1
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Zhang X, Tan S, Chen X, Yin S. Computational chemistry of cluster: Understanding the mechanism of atmospheric new particle formation at the molecular level. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136109. [PMID: 36007737 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF), which exerts significant influence over human health and global climate, has been a hot topic and rapidly expands field of research in the environmental and atmospheric chemistry recent years. Generally, NPF contains two processes: formation of critical nucleus and further growth of the nucleus. However, due to the complexity of the atmospheric nucleation, which is a multicomponent process, formation of critical clusters as well as their growth is still connected to large uncertainties. Detection limits of instruments in measuring specific gaseous aerosol precursors and chemical compositions at the molecular level call for computational studies. Computational chemistry could effectively compensate the deficiency of laboratory experiments as well as observations and predict the nucleation mechanisms. We review the present theoretical literatures that discuss nucleation mechanism of atmospheric clusters. Focus of this review is on different nucleation systems involving sulfur-containing species, nitrogen-containing species and iodine-containing species. We hope this review will provide a deep insight for the molecular interaction of nucleation precursors and reveal nucleation mechanism at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Zhang
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Shendong Tan
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Shi Yin
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
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2
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Paradzinsky M, Ponukumati A, Tanko J. Mechanism and Kinetics of the Reaction of Nitrate Radical with Carboxylic Acids. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200213. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Paradzinsky
- Virginia Tech: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Aditya Ponukumati
- Virginia Tech: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - James Tanko
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Chemistry 1040 Drillfield Drive 24060 Blacksburg UNITED STATES
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3
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Sha Q, Liu X, Yuan Z, Zheng J, Lou S, Wang H, Li X, Yu F. Upgrading Emission Standards Inadvertently Increased OH Reactivity from Light-Duty Diesel Truck Exhaust in China: Evidence from Direct LP-LIF Measurement. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9968-9977. [PMID: 35770386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vehicular exhaust is an important source of reactive gases responsible for the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) in the atmosphere. Although significant efforts have been made to characterize the chemical compounds associated with vehicular exhaust, there is still a wealth of compounds that are unable to be detected, posing uncertainties in estimating their contribution to atmospheric reactivity. In this study, by improving laser-induced fluorescence techniques, we achieved the first-ever direct measurement of the total OH reactivity (TOR) from light-duty diesel truck (LDDT) exhaust with different emission standards. We found that the TOR from the LDDT exhaust was 80-130 times the TOR from the gasoline exhaust measured in Japan. Unexpectedly, we discovered increased TOR emissions along with upgrading emission standards, possibly as a collective result of high combustion temperature in the engine and the oxidation catalysts in the exhaust after-treatment that favor production of highly oxidized organics in the stricter emission standard. Most of these oxidized organics are unable to be speciated by routine measurements, resulting in the missing OH reactivity increasing rapidly from 1.91% for China III to 42.0% for China V LDDT. Upgrading the emission standard failed to reduce the TOR from LDDT exhaust, which may inadvertently promote the contribution of LDDT to the formation of ozone and SOA pollution in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing'e Sha
- Institute of Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xuehui Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zibing Yuan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junyu Zheng
- Institute of Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shengrong Lou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Institute of Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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4
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Hu X, Yang G, Liu Y, Lu Y, Wang Y, Chen H, Chen J, Wang L. Atmospheric gaseous organic acids in winter in a rural site of the North China Plain. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 113:190-203. [PMID: 34963528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic acids are important contributors to the acidity of atmospheric precipitation, but their existence in the Chinese atmosphere is largely unclear. In this study, twelve atmospheric gaseous organic acids, including C1-C9 alkanoic acids, methacrylic acid, pyruvic acid, and benzoic acid, were observed in the suburb of Wangdu, Hebei Province, a typical rural site in the northern China plain from 16th December, 2018 to 22nd January, 2019, using a Vocus® Proton-Transfer-Reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (Vocus PTR-ToF). The quantification of C2-C4 alkanoic acids by the Vocus PTR-ToF was calibrated according to the titration of a NaOH solution by C2-C4 alkanoic acids from home-made permeation sources, and the other organic acids except for formic acid were quantified based on the kcap-sensitivity linearity in the Vocus PTR-ToF, whereas formic acid was not quantified because our instrument setting led to a significant underestimation in its concentration. The average total concentration of eleven gaseous organic acids was 6.96 ± 5.20 ppbv (parts per billion by volume). The average concentration of acetic acid was the highest (3.86 ± 3.00 ppbv), followed by propanoic acid, butyric acid, and methacrylic acid. Domestic straw burning was likely the dominant source of the observed gaseous organic acids according to the good correlations between acetonitrile and organic acids and between particulate K+ and organic acids, and traffic emissions could also have contributed. During episodes with continuously high concentrations of organic acids, short-distance transport dominated in Wangdu according to the backward trajectory analysis. Baoding, Shijiazhuang, and Hengshui areas were the main source areas based on potential source contribution function and concentration weighing track analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Gan Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yiliang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yiqun Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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5
