Electrophilic-Nucleophilic Dualism of Nickel(II) toward Ni···I Noncovalent Interactions: Semicoordination of Iodine Centers via Electron Belt and Halogen Bonding via σ-Hole

Triel Bonds between BH3/C5H4BX and M(MDA)2 (X = H, CN, F, CH3, NH2; M = Ni, Pd, Pt, MDA = Enolated Malondialdehyde) and Group 10 Transition Metal Electron Donors

A systematic theoretical study was conducted on the triel bonds (TrB) within the BH3∙∙∙M(MDA)2 and C5H4BX∙∙∙M(MDA)2 (M = Ni, Pd, Pt, X = H, CN, F, CH3, NH2, MDA = enolated malondialdehyde) complexes, with BH3 and C5H4BX acting as the electron acceptors and the square-coordinated M(MDA)2 acting as the electron donor. The interaction energies of these systems range between -4.71 and -33.18 kcal/mol. The larger the transition metal center M, the greater the enhancement of the TrB, with σ-hole TrBs found to be stronger than π-hole TrBs. In the σ-hole TrB complex, an electron-withdrawing substituent on the C opposite to the B atom enhances the TrB, while an electron-donating substituent has little effect on the strength of TrB in the Pd and Pt complexes but enhances the TrB in the Ni-containing complexes. The van der Waals interaction plays an important role in stabilizing these binary systems, and its contribution diminishes with increasing M size. The orbital effect within these systems is largely due to charge transfer from the dz2 orbital of M into the empty pz orbital of B.

Halogen Bond Catalysis: A Physical Chemistry Perspective

As important noncovalent interactions, halogen bonds have been widely used in material science, supramolecular chemistry, medicinal chemistry, organocatalysis, and other fields. In the past 15 years, halogen bond catalysis has become a developed field in organocatalysis for the catalysts' advantages of being environmentally friendly, inexpensive, and recyclable. Halogen bonds can induce various organic reactions, and halogen bond catalysis has become a powerful alternative to the fully explored hydrogen bond catalysis. From a physical chemistry view, this perspective provides an overview of the latest progress and key examples of halogen bond catalysis via activation of the lone pair systems of organic functional group, π systems, and metal complexes. The research progresses in halogen bond catalysis by our group were also introduced.

Triiodide-Based Chair-Like Copper Complex Assembled by Halogen Bonding

Cocrystallization of the dimeric [Cu2(μ-I)2(CNXyl)4] (Xyl = 2,6-Me2C6H3, 1) and polymeric catena-[Cu(μ-I)(CNC6H3-2-Cl-6-Me)2] (2) complexes with I2 at different molar ratios between the reactants resulted in a series of (RNC)2CuI-based crystal polyiodides formed along with gradual accumulation of iodine, namely the cocrystals [1·I2]·[Cu(μ1,1-I3)(CNXyl)2]2 followed by the generation of [Cu(μ1,3-I3)(CNXyl)2]2·2I2 (5·2I2) or [Cu(μ1,1-I3)(CNC6H3-2-Cl-6-Me)2]2 and then [Cu(μ1,3-I3)(CNC6H3-2-Cl-6-Me)2]n·n/2I2. The polyiodide 5·2I2 exhibits a novel supramolecular motif─a purely inorganic halogen-bonded Cu2(μ1,3-I3)2 core in the chair conformation. The X-ray structure of 5·2I2 featuring I···I contacts was analyzed by a set of theoretical methods and attributed to moderately strong halogen bonding (from -3.2 to -3.9 kcal/mol); these interactions determine the supramolecular architecture of 5·2I2.

Tuning the Nucleophilicity and Electrophilicity of Group 10 Elements through Substituent Effects: A DFT Study

In this study, a series of electron donor (-NH2, -NMe2 and -tBu) and electron-withdrawing substituents (-F, -CN and -NO2) were used to tune the nucleophilicity or electrophilicity of a series of square planar Ni2+, Pd2+ and Pt2+ malonate coordination complexes towards a pentafluoroiodobenzene and a pyridine molecule. In addition, Bader's theory of atoms in molecules (AIM), noncovalent interaction plot (NCIplot), molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surface and natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses at the PBE0-D3/def2-TZVP level of theory were carried out to characterize and discriminate the role of the metal atom in the noncovalent complexes studied herein. We hope that the results reported herein may serve to expand the current knowledge regarding these metals in the fields of crystal engineering and supramolecular chemistry.

