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Ablimit N, Zheng F, Wang Y, Wen J, Wang H, Deng K, Cao Y, Wang Z, Jiang W. Bacillus velezensis strain NA16 shows high poultry feather-degrading efficiency, protease and amino acid production. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 278:116353. [PMID: 38691885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Isolated Bacillus velezensis strain NA16, which produces proteases, amino acids and the transcription levels of different keratinolytic enzymes and disulfide reductase genes in whole gene sequencing, was evaluated during feather degradation. The result shows under optimum fermentation conditions, chicken feather fermentation showed total amino acid concentration of 7599 mg/L, degradation efficiency of 99.3% at 72 h, and protease activity of 1058 U/mL and keratinase activity of 288 U/mL at 48 h. Goose feather fermentation showed total amino acid concentration of 4918 mg/L (96 h), and degradation efficiency was 98.9% at 120 h. Chicken feather fermentation broth at 72 h showed high levels of 17 amino acids, particularly phenylalanine (1050 ± 1.90 mg/L), valine (960 ± 1.04 mg/L), and glutamic (950 ± 3.00 mg/L). Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared analysis revealed the essential role of peptide bond cleavage in structural changes and degradation of feathers. Protein purification and zymographic analyses revealed a key role in feather degradation of the 39-kDa protein encoded by gene1031, identified as an S8 family serine peptidase. Whole genome sequencing of NA16 revealed 26 metalloproteinase genes and 22 serine protease genes. Among the proteins, S8 family serine peptidase (gene1031, gene1428) and S9 family peptidase (gene3132) were shown by transcription analysis to play major roles in chicken feather degradation. These findings revealed the transcription levels of different families of keratinolytic enzymes in the degradation of feather keratin by microorganisms, and suggested potential applications of NA16 in feather waste management and amino acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuraliya Ablimit
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Fengzhen Zheng
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, 36 Zhoushan E Rd, Hangzhou 310015, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jiaqi Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Kun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yunhe Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zengli Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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2
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Yan M, Chen Y, Feng Y, Saeed M, Fang Z, Zhen W, Ni Z, Chen H. Perspective on Agricultural Industrialization: Modification Strategies for Enhancing the Catalytic Capacity of Keratinase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38832583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Keratinases is a special hydrolytic enzyme produced by microorganisms, which has the ability to catalyze the degradation of keratin. Currently, keratinases show great potential for application in many agricultural and industrial fields, such as biofermented feed, leather tanning, hair removal, and fertilizer production. However, these potentials have not yet been fully unleashed on an industrial scale. This paper reviews the sources, properties, and catalytic mechanisms of keratinases. Strategies for the molecular modification of keratinases are summarized and discussed in terms of improving the substrate specificity, thermostability, and pH tolerance of keratinases. The modification strategies are also enriched by the introduction of immobilized enzymes and directed evolution. In addition, the selection of modification strategies when facing specific industrial applications is discussed and prospects are provided. We believe that this review serves as a reference for the future quest to extend the application of keratinases from the laboratory to industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchen Yan
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Yong Feng
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Zhen Fang
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Wang Zhen
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Zhong Ni
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Huayou Chen
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
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3
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Li K, Li G, Liang Y, Zhang R, Peng S, Tan M, Ma D. Structural and enzymatic characterization of a novel metallo-serine keratinase KerJY-23. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129659. [PMID: 38266845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
KerJY-23 was a novel keratinase from feather-degrading Ectobacillus sp. JY-23, but its enzymatic characterization and structure are still unclear. In this study, the KerJY-23 was obtained by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), and enzymatic properties indicated that KerJY-23 was optimal at 60 °C and pH 9.0 and could be promoted by divalent metal ions or reducing agents. Furthermore, KerJY-23 had a broad substrate specificity towards casein, soluble keratin, and expanded feather powder, but its in vitro degradation against chicken feathers required an additional reducing agent. Homology modeling indicated that KerJY-23 contained a highly conserved zinc-binding HELTH motif and a His-Asp-Ser catalytic triad that belonged to the typical characteristics of M4-family metallo-keratinase and serine-keratinase, respectively. Molecular docking revealed that KerJY-23 achieved a reinforced binding on feather keratin via abundant hydrogen bonding interactions. This work not only deepened understanding of the novel and interesting metallo-serine keratinase KerJY-23, but also provided a theoretical basis for realizing the efficient use of waste feather keratin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntai Li