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Zhou L, Salvador CM, Priestley M, Hallquist M, Liu Q, Chan CK, Hallquist ÅM. Emissions and Secondary Formation of Air Pollutants from Modern Heavy-Duty Trucks in Real-World Traffic-Chemical Characteristics Using On-Line Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:14515-14525. [PMID: 34652131 PMCID: PMC8567417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Complying with stricter emissions standards, a new generation of heavy-duty trucks (HDTs) has gradually increased its market share and now accounts for a large percentage of on-road mileage. The potential to improve air quality depends on an actual reduction in both emissions and subsequent formation of secondary pollutants. In this study, the emissions in real-world traffic from Euro VI-compliant HDTs were compared to those from older classes, represented by Euro V, using high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Gas-phase primary emissions of several hundred species were observed for 70 HDTs. Furthermore, the particle phase and secondary pollutant formation (gas and particle phase) were evaluated for a number of HDTs. The reduction in primary emission factors (EFs) was evident (∼90%) and in line with a reduction of 28-97% for the typical regulated pollutants. Secondary production of most gas- and particle-phase compounds, for example, nitric acid, organic acids, and carbonyls, after photochemical aging in an oxidation flow reactor exceeded the primary emissions (EFAged/EFFresh ratio ≥2). Byproducts from urea-selective catalytic reduction systems had both primary and secondary sources. A non-negative matrix factorization analysis highlighted the issue of vehicle maintenance as a remaining concern. However, the adoption of Euro VI has a significant positive effect on emissions in real-world traffic and should be considered in, for example, urban air quality assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Zhou
- School
of Energy and Environment, City University
of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Christian M. Salvador
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Priestley
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mattias Hallquist
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Qianyun Liu
- School
of Energy and Environment, City University
of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chak K. Chan
- School
of Energy and Environment, City University
of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Åsa M. Hallquist
- IVL
Swedish Environmental Research Institute, 400 14 Gothenburg, Sweden
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6
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Chen X, Millet DB, Neuman JA, Veres PR, Ray EA, Commane R, Daube BC, McKain K, Schwarz JP, Katich JM, Froyd KD, Schill GP, Kim MJ, Crounse JD, Allen HM, Apel EC, Hornbrook RS, Blake DR, Nault BA, Campuzano-Jost P, Jimenez JL, Dibb JE. HCOOH in the remote atmosphere: Constraints from Atmospheric Tomography (ATom) airborne observations. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2021; 5:1436-1454. [PMID: 34164590 PMCID: PMC8216292 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Formic acid (HCOOH) is an important component of atmospheric acidity but its budget is poorly understood, with prior observations implying substantial missing sources. Here we combine pole-to-pole airborne observations from the Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom) with chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem CTM) and back trajectory analyses to provide the first global in-situ characterization of HCOOH in the remote atmosphere. ATom reveals sub-100 ppt HCOOH concentrations over most of the remote oceans, punctuated by large enhancements associated with continental outflow. Enhancements correlate with known combustion tracers and trajectory-based fire influences. The GEOS-Chem model underpredicts these in-plume HCOOH enhancements, but elsewhere we find no broad indication of a missing HCOOH source in the background free troposphere. We conclude that missing non-fire HCOOH precursors inferred previously are predominantly short-lived. We find indications of a wet scavenging underestimate in the model consistent with a positive HCOOH bias in the tropical upper troposphere. Observations reveal episodic evidence of ocean HCOOH uptake, which is well-captured by GEOS-Chem; however, despite its strong seawater undersaturation HCOOH is not consistently depleted in the remote marine boundary layer. Over fifty fire and mixed plumes were intercepted during ATom with widely varying transit times and source regions. HCOOH:CO normalized excess mixing ratios in these plumes range from 3.4 to >50 ppt/ppb CO and are often over an order of magnitude higher than expected primary emission ratios. HCOOH is thus a major reactive organic carbon reservoir in the aged plumes sampled during ATom, implying important missing pathways for in-plume HCOOH production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Dylan B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - J. Andrew Neuman
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | | | - Eric A. Ray
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Róisín Commane
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10964
| | - Bruce C. Daube
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Kathryn McKain
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
- NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305
| | | | - Joseph M. Katich
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Karl D. Froyd
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Gregory P. Schill