Pd and Pt metal atoms as electron donors in σ-hole bonded complexes

Quantum calculations provide a systematic assessment of the ability of Group 10 transition metals M = Pd and Pt to act as an electron donor within the context of pnicogen, chalcogen, and halogen bonds. These M atoms are coordinated in a square planar geometry, attached to two N atoms of a modified phenanthrene unit, as well as two ligand atoms Cl, Br, or I. As the Lewis acid, a series of AFn molecules were chosen, which could form a pnicogen bond (A = P, As, Sb), chalcogen bond (A = S, Se, Te) or halogen bond (A = Cl, Br, I) with M. These noncovalent bonds are fairly strong, varying between 6 and 20 kcal mol-1, with the occupied dz2 orbital of M acting as the origin of charge transferred to the acid. Pt forms somewhat stronger bonds than Pd, and the bond strength rises with the size of the A atom of the acid. Within the context of smaller A atoms, the bond strength rises in the order pnicogen < chalcogen < halogen, but this distinction vanishes for the fifth-row A atoms. The nature of the ligand atoms on M has little bearing on the bond strength. Based on the Harmonic Oscillator Model of Aromaticity (HOMA) index, the ZB, YB and XB bonds were shown to have only a subtle effect on the ring electronic structures.

Square Planar Pt(II) Ion as Electron Donor in Pnictogen Bonding Interactions

It has been proposed that late transition metals with low coordination numbers (square planar or linear) can act as nucleophiles and participate in σ-hole interactions as electron donors. This is due to the existence, in this type of metal complexes, of a pair of electrons located at high energy d-orbitals (dz2 or dx2-y2), which are adequate for interacting with antibonding σ-orbitals [σ*(X–Y)] where Y is usually an electron withdrawing element and X an element of the p-block. This type of d[M]→σ*(X–Y) interaction has been reported for metals of groups 9–11 in oxidation states +1 and +2 (d8 and d10) as electron donors and σ-holes located in halogen and chalcogen atoms as electron acceptors. To our knowledge, it has not been described for σ-holes located in pnictogen atoms. In this manuscript, evidence for the existence of pnictogen bonding involving the square planar Pt(II) metal as the electron donor and Sb as the electron acceptor is provided by using an X-ray structure retrieved from the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) and theoretical calculations. In particular, the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), the noncovalent interaction plot (NCIPlot) and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) methods were used. Moreover, to further confirm the nature of the Sb···Pt(II) contact, a recently developed method was used where the electron density (ED) and electrostatic potential (ESP) distribution were compared along the Sb···Pt(II) bond path.

The Distance between Minima of Electron Density and Electrostatic Potential as a Measure of Halogen Bond Strength

In this study, we present results of a detailed topological analysis of electron density (ED) of 145 halogen-bonded complexes formed by various fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, and iodine-containing compounds with trimethylphosphine oxide, Me3PO. To characterize the halogen bond (XB) strength, we used the complexation enthalpy, the interatomic distance between oxygen and halogen, as well as the typical set of electron density properties at the bond critical points calculated at B3LYP/jorge-ATZP level of theory. We show for the first time that it is possible to predict the XB strength based on the distance between the minima of ED and molecular electrostatic potential (ESP) along the XB path. The gap between ED and ESP minima exponentially depends on local electronic kinetic energy density at the bond critical point and tends to be a common limiting value for the strongest halogen bond.

Metal Coordination Enhances Chalcogen Bonds: CSD Survey and Theoretical Calculations

In this study the ability of metal coordinated Chalcogen (Ch) atoms to undergo Chalcogen bonding (ChB) interactions has been evaluated at the PBE0-D3/def2-TZVP level of theory. An initial CSD (Cambridge Structural Database) inspection revealed the presence of square planar Pd/Pt coordination complexes where divalent Ch atoms (Se/Te) were used as ligands. Interestingly, the coordination to the metal center enhanced the σ-hole donor ability of the Ch atom, which participates in ChBs with neighboring units present in the X-ray crystal structure, therefore dictating the solid state architecture. The X-ray analyses were complemented with a computational study (PBE0-D3/def2-TZVP level of theory), which shed light into the strength and directionality of the ChBs studied herein. Owing to the new possibilities that metal coordination offers to enhance or modulate the σ-hole donor ability of Chs, we believe that the findings presented herein are of remarkable importance for supramolecular chemists as well as for those scientists working in the field of solid state chemistry.