- College of Food Science and Technology of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ganghui Li
- College of Food Science and Technology of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yingyin Liang
- College of Food Science and Technology of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Shuaiying Peng
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Minghui Tan
- College of Food Science and Technology of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Donglin Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
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4
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Yang P, Yuan P, Liu W, Zhao Z, Bernier MC, Zhang C, Adhikari A, Opiyo SO, Zhao L, Banks F, Xia Y. Plant Growth Promotion and Plant Disease Suppression Induced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Strain GD4a. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:672. [PMID: 38475518 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea, the causative agent of gray mold disease (GMD), invades plants to obtain nutrients and disseminates through airborne conidia in nature. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain GD4a, a beneficial bacterium isolated from switchgrass, shows great potential in managing GMD in plants. However, the precise mechanism by which GD4a confers benefits to plants remains elusive. In this study, an A. thaliana-B. cinerea-B. amyloliquefaciens multiple-scale interaction model was used to explore how beneficial bacteria play essential roles in plant growth promotion, plant pathogen suppression, and plant immunity boosting. Arabidopsis Col-0 wild-type plants served as the testing ground to assess GD4a's efficacy. Additionally, bacterial enzyme activity and targeted metabolite tests were conducted to validate GD4a's potential for enhancing plant growth and suppressing plant pathogens and diseases. GD4a was subjected to co-incubation with various bacterial, fungal, and oomycete pathogens to evaluate its antagonistic effectiveness in vitro. In vivo pathogen inoculation assays were also carried out to investigate GD4a's role in regulating host plant immunity. Bacterial extracellular exudate (BEE) was extracted, purified, and subjected to untargeted metabolomics analysis. Benzocaine (BEN) from the untargeted metabolomics analysis was selected for further study of its function and related mechanisms in enhancing plant immunity through plant mutant analysis and qRT-PCR analysis. Finally, a comprehensive model was formulated to summarize the potential benefits of applying GD4a in agricultural systems. Our study demonstrates the efficacy of GD4a, isolated from switchgrass, in enhancing plant growth, suppressing plant pathogens and diseases, and bolstering host plant immunity. Importantly, GD4a produces a functional bacterial extracellular exudate (BEE) that significantly disrupts the pathogenicity of B. cinerea by inhibiting fungal conidium germination and hypha formation. Additionally, our study identifies benzocaine (BEN) as a novel small molecule that triggers basal defense, ISR, and SAR responses in Arabidopsis plants. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain GD4a can effectively promote plant growth, suppress plant disease, and boost plant immunity through functional BEE production and diverse gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piao Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Pu Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Wenshan Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Matthew C Bernier
- Campus Chemical Instrument Center, Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Chunquan Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Alcorn State University, Lorman, MS 39096, USA
| | - Ashna Adhikari
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Stephen Obol Opiyo
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lijing Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Fredrekis Banks
- College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Alcorn State University, Lorman, MS 39096, USA
| | - Ye Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Li K, Li G, Peng S, Tan M. Effective biodegradation on chicken feather by the recombinant KerJY-23 Bacillus subtilis WB600: A synergistic process coupled by disulfide reductase and keratinase. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127194. [PMID: 37793516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Keratin wastes are abundantly available but rich in hard-degrading fibrous proteins, and the keratinase-producing microorganisms have gained significant attention due to their biodegradation ability against keratinous materials. In order to improve the degradation efficiency of feather keratins, the keratinase gene (kerJY-23) from our previously isolated feather-degrading Ectobacillus sp. JY-23 was overexpressed in Bacillus subtilis WB600 strain. The recombinant KerJY-23 strain degraded chicken feathers rapidly within 48 h, during which the activities of disulfide reductase and keratinase KerJY-23 were sharply increased, and the free amino acids especially the essential phenylalanine and tyrosine were significantly accumulated in feather hydrolysate. The results of structural characterizations including scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, demonstrated that the feather microstructure together with the polypeptide bonds and SS bonds in feather keratins were attacked and destroyed by the recombinant KerJY-23 strain. Therefore, the recombinant KerJY-23 strain contributed to feather degradation through the synergistic action of the secreted disulfide reductase to break the SS bonds and keratinase (KerJY-23) to hydrolyze the polypeptide bonds in keratins. This study offers a new insight into the underlying mechanism of keratin degradation, and provides a potential recombinant strain for the valorization of keratin wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntai Li