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Michelle J. Kim
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - John D. Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Hannah M. Allen
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Eric C. Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307
| | - Rebecca S. Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Benjamin A. Nault
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Jose L. Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Jack E. Dibb
- Earth Systems Research Center/EOS, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824
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7
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Niu Z, Kong S, Zheng H, Yan Q, Liu J, Feng Y, Wu J, Zheng S, Zeng X, Yao L, Zhang Y, Fan Z, Cheng Y, Liu X, Wu F, Qin S, Yan Y, Ding F, Liu W, Zhu K, Liu D, Qi S. Temperature dependence of source profiles for volatile organic compounds from typical volatile emission sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:141741. [PMID: 32889467 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Source profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from the evaporation of various fuels, industrial raw materials, processes and products are still limited in China. The impact of ambient temperature on the VOC released from these fugitive emission sources has also been rarely reported. In order to establish VOC source profiles for thirteen volatile emission sources, a sampling campaign was conducted in Central China, and five types of sources were investigated both in winter and summer. The dominant VOC groups varied in different sources, and they were alkanes (78.6%), alkenes (53.1%), aromatics (55.1%), halohydrocarbons (80.7%) and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) (76.0%), respectively. Ambient temperature showed different impacts on VOC source profiles and specific species ratios. The mass percentages of halohydrocarbons emitted from color printing and waste transfer station in summer were 42 times and 20 times higher than those in winter, respectively. The mass percentages of OVOCs emitted from car painting, waste transfer station and laundry emission sources were much higher in summer (7.9-27.8%) than those in winter (0.8-2.6%). On the contrary, alkanes from color printing, car painting and waste transfer stations were about 11, 4 and 5 times higher in winter than those in summer, respectively. The coefficient of divergence values for the source profiles obtained in winter and summer ranged in 0.3-0.7, indicating obvious differences of source profiles. Benzene/toluene ratio varied in 0.00-0.76, and it was in the range of 0.02-0.50 in winter and 0.04-0.52 in summer for the same sources, respectively. Hexanal, isobutene, m,p-xylene, toluene, 2-methylacrolein, styrene, 1-hexane and cis-2-butene dominated the ozone formation potentials (OFP). The OFP summer/winter differences were 5-320 times by MIR method and 1-79 times by Propy-Equiv method, respectively. This study firstly gave direct evidence that ambient temperature modified the mass percentages of VOC species obviously. It is important for improving VOC source apportionment and chemical reactivity simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Niu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Huang Zheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jinhong Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yunkai Feng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shurui Zheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Liquan Yao
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zewei Fan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fangqi Wu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Si Qin
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yingying Yan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Feng Ding
- Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Kuanguang Zhu
- Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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8
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Li Y, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Xu Y, Nadykto AB. Interactions of sulfuric acid with common atmospheric bases and organic acids: Thermodynamics and implications to new particle formation. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 95:130-140. [PMID: 32653172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interactions of the three common atmospheric bases, dimethylamine ((CH3)2NH), methylamine (CH3NH2), ammonia (NH3), all considered to be efficient stabilizers of binary clusters in the Earth's atmosphere, with H2SO4, the key atmospheric precursor, and 14 common atmospheric organic acids (COAs) (formic, acetic, oxalic, malonic, succinic, glutaric acid, adipic, benzoic, phenylacetic, pyruvic, maleic acid, malic, tartaric and pinonic acids) have been studied using the density functional theory (DFT) and composite high-accuracy G3MP2 method. The thermodynamic stability of mixed (COA)(H2SO4), (COA)(B1), (COA)(B2) and (COA)(B3) dimers and (COA)(H2SO4)(B1), (COA)(H2SO4)(B2) and (COA)(H2SO4)(B3) trimers, where B1, B2 and B3 refer to (CH3)2NH, CH3NH2 and NH3, respectively, have been investigated and their impacts on the thermodynamic stability of clusters containing H2SO4 have been studied. Our investigation shows that interactions of H2SO4 with COA, (CH3)2NH, CH3NH2 and NH3 lead to the formation of more stable mixed dimers and trimers than (H2SO4)2 and (H2SO4)2(base), respectively, and emphasize the importance of common organic species for early stages of atmospheric nucleation. We also show that although amines are generally confirmed to be more active than NH3 as stabilizers of binary clusters, in some cases mixed trimers containing NH3 are more stable thermodynamically than those containing CH3NH2. This study indicates an important role of COA, which coexist and interact with that H2SO4 and common atmospheric bases in the Earth atmosphere, in formation of stable pre-nucleation clusters and suggests that the impacts of COA on new particle formation (NPF) should be studied in further details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Haijie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yisheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Alexey B Nadykto
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Moscow State University of Technology "Stankin", Moscow 127994, Russia.