On the energetic stability of halogen bonds involving metals: implications in crystal engineering

This work reports a combined computational and experimental analysis of the ability of square planar d8 transition metal complexes to establish unconventional halogen bonding interactions with chloro-, bromo- and iodopentafluorobenzene...

Unprecedented {dz2-CuIIO4}···π-hole interactions: the case of a cocrystal of Cu(II) bis-β-diketonate complex with 1,4-diiodotetrafluoro-benzene

Cocrystallization of bis­[1-(4-pyridyl)butane-1,3-dionato]copper(II) (1) complex and 1,4-diiodoperfluorobenzene in the presence of pyridine yields to a 1:1 cocrystal where both the σ and π-holes of 1,4-diiodoperfluorobenzene play a role. The crystal...

Inorganic–Organic {dz2-MIIS4}···π-Hole Stacking in Reverse Sandwich Structures. The Case of Cocrystals of Group 10 Metal Dithiocarbamates with Electron-deficient Arenes

Cocrystallization of the dithiocarbamate complexes [M(S2CNEt2)2] (M = Ni 1, Pd 2, Pt 3) and X-substituted perfluoroarenes (X = I, Br; 1,2-dibromoperfluorobenzene FBrB and 1,2-diiodoperfluorobenzene FIB) gives isomorphous cocrystals of...

Noncovalent Axial I⋅⋅⋅Pt⋅⋅⋅I Interactions in Platinum(II) Complexes Strengthen in the Excited State

Coordination compounds of platinum(II) participate in various noncovalent axial interactions involving metal center. Weakly bound axial ligands can be electrophilic or nucleophilic; however, interactions with nucleophiles are compromised by electron density clashing. Consequently, simultaneous axial interaction of platinum(II) with two nucleophilic ligands is almost unprecedented. Herein, we report structural and computational study of a platinum(II) complex possessing such intramolecular noncovalent I⋅⋅⋅Pt⋅⋅⋅I interactions. Structural analysis indicates that the two iodine atoms approach the platinum(II) center in a "side-on" fashion and act as nucleophilic ligands. According to computational studies, the interactions are dispersive, weak and anti-cooperative in the ground electronic state, but strengthen substantially and become partially covalent and cooperative in the lowest excited state. Strengthening of I⋅⋅⋅Pt⋅⋅⋅I contacts in the excited state is also predicted for the sole previously reported complex with analogous axial interactions.

Metal Centers as Nucleophiles: Oxymoron of Halogen Bond-Involving Crystal Engineering

This review highlights recent studies discovering unconventional halogen bonding (HaB) that involves positively charged metal centers. These centers provide their filled d‐orbitals for HaB, and thus behave as nucleophilic components toward the noncovalent interaction. This role of some electron‐rich transition metal centers can be considered an oxymoron in the sense that the metal is, in most cases, formally cationic; consequently, its electron donor function is unexpected. The importance of Ha⋅⋅⋅d‐[M] (Ha=halogen; M is Group 9 (Rh, Ir), 10 (Ni, Pd, Pt), or 11 (Cu, Au)) interactions in crystal engineering is emphasized by showing remarkable examples (reported and uncovered by our processing of the Cambridge Structural Database), where this Ha⋅⋅⋅d‐[M] directional interaction guides the formation of solid supramolecular assemblies of different dimensionalities.

On the Importance of σ–Hole Interactions in Crystal Structures

Elements from groups 14–18 and periods 3–6 commonly behave as Lewis acids, which are involved in directional noncovalent interactions (NCI) with electron-rich species (lone pair donors), π systems (aromatic rings, triple and double bonds) as well as nonnucleophilic anions (BF4−, PF6−, ClO4−, etc.). Moreover, elements of groups 15 to 17 are also able to act as Lewis bases (from one to three available lone pairs, respectively), thus presenting a dual character. These emerging NCIs where the main group element behaves as Lewis base, belong to the σ–hole family of interactions. Particularly (i) tetrel bonding for elements belonging to group 14, (ii) pnictogen bonding for group 15, (iii) chalcogen bonding for group 16, (iv) halogen bonding for group 17, and (v) noble gas bondings for group 18. In general, σ–hole interactions exhibit different features when moving along the same group (offering larger and more positive σ–holes) or the same row (presenting a different number of available σ–holes and directionality) of the periodic table. This is illustrated in this review by using several examples retrieved from the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD), especially focused on σ–hole interactions, complemented with molecular electrostatic potential surfaces of model systems.

