronomy and IFEVA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S. D. Flint
- Dept of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - P. J. Neale
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
| | - S. Hylander
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial model Systems, Linnaeus Univ., Kalmar, Sweden
| | - K. C. Rose
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - S.-Å. Wängberg
- Dept Marine Sciences, Univ. of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - D.-P. Häder
- Friedrich-Alexander Univ. Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dept of Biology, Möhrendorf, Germany
| | - R. C. Worrest
- CIESIN, Columbia Univ., New Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - R. G. Zepp
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - N. D. Paul
- Lanter Environment Centre, Lanter Univ., LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - R. M. Cory
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K. R. Solomon
- Centre for Toxicology, School of Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J. Longstreth
- The Institute for Global Risk Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K. K. Pandey
- Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru, India
| | - H. H. Redhwi
- Chemical Engineering Dept, King Fahd Univ. of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - A. Torikai
- Materials Life Society of Japan, Kayabacho Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A. M. Heikkilä
- Finnish Meteorological Institute R&D/Climate Research, Helsinki, Finland
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Vione D, Fabbri D, Minella M, Canonica S. Effects of the antioxidant moieties of dissolved organic matter on triplet-sensitized phototransformation processes: Implications for the photochemical modeling of sulfadiazine. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 128:38-48. [PMID: 29078069 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the photodegradation of some pollutants, induced by the excited triplet states of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (3CDOM*), can be inhibited by back-reduction processes carried out by phenolic antioxidants occurring in dissolved organic matter (DOM). Here, for the first time to our knowledge, we included such an inhibition effect into a photochemical model and applied the model predictions to sulfadiazine (SDZ), a sulfonamide antibiotic that occurs in surface waters in two forms, neutral HSDZ and anionic SDZ- (pKa = 6.5). The input parameters of the photochemical model were obtained by means of dedicated experiments, which showed that the inhibition effect was more marked for SDZ- than for HSDZ. Compared to the behavior of 2,4,6-trimethylphenol, which does not undergo antioxidant inhibition when irradiated in natural water samples, the back-reduction effect on the degradation of SDZ was proportional to the electron-donating capacity of the DOM. According to the model results, direct photolysis and OH reaction would account for the majority of both HSDZ and SDZ- photodegradation in waters having low dissolved organic carbon (DOC < 1 mgC L-1). With higher DOC values (>3-4 mgC L-1) and despite the back-reduction processes, the 3CDOM* reactions are expected to account for the majority of HSDZ phototransformation. In the case of SDZ- at high DOC, most of the photodegradation would be accounted for by direct photolysis. The relative importance of the triplet-sensitized phototransformation of both SDZ- and (most importantly) HSDZ is expected to increase with increasing DOC, even in the presence of back reduction. An increase in water pH, favoring the occurrence of SDZ- with respect to HSDZ, would enhance direct photolysis at the expense of triplet sensitization. SDZ should be fairly photolabile under summertime sunlight, with predicted half-lives ranging from a few days to a couple of months depending on water conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Vione
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 5, I-10125, Turin, Italy; Università di Torino, Centro Interdipartimentale NatRisk, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, I-10095, Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | - Debora Fabbri
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 5, I-10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Minella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 5, I-10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvio Canonica
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Lian L, Yan S, Yao B, Chan SA, Song W. Photochemical Transformation of Nicotine in Wastewater Effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11718-11730. [PMID: 28942634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine is a highly toxic tobacco alkaloid that is ubiquitous in wastewater effluent. For the first time, we report the identification of the products and the pathways for the photodegradation of nicotine in an effluent matrix under simulated solar irradiation. Nicotine was found to be degraded by triplet-state organic matter (3OM*), thus indicating that electron transfer is a preferred reaction mechanism. Using the multivariate statistical strategies orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and hierarchical clustering, 49 potential transformation products (TPs) of nicotine were successfully extracted from the water matrix via high-resolution ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS). Overall, 30 TPs, including 4 groups of nonseparated isomeric photo TPs, were identified with various levels of confidence based on the tandem mass spectrometry information on standard compounds and the isotope-labeling method (using rac-nicotine-2',3',3'-D3, rac-nicotine-13CD3, and rac-nicotine-D4) under air-saturated conditions. The pyrrolidine ring of nicotine was found to be the reactive site under sunlight irradiation. Pseudooxynicotine was the main primary TP from nicotine, with a maximum transformation ratio of 64%. Nicotinic acid, cotinine, 3'-hydroxycotinine, and myosmine were the final stable TPs after 72 h of solar irradiation, with yields of 13%, 3%, 5%, and 5%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lushi Lian
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shuwen Yan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bo Yao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shen-An Chan
- Agilent Technology, Inc. , 1350 North Sichuan Road, Shanghai 200080, PR China
| | - Weihua Song
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
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A Model Study of the Photochemical Fate of As(III) in Paddy-Water. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030445. [PMID: 28287457 PMCID: PMC6155196 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The APEX (Aqueous Photochemistry of Environmentally-occurring Xenobiotics) software previously developed by one of us was used to model the photochemistry of As(III) in paddy-field water, allowing a comparison with biotic processes. The model included key paddy-water variables, such as the shielding effect of the rice canopy on incident sunlight and its monthly variations, water pH, and the photochemical parameters of the chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) occurring in paddy fields. The half-life times (t1/2) of As(III) photooxidation to As(V) would be ~20–30 days in May. In contrast, the photochemical oxidation of As(III) would be much slower in June and July due to rice-canopy shading of radiation because of plant growth, despite higher sunlight irradiance. At pH < 8 the photooxidation of As(III) would mainly be accounted for by reaction with transient species produced by irradiated CDOM (here represented by the excited triplet states 3CDOM*, neglecting the possibly more important reactions with poorly known species such as the phenoxy radicals) and, to a lesser extent, with the hydroxyl radicals (HO•). However, the carbonate radicals (CO3•−) could be key photooxidants at pH > 8.5 provided that the paddy-water 3CDOM* is sufficiently reactive toward the oxidation of CO32−. In particular, if paddy-water 3CDOM* oxidizes the carbonate anion with a second-order reaction rate constant near (or higher than) 106 M−1·s−1, the photooxidation of As(III) could be quite fast at pH > 8.5. Such pH conditions can be produced by elevated photosynthetic activity that consumes dissolved CO2.
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