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9
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Peng Z, Jimenez JL. Radical chemistry in oxidation flow reactors for atmospheric chemistry research. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:2570-2616. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00766k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We summarize the studies on the chemistry in oxidation flow reactor and discuss its atmospheric relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Peng
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences and Department of Chemistry
- University of Colorado
- Boulder
- USA
| | - Jose L. Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences and Department of Chemistry
- University of Colorado
- Boulder
- USA
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10
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Simonen P, Kalliokoski J, Karjalainen P, Rönkkö T, Timonen H, Saarikoski S, Aurela M, Bloss M, Triantafyllopoulos G, Kontses A, Amanatidis S, Dimaratos A, Samaras Z, Keskinen J, Dal Maso M, Ntziachristos L. Characterization of laboratory and real driving emissions of individual Euro 6 light-duty vehicles - Fresh particles and secondary aerosol formation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113175. [PMID: 31542669 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Emissions from passenger cars are one of major sources that deteriorate urban air quality. This study presents characterization of real-drive emissions from three Euro 6 emission level passenger cars (two gasoline and one diesel) in terms of fresh particles and secondary aerosol formation. The gasoline vehicles were also characterized by chassis dynamometer studies. In the real-drive study, the particle number emissions during regular driving were 1.1-12.7 times greater than observed in the laboratory tests (4.8 times greater on average), which may be caused by more effective nucleation process when diluted by real polluted and humid ambient air. However, the emission factors measured in laboratory were still much higher than the regulatory value of 6 × 1011 particles km-1. The higher emission factors measured here result probably from the fact that the regulatory limit considers only non-volatile particles larger than 23 nm, whereas here, all particles (also volatile) larger than 3 nm were measured. Secondary aerosol formation potential was the highest after a vehicle cold start when most of the secondary mass was organics. After the cold start, the relative contributions of ammonium, sulfate and nitrate increased. Using a novel approach to study secondary aerosol formation under real-drive conditions with the chase method resulted mostly in emission factors below detection limit, which was not in disagreement with the laboratory findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauli Simonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Joni Kalliokoski
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Panu Karjalainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Minna Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Matthew Bloss
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | - Anastasios Kontses
- Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Stavros Amanatidis
- Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Athanasios Dimaratos
- Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Zissis Samaras
- Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Jorma Keskinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Miikka Dal Maso
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Leonidas Ntziachristos
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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11
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Sharma N, Vanderheyden C, Klunder K, Henry CS, Volckens J, Jathar SH. Emerging investigator series: oxidative potential of diesel exhaust particles: role of fuel, engine load, and emissions control. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:819-830. [PMID: 30977477 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00571k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) has been linked to adverse human health outcomes. DEPs are reactive and can directly or indirectly lead to oxidative stress, which promotes inflammation in the body. The oxidative potential (OP) of DEPs is not well understood, particularly for combustion with alternative fuels, under different engine loads, and in combination with modern emissions control devices. In this study, we measured the OP of DEPs using a dithiothreitol assay (OP-DTT) from a modern-day non-road diesel engine for two different fuels (conventional diesel and soy-based biodiesel), two different engine loads (idle and 50% load), and with and without an emissions control system. The OP-DTT of DEPs was sensitive to the fuel used and the presence of an emissions control system but not to the engine load. On average, the use of biodiesel resulted in factor of ∼6 reduction in OP-DTT normalized to the DEP mass and a factor of ∼12 reduction in OP-DTT normalized to the fuel consumed. The use of the emissions control, on average, resulted in a factor of ∼6 reduction in OP-DTT normalized to the DEP mass and a three order of magnitude decrease