Metal-Involving Chalcogen Bond. The Case of Platinum(II) Interaction with Se/Te-Based σ-Hole Donors

Platinum(II) complexes exhibiting an expressed d_z²-nucleophilicity of the positively charged metal centers, namely, [Pt(ppy)(acac)] (1; acacH is acetylacetone; ppyH is 2-Ph-pyridine) and [Pt(ppy)(tmhd)] (2; tmhdH is 2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptanedione-3,5), were cocrystallized with the chalcogen bond donors (4-NC₅F₄)₂Ch (Ch = Se, Te) to form two isostructural cocrystals 1·¹/₂(4-NC₅F₄)₂Ch, and 2·²/₃(4-NC₅F₄)₂Se and 2·(4-NC₅F₄)₂Te. The X-ray data for these cocrystals and appropriate theoretical DFT calculations (PBE0-D3BJ) allowed the recognition of the metal-involving chalcogen bond, namely, Ch···d_z²-Pt^II (its energy spans from -7 to -12 kcal/mol). In 1·¹/₂(4-NC₅F₄)₂Ch, Ch···d_z²-Pt^II bonding is accompanied by the C···d_z²-Pt^II interaction, representing a three-center bifurcate, whereas in 2·(4-NC₅F₄)₂Te the chalcogen bond Te···d_z²-Pt^II is purely two-centered and is stronger than that in 1·¹/₂(4-NC₅F₄)₂Ch because of more efficient orbital overlap. The association of 2 with (4-NC₅F₄)₂Te and the structure of the formed adduct in CDCl₃ solutions was studied by using ¹H, ¹³C, ¹⁹F, ¹⁹⁵Pt, ¹²⁵Te NMR, ¹⁹F-¹H HOESY, and diffusion NMR methods. The ¹⁹⁵Pt and ¹²⁵Te NMR titration and the isothermal titration calorimetry results revealed a 1:1 association of 2 with (4-NC₅F₄)₂Te.

Copper(II)-Mediated Iodination of 1-Nitroso-2-naphthol

The 3-Iodo-1-nitrosonaphthalene-2-ol (I-NON) was obtained by the copper(II)-mediated iodination of 1-nitroso-2-naphthol (NON). The suitable reactants and optimized reaction conditions, providing 94% NMR yield of I-NON, included the usage of Cu(OAc)₂·H₂O and 1:2:8 Cu^II/NON/I₂ molar ratio between the reactants. The obtained I-NON was characterized by elemental analyses (C, H, N), high-resolution ESI⁺-MS, ¹H and ¹³C{¹H} NMR, FTIR, UV-vis spectroscopy, TGA, and X-ray crystallography (XRD). The copper(II) complexes bearing deprotonated I-NON were prepared as follows: cis-[Cu(I-NON-H)(I-NON)](I₃) (1) was obtained by the reaction between Cu(NON-H)₂ and I₂ in CHCl₃/MeOH, while trans-[Cu(I-NON-H)₂] (2) was synthesized from I-NON and Cu(OAc)₂ in MeOH. Crystals of trans-[Cu(I-NON-H)₂(THF)₂] (3) and trans-[Cu(I-NON-H)₂(Py)₂] (4) were precipitated from solutions of 2 in CHCl₃/THF and Py/CHCl₃/MeOH mixtures, respectively. The structures of 1 and 3-4 were additionally verified by X-ray crystallography. The characteristic feature of the structures of 1 and 3 is the presence of intermolecular halogen bonds with the involvement of the iodine center of the metal-bound deprotonated I-NON. The nature of the I···I and I···O contacts in the structures of 1 and 3, correspondingly, were studied theoretically at the DFT (PBE0-D3BJ) level using the QTAIM, ESP, ELF, NBO, and IGM methods.