- College of Food Science and Technology of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ganghui Li
- College of Food Science and Technology of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Shuaiying Peng
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Minghui Tan
- College of Food Science and Technology of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
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6
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Zalila-Kolsi I, Ben-Mahmoud A, Al-Barazie R. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens: Harnessing Its Potential for Industrial, Medical, and Agricultural Applications-A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2215. [PMID: 37764059 PMCID: PMC10536829 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, a Gram-positive bacterium, has emerged as a versatile microorganism with significant applications in various fields, including industry, medicine, and agriculture. This comprehensive review aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the characteristics, genetic tools, and metabolic capabilities of B. amyloliquefaciens, while highlighting its potential as a chassis cell for synthetic biology, metabolic engineering, and protein expression. We discuss the bacterium's role in the production of chemicals, enzymes, and other industrial bioproducts, as well as its applications in medicine, such as combating infectious diseases and promoting gut health. In agriculture, B. amyloliquefaciens has demonstrated potential as a biofertilizer, biocontrol agent, and stress tolerance enhancer for various crops. Despite its numerous promising applications, B. amyloliquefaciens remains less studied than its Gram-negative counterpart, Escherichia coli. This review emphasizes the need for further research and development of advanced engineering techniques and genetic editing technologies tailored for B. amyloliquefaciens, ultimately unlocking its full potential in scientific and industrial contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Zalila-Kolsi
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Liwa College, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 41009, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Afif Ben-Mahmoud
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar;
| | - Ray Al-Barazie
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Liwa College, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 41009, United Arab Emirates;
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Lai Y, Wu X, Zheng X, Li W, Wang L. Insights into the keratin efficient degradation mechanism mediated by Bacillus sp. CN2 based on integrating functional degradomics. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:59. [PMID: 37016453 PMCID: PMC10071666 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratin, the main component of chicken feather, is the third most abundant material after cellulose and chitin. Keratin can be converted into high-value compounds and is considered a potential high-quality protein supplement; However, its recalcitrance makes its breakdown a challenge, and the mechanisms of action of keratinolytic proteases-mediated keratinous substrates degradation are not yet fully elucidated. Bacillus sp. CN2, having many protease-coding genes, is a dominant species in keratin-rich materials environments. To explore the degradation patterns of feather keratin, in this study, we investigated the characteristics of feather degradation by strain CN2 based on the functional-degradomics technology. RESULTS Bacillus sp. CN2 showed strong feather keratin degradation activities, which could degrade native feathers efficiently resulting in 86.70% weight loss in 24 h, along with the production of 195.05 ± 6.65 U/mL keratinases at 48 h, and the release of 0.40 mg/mL soluble proteins at 60 h. The extracellular protease consortium had wide substrate specificity and exhibited excellent biodegradability toward soluble and insoluble proteins. Importantly, analysis of the extracellular proteome revealed the presence of a highly-efficient keratin degradation system. Firstly, T3 γ-glutamyltransferase provides a reductive force to break the dense disulfide bond structure of keratin. Then S8B serine endopeptidases first hydrolyze keratin to expose more cleavage sites. Finally, keratin is degraded into small peptides under the synergistic action of proteases such as M4, S8C, and S8A. Consistent with this, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and amino acid analysis showed that the feather keratin hydrolysate contained a large number of soluble peptides and essential amino acids. CONCLUSIONS The specific expression of γ-glutamyltransferase and co-secretion of endopeptidase and exopeptidase by the Bacillus sp. CN2 play an important role in feather keratin degradation. This insight increases our understanding of the keratinous substrate degradation and may inspire the design of the optimal enzyme cocktails for more efficient exploration of protein resources in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuyun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | | | - Weiguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Lushan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China.