in OP-DTT normalized to the fuel consumed. When studied in conjunction with the DEP composition, the OP-DTT seemed to correlate most strongly with elemental carbon (EC), followed by semi-volatile organic vapors. Assays performed on DEPs where EC was deliberately filtered out suggested that the species responsible for the OP-DTT might be correlated with EC but would need to be water soluble (e.g., quinones). The semi-volatile organic vapors accounted for more than a quarter of the OP-DTT of DEPs collected on the quartz filters. Finally, sensitivity studies performed with a different filter membrane (i.e., Teflon®) and solvent (i.e., dichloromethane) tended to increase the OP-DTT value. OP-DTT is emerging as an important metric for studying the adverse effects of DEPs and PM2.5 on human health; results of this work help define the sources and components of diesel PM2.5 that contribute to OP-DTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naman Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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12
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Murschell T, Farmer DK. Atmospheric OH Oxidation of Three Chlorinated Aromatic Herbicides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:4583-4591. [PMID: 29601726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated phenoxy acids are a widely used class of herbicides and have been found in remote regions far from sources. However, the atmospheric chemistry of these compounds is poorly understood. We use an oxidative flow reactor coupled to chemical ionization mass spectrometry to investigate OH oxidation of two chlorinated phenoxyacid herbicides (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) and mecoprop-p) and one chlorinated pyridine herbicide (triclopyr). OH radicals add to the aromatic rings of the three herbicides, produce peroxides via hydrogen abstraction, or fragment at the ether bond. OH oxidation of MCPA produced two potentially toxic compounds: chlorosalicylaldehyde and chlorosalicylic acid. We use standards to validate the detection of these oxidation products by acetate CIMS and quantify the reaction rate. Oxidation of triclopyr produced a known endocrine disruptor, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol. Thus, while some OH oxidation products are less toxic than the parent molecules (e.g., C1-5 carboxylic acids), others may be as or more toxic than the parent herbicide. We determine effective rate coefficients for OH addition to the aromatic ring ( kOH) for mecoprop-p of 1.5 (±0.7) × 10-12 cm3 molecules-1 s-1 and for MCPA of 2.6 (±0.3) × 10-12 cm3 molecules-1 s-1. The atmospheric lifetimes with respect to OH are thus long enough that photochemistry may be relevant to the environmental fate of these pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trey Murschell
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
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13
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Bock N, Baum MM, Anderson MB, Pesta A, Northrop WF. Dicarboxylic Acid Emissions from Aftertreatment Equipped Diesel Engines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13036-13043. [PMID: 28952310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dicarboxylic acids play a key role in atmospheric particle nucleation. Though long assumed to originate from primary sources, little experimental evidence exists directly linking combustion to their emissions. In this work, we sought definitive proof that dicarboxylic acids are produced in diesel engines and that they can slip through a modern aftertreatment system (ATS) at low exhaust temperatures. One difficulty in measuring dicarboxylic acid emissions is that they cannot be identified using conventional mass spectroscopy techniques. In this work, we refined a derivatization gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy technique to measure 11 mono- and dicarboxylic acids from plain and KOH impregnated quartz filters. Filters were loaded with exhaust from a modern passenger car diesel engine on a dynamometer sampled before and after an ATS consisting of an oxidation catalyst and diesel particulate filter. Our findings confirm that dicarboxylic acids are produced in diesel engine combustion, especially during low temperature combustion modes that emit significant concentrations of partially combusted hydrocarbons. Exhaust acids were largely removed by a fully warmed-up ATS, mitigating their environmental impact. Our results also suggest that dicarboxylic acids do not participate in primary particle formation in dilute engine exhaust as low quantities were collected on unimpregnated filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Bock
- University of Minnesota , 111 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Marc M Baum
- Oak Crest Institute of Science, 132 W. Chestnut Ave., Monrovia, California 91016, United States
| | - Mackenzie B Anderson
- Oak Crest Institute of Science, 132 W. Chestnut Ave., Monrovia, California 91016, United States
| | - Anaïs Pesta
- Oak Crest Institute of Science, 132 W. Chestnut Ave., Monrovia, California 91016, United States
| | - William F Northrop
- University of Minnesota , 111 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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