Studies of Nature of Uncommon Bifurcated I-I···(I-M) Metal-Involving Noncovalent Interaction in Palladium(II) and Platinum(II) Isocyanide Cocrystals

Two isostructural trans-[MI2(CNXyl)2]·I2 (M = Pd or Pt; CNXyl = 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide) metallopolymeric cocrystals containing uncommon bifurcated iodine···(metal-iodide) contact were obtained. In addition to classical halogen bonding, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a rare type of metal-involved stabilizing contact in both cocrystals. The nature of the noncovalent contact was studied computationally (via DFT, electrostatic surface potential, electron localization function, quantum theory of atoms in molecules, and noncovalent interactions plot methods). Studies confirmed that the I···I halogen bond is the strongest noncovalent interaction in the systems, followed by weaker I···M interaction. The electrophilic and nucleophilic nature of atoms participating in I···M interaction was studied with ED/ESP minima analysis. In trans-[PtI2(CNXyl)2]·I2 cocrystal, Pt atoms act as weak nucleophiles in I···Pt interaction. In the case of trans-[PdI2(CNXyl)2]·I2 cocrystal, electrophilic/nucleophilic roles of Pd and I are not clear, and thus the quasimetallophilic nature of the I···Pd interaction was suggested.

The Isocyanide Complexes cis-[MCl2(CNC6H4-4-X)2] (M = Pd, Pt; X = Cl, Br) as Tectons in Crystal Engineering Involving Halogen Bonds

The isocyanide complexes cis-[MCl2(CNC6H4-4-X)2] (M = Pd; X = Cl, Br; M = Pt; X = Br) form isomorphous crystal structures exhibiting the Cl/Br and Pd/Pt exchanges featuring 1D chains upon crystallisation. Crystal packing is supported by the C–X···X–C halogen bonds (HaBs), C–H···X–C hydrogen bonds (HB), X···M semicoordination, and C···C contacts between the C atoms of aryl isocyanide ligands. The results of DFT calculations and topological analysis indicate that all the above contact types belong to attractive noncovalent interactions. A projection of the electron localization function (ELF) and an inspection of the electron density (ED) and the electrostatic potential (ESP) reveal the amphiphilic nature of X atoms playing the role of HaB donors, HaB and HB acceptors, and a nucleophilic partner in X···M semicoordination.

2,3,5-Metallotriazoles: Amphoteric Mesoionic Chelates from Nitrosoguanidines

Soluble nitrosoguanidine- and N-methylnitrosoguanidine-based metallotriazole complexes of ruthenium(II) monocarbonyls have been prepared and characterized. Both nitrosoguanidines prove to be strong chelates with the formally π-accepting nitroso nitrogen binding cis to carbon monoxide and a π-donating amide trans to the CO. The resulting ensemble consists of ruthenium examples of 1-metallo-2,3,5-triazoles. The ruthenium coordination sphere is completed by anions, either H^-, Cl^-, or Ph^-, trans to the nitroso group as well as two mutually trans PPh₃ groups. The π-donating amide group is formally sp² hybridized with a planar nitrogen to give a strongly bound five-membered chelating anion. Together, these results illustrate the remarkable potential for the nitrosoguanidinates as a family of new metal chelates.

Bifurcated Halogen Bonding Involving Two Rhodium(I) Centers as an Integrated σ-Hole Acceptor

The complexes [RhX(COD)]2 (X = Cl, Br; COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) form cocrystals with σ-hole iodine donors. X-ray diffraction studies and extensive theoretical considerations indicate that the d z 2-orbitals of two positively charged rhodium(I) centers provide sufficient nucleophilicity to form a three-center halogen bond (XB) with the σ-hole donors. The two metal centers function as an integrated XB acceptor, providing assembly via a metal-involving XB.

Iodonium salts as efficient iodine(iii)-based noncovalent organocatalysts for Knorr-type reactions

Hypervalent iodine(iii)-derivatives display higher catalytic activity than other aliphatic and aromatic iodine(i)- or bromine(i)-containing substrates for a Knorr-type reaction of N-acetyl hydrazides with acetyl acetone to give N-acyl pyrazoles. The highest activity was observed for dibenziodolium triflate, for which 10 mol% resulted in the generation of N-acyl pyrazole from acyl hydrazide and acetyl acetone typically at 50 °C for 3.5-6 h with up to 99% isolated yields. 1H NMR titration data and DFT calculations indicate that the catalytic activity of the iodine(iii) is caused by the binding with a ketone.

Electron belt-to-σ-hole switch of noncovalently bound iodine(i) atoms in dithiocarbamate metal complexes

The nature of metals in the isostructural series of dithiocarbamate complexes affects the electron belt-to-σ-hole switch of noncovalently bound iodine(i) leading to either semicoordination, or halogen bonding.

Crystal engineering strategies towards halogen-bonded metal–organic multi-component solids: salts, cocrystals and salt cocrystals

This highlight presents an overview of the current advances in the preparation of halogen bonded metal–organic multi-component solids, including salts and cocrystals comprising neutral and ionic constituents.