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Liao Y, Xiong M, Miao Z, Ishaq AR, Zhang M, Li B, Zhan Y, Cai D, Yang Z, Chen J, Chen S. Modular Engineering to Enhance Keratinase Production for Biotransformation of Discarded Feathers. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:1752-1769. [PMID: 36394712 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Biotransformation of wasted feathers via feather-degrading enzyme has gained immense popularity, low conversion efficiency hinders its scale application, and the main purpose of this study is to improve feather-degrading enzyme production in Bacillus licheniformis. Firstly, keratinase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens K11 was attained with the best performance for feather hydrolysis, via screening several extracellular proteases from Bacillus; also, feather powder was proven as the most suitable substrate for determination of feather-degrading enzyme activity. Then, expression elements, including signal peptides and promoters, were optimized, and the combination of signal peptide SPSacC with promoter Pdual3 owned the best performance, keratinase activity aggrandized by 6.21-fold. According to amino acid compositions of keratinase and feeding assays, Ala, Val, and Ser were proven as critical precursors, and strengthening these precursors' supplies via metabolic pathway optimization resulted in a 33.59% increase in the keratinase activity. Furthermore, keratinase activity reached 2210.66 U/mL, up to 56.74-fold from the original activity under the optimized fermentation condition in 3-L fermentor. Finally, the biotransformation process of discarded feathers by the fermented keratinase was optimized, and our results indicated that 90.94% of discarded feathers (16%, w/v) were decomposed in 12 h. Our results suggested that strengthening precursor amino acids' supplies was an efficient strategy for enhanced production of keratinase, and this research provided an efficient strain as well as the biotransformation process for discarded feather re-utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoqi Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ali Raza Ishaq
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology of Fujian Province University, College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, 354300, People's Republic of China
| | - Bichan Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology of Fujian Province University, College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, 354300, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongbo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shouwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology of Fujian Province University, College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, 354300, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Su C, Gong JS, Wu ZX, Liu YL, Li H, Shi JS, Xu ZH. Development of a Growth-Dependent System to Regulate Cell Growth and Keratinase Production in B. subtilis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2421-2429. [PMID: 36629862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Keratinases specifically degrade insoluble keratin waste, thus contributing to environmental protection and sustainable biomass development. However, their industrial application is hindered by inefficient enzyme production and poor biomass generation. In this study, the heterologous expression of keratinase was found to have cytotoxicity and might block host cell growth due to its proteolytic property. To address this problem, an autoregulatory expression system based on quorum sensing was developed to synergistically regulate cell growth and keratinase production in Bacillus subtilis. The growth-dependent promoter PaprE was chosen and shown to be effective in delaying keratinase production while promoting host cell proliferation. Copy number screening and core region mutations further balanced the two states. Carbon supplement optimization indicated that addition of 2% glucose facilitated biomass accumulation during the early stage of fermentation. Cell density increased to 15.6 (OD600 nm) from 8 with keratinase activity raised to 4200 U·mL-1 from 1162 U·mL-1. Keratinase was then utilized in the bioconversion of feather waste to prepare soluble keratins, polypeptides, and amino acids. This study provides a powerful system for efficient production of keratinase and paves the way for keratin waste recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Su
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Ze-Xi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Yan-Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
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10
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Research progress on the degradation mechanism and modification of keratinase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1003-1017. [PMID: 36633625 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Keratin is regarded as the main component of feathers and is difficult to be degraded by conventional proteases, leading to substantial abandonment. Keratinase is the only enzyme with the most formidable potential for degrading feathers. Although there have been in-depth studies in recent years, the large-scale application of keratinase is still associated with many problems. It is relatively challenging to find keratinase not only with high activity but could also meet the industrial application environment, so it is urgent to exploit keratinase with high acid and temperature resistance, strong activity, and low price. Therefore, researchers have been keen to explore the degradation mechanism of keratinases and the modification of existing keratinases for decades. This review critically introduces the basic properties and mechanism of keratinase, and focuses on the current situation of keratinase modification and the direction and strategy of its future application and modification. KEY POINTS: •The research status and mechanism of keratinase were reviewed. •The new direction of keratinase application and modification is discussed. •The existing modification methods and future modification strategies of keratinases are reviewed.