Non-Covalent Interactions in Coordination and Organometallic Chemistry

The problem of non-covalent interactions in coordination and organometallic compounds is a hot topic in modern chemistry, material science, crystal engineering and related fields of knowledge. Researchers in various fields of chemistry and other disciplines (physics, crystallography, computer science, etc.) are welcome to submit their works on this topic for our Special Issue “Non-Covalent Interactions in Coordination and Organometallic Chemistry”. The aim of this Special Issue is to highlight and overview modern trends and draw the attention of the scientific community to various types of non-covalent interactions in coordination and organometallic compounds. In this editorial, I would like to briefly highlight the main successes of our research group in the field of the fundamental study of non-covalent interactions in coordination and organometallic compounds over the past 5 years.

Structure-directing sulfur...metal noncovalent semicoordination bonding

The abundance and geometric features of nonbonding contacts between metal centers and `soft' sulfur atoms bound to a non-metal substituent R were analyzed by processing data from the Cambridge Structural Database. The angular arrangement of M, S and R atoms with ∠(R-S...M) down to 150° was a common feature of the late transition metal complexes exhibiting shortened R-S...M contacts. Several model nickel(II), palladium(II), platinum(II) and gold(I) complexes were chosen for a theoretical analysis of R-S...M interactions using the DFT method applied to (equilibrium) isolated systems. A combination of the real-space approaches, such as Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM), noncovalent interaction index (NCI), electron localization function (ELF) and Interacting Quantum Atoms (IQA), and orbital (Natural Bond Orbitals, NBO) methods was used to provide insights into the nature and energetics of R-S...M interactions with respect to the metal atom identity and its coordination environment. The explored features of the R-S...M interactions support the trends observed by inspecting the CSD statistics, and indicate a predominant contribution of semicoordination bonds between nucleophilic sites of the sulfur atom and electrophilic sites of the metal. A contribution of chalcogen bonding (that is formally opposite to semicoordination) was also recognized, although it was significantly smaller in magnitude. The analysis of R-S...M interaction strengths was performed and the structure-directing role of the intramolecular R-S...M interactions in stabilizing certain conformations of metal complexes was revealed.

New Crystal Forms for Biologically Active Compounds. Part 2: Anastrozole as N-Substituted 1,2,4-Triazole in Halogen Bonding and Lp-π Interactions with 1,4-Diiodotetrafluorobenzene

For an active pharmaceutical ingredient, it is important to stabilize its specific crystal polymorph. If the potential interconversion of various polymorphs is not carefully controlled, it may lead to deterioration of the drug’s physicochemical profile and, ultimately, its therapeutic efficacy. The desired polymorph stabilization can be achieved via co-crystallization with appropriate crystallophoric excipients. In this work, we identified an opportunity for co-crystallization of anastrozole (ASZ), a well-known aromatase inhibitor useful in second-line therapy of estrogen-dependent breast cancer, with a classical XB donor, 1,2,4,5-tetrafluoro-3,6-diiodobenzene (1,4-FIB). In the X-ray structures of ASZ·1.5 (1,4-FIB) co-crystal, different non-covalent interactions involving hydrogen and halogen atoms were detected and studied by quantum chemical calculations and QTAIM analysis at the ωB97XD/DZP-DKH level of theory.

The (Dioximate)NiII/I2 System: Ligand Oxidation and Binding Modes of Triiodide Species

Reinvestigation of (o-benzoquinonedioximate)₂Ni/I₂ systems demonstrated that the reaction itself and also the crystallization conditions dramatically affect the identity of generated species. Crystallization (CHCl₃, 20-25 °C) of the nickel(II) dioximate complex [Ni(bqoxH)₂] (bqoxH₂ = o-benzoquinonedioxime) with I₂ in the 1:(1-10) molar ratios of the reactants led to several (o-benzoquinonedioximate)₂Ni derivatives and/or iodine adducts [Ni(I)(bqoxH)(bqoxH₂)]·³/₂I₂, [Ni(I₃)(bqoxH)(bqoxH₂)]·[Ni(bqoxH)₂], and [Ni(I₃)(bqox^•-)(bqoxH₂)]·I₂; the latter one, featuring the anion-radical bqox^•- ligand, is derived from the formal (-2H⁺/1e^-)-oxidation of bqoxH₂. In these three adducts, various types of noncovalent interactions were identified experimentally and their existence was supported theoretically. The [Ni(I₃)(bqox^•-)(bqoxH₂)]·I₂ adduct exhibits simultaneous semicoordination and coordination patterns of the triiodide ligand; this is the first recognition of the semicoordination of any polyiodide ligand to a metal center. The semicoordination noncovalent contact Ni···I₃ (3.7011(10) Å) is substantially longer that the Ni-I₃ coordination bond (2.8476(9) Å), and the difference in energies between these two types of linkages is 8-12 kcal/mol.

[{AgL}2Mo8O26]n– complexes: a combined experimental and theoretical study

Two sets of silver–molybdate complexes with L = XR₃ (X = P, As, Sb; R₃ = Ph₃, Ph₂Py) and functionalized pyridine-based ligands have been studied with different techniques.

Metal-involving halogen bond Ar–I⋯[dz2PtII] in a platinum acetylacetonate complex

The observed and confirmed theoretically metal-involving halogen bond Ar–I⋯[d_z2Pt^II] provides experimental evidence favoring a XB formation step upon oxidative addition of ArI to Pt^II.

Metal-Halogen Bonding Seen through the Eyes of Vibrational Spectroscopy

Incorporation of a metal center into halogen-bonded materials can efficiently fine-tune the strength of the halogen bonds and introduce new electronic functionalities. The metal atom can adopt two possible roles: serving as halogen acceptor or polarizing the halogen donor and acceptor groups. We investigated both scenarios for 23 metal–halogen dimers trans-M(Y₂)(NC₅H₄X-3)₂ with M = Pd(II), Pt(II); Y = F, Cl, Br; X = Cl, Br, I; and NC₅H₄X-3 = 3-halopyridine. As a new tool for the quantitative assessment of metal–halogen bonding, we introduced our local vibrational mode analysis, complemented by energy and electron density analyses and electrostatic potential studies at the density functional theory (DFT) and coupled-cluster single, double, and perturbative triple excitations (CCSD(T)) levels of theory. We could for the first time quantify the various attractive contacts and their contribution to the dimer stability and clarify the special role of halogen bonding in these systems. The largest contribution to the stability of the dimers is either due to halogen bonding or nonspecific interactions. Hydrogen bonding plays only a secondary role. The metal can only act as halogen acceptor when the monomer adopts a (quasi-)planar geometry. The best strategy to accomplish this is to substitute the halo-pyridine ring with a halo-diazole ring, which considerably strengthens halogen bonding. Our findings based on the local mode analysis provide a solid platform for fine-tuning of existing and for design of new metal–halogen-bonded materials.

Symmetry in Recognition of Supramolecular Synthons–Competition between Hydrogen Bonding and Coordination Bond in Multinuclear CuII–4f Complexes with Bicompartmental Schiff Base Ligand

Classic Cu–O coordination bonds in 1 or elongated semi-coordination ones in 2 and 3 were applied to construct CuII–4f complexes composed of trinuclear subunits linked through μ-NO3− ions with formulae given as [Cu2Tm(H2tehy)2]2(NO3)6·H2O, (1), {[Cu2Ho(H2tehy)2(NO3)2][Cu2Ho(H2tehy)2(H2O)2]}(NO3)4·2H2O, (2), and {[Cu2Er(H2tehy)2(H2O)]2([Cu2Er(H2tehy)2(NO3)]2}(NO3)10·2H2O·4CH3OH, (3), where H2tehy = C19H20N2O4 is a tetrahydroxy Schiff base ligand. Topological analysis showed that the same characteristic motif of coordination accompanied by hydrogen bonds involving the uncoordinated nitrate oxygen atom and ligand’s phenoxy O atoms is responsible for linking trinuclear subunits into a hexanuclear one as well as for bridging the hexanuclear coordination units in 3 into a 1D supramolecular polymer, with the Cu–O distance being 3.19(1) Å, much longer than the limit of a semi-coordination bond (3.07 Å). The Cambridge Structural Database was used to discuss issues of crystallographic criteria (distance and angular preferences) for the assessment of the stabilizing or destabilizing effect of hydrogen bonding on coordination. The presented results show that the symmetrically repeated arrangement of molecules may provide a useful tool for identifying higher order non-covalently bonded supramolecular aggregates. The complexes 1–3 have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, FTIR, and thermal analysis. The magnetic studies indicated the ferromagnetic interaction between CuII and HoIII ions.