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11
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Zhang J, Zhu B, Xu X, Liu Y, Li Q, Li Y, Lu F. Remodeling Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Cell Wall Rigidity to Reduce Cell Lysis and Increase the Yield of Heterologous Proteins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:10552-10562. [PMID: 35984403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens has great potential as a host for heterologous protein production, but its severe autolytic behavior has precluded its industrial application to date. Because d,l-endopeptidase activity-guided cell wall rigidity is considered essential for autolysis resistance, we investigated the effects of d,l-endopeptidase genes lytE, lytF, cwlO, and cwlS play on the growth, lysis, and morphology remodeling of B. amyloliquefaciens strain TCCC11018. Individual and combinatorial deletion of lytE, lytF, and cwlS enhanced the cell growth and delayed cell lysis. For the best mutant with the lytF and cwlS double deletion, the viable cell number at 24 h increased by 11.90% and the cell wall thickness at 6 h increased by 25.87%. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses indicated that the improvement was caused by enhanced peptidoglycan synthesis. With the lytF and cwlS double deletion, the extracellular green fluorescent protein and phospholipase D expression levels increased by 113 and 55.89%, respectively. This work broadens our understanding of the relationship between d,l-endopeptidases and B. amyloliquefaciens cell characteristics, which provides an effective strategy to improve the heterologous protein expression in B. amyloliquefaciens-based cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Baoyue Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Yihan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Qinggang Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
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12
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Chen W, Li L, Ye C, Zhao Z, Huang K, Zou D, Wei X. Efficient production of extracellular alkaline protease in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens by host strain construction. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Xin Q, Chen Y, Chen Q, Wang B, Pan L. Development and application of a fast and efficient CRISPR-based genetic toolkit in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LB1ba02. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:99. [PMID: 35643496 PMCID: PMC9148480 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01832-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is generally recognized as food safe (GRAS) microbial host and important enzyme-producing strain in the industry. B.amyloliquefaciens LB1ba02 is a production strain suitable for secreting mesophilic α-amylase in the industry. Nevertheless, due to the low transformation efficiency and restriction-modification system, the development of its CRISPR tool lags far behind other species and strains from the genus Bacillus. This work was undertaken to develop a fast and efficient gene-editing tool in B.amyloliquefaciens LB1ba02.
Results
In this study, we fused the nuclease-deficient mutant Cas9n (D10A) of Cas9 with activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and developed a fast and efficient base editing system for the first time in B. amyloliquefaciens LB1ba02. The system was verified by inactivating the pyrF gene coding orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase and the mutant could grow normally on M9 medium supplemented with 5-fluoroorotic acid (5-FOA) and uridine (U). Our base editing system has a 6nt editing window consisting of an all-in-one temperature-sensitive plasmid that facilitates multiple rounds of genome engineering in B. amyloliquefaciens LB1ba02. The total editing efficiency of this method reached 100% and it achieved simultaneous editing of three loci with an efficiency of 53.3%. In addition, based on the base editing CRISPR/Cas9n-AID system, we also developed a single plasmid CRISPR/Cas9n system suitable for rapid gene knockout and integration. The knockout efficiency for a single gene reached 93%. Finally, we generated 4 genes (aprE, nprE, wprA, and bamHIR) mutant strain, LB1ba02△4. The mutant strain secreted 1.25-fold more α-amylase into the medium than the wild-type strain.
Conclusions
The CRISPR/Cas9n-AID and CRISPR/Cas9n systems developed in this work proved to be a fast and efficient genetic manipulation tool in a restriction-modification system and poorly transformable strain.
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Zhang J, Zhu B, Li X, Xu X, Li D, Zeng F, Zhou C, Liu Y, Li Y, Lu F. Multiple Modular Engineering of Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens Cell Factories for Enhanced Production of Alkaline Proteases From B. Clausii. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:866066. [PMID: 35497355 PMCID: PMC9046661 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.866066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) microorganism that presents great potential for the production of heterologous proteins. In this study, we performed genomic and comparative transcriptome to investigate the critical modular in B. amyloliquefaciens on the production of heterologous alkaline proteases (AprE). After investigation, it was concluded that the key modules affecting the production of alkaline protease were the sporulation germination module (Module I), extracellular protease synthesis module (Module II), and extracellular polysaccharide synthesis module (Module III) in B. amyloliquefaciens. In Module I, AprE yield for mutant BA ΔsigF was 25.3% greater than that of BA Δupp. Combining Module I synergistically with mutation of extracellular proteases in Module II significantly increased AprE production by 36.1% compared with production by BA Δupp. In Module III, the mutation of genes controlling extracellular polysaccharides reduced the viscosity and the accumulation of sediment, and increased the rate of dissolved oxygen in fermentation. Moreover, AprE production was 39.6% higher than in BA Δupp when Modules I, II and III were engineered in combination. This study provides modular engineering strategies for the modification of B. amyloliquefaciens for the production of alkaline proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, the College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Baoyue Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, the College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, the College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaojian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, the College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Dengke Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, the College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Fang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, the College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Cuixia Zhou
- School of Biology and Brewing Engineering, Taishan University, Taian, China
| | - Yihan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, the College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, the College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, the College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
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Ma Q, Zhang YN, Zheng X, Luan F, Han P, Zhang X, Yin Y, Wang X, Gao X. A Newly Isolated Strain Lysobacter brunescens YQ20 and Its Performance on Wool Waste Biodegradation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:794738. [PMID: 35359724 PMCID: PMC8964289 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.794738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Wool keratin is difficult to degrade as comparing to feathers because of its tough secondary structure. In order to develop an approach for high-value utilization of wool fiber waste by keratinolytic microorganisms, which is produced from shearing, weaving, and industrial processing of wool, screening of wool-degrading bacterium with high degradation efficiency were performed in this study. To this end, Lysobacter brunescens YQ20 was identified and characterized. The optimized conditions for wool degradation were pH 9.0 and 37°C with 20% liquid volume of Erlenmeyer flask. After fermentation, 15 essential amino acids were detected when wool fiber waste was fermented. The total amino acids produced from 1% wool per hour were 13.7 mg/L. The concentration was 8.6-fold higher than that produced by the strain Stenotrophomonas maltophilia BBE11-1, which had previously been reported to have the highest wool-degrading capacity. Our study reports the first Lysobacter strain that exhibits efficient wool degradation and yields higher concentrations of amino acids than previously reported strains. Whole-genome sequencing indicated that there were 18 keratinase-like genes in the genome of YQ20, which exhibited a long evolutionary distance from those of Bacillus. Therefore, L. brunescens YQ20 may have applications in the environmentally friendly management of wool waste as fertilizer in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyuan Ma
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Ya Ning Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Xue Zheng
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Fang Luan
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Ping Han
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Xianghe Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Yanmiao Yin
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Xiuzhen Gao
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
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16
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Molecular Identification of Keratinase DgokerA from Deinococcus gobiensis for Feather Degradation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12010464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Keratin is a tough fibrous structural protein that is difficult to digest with pepsin and trypsin because of the presence of a large number of disulfide bonds. Keratin is widely found in agricultural waste. In recent years, especially, the development of the poultry industry has resulted in a large accumulation of feather keratin resources, which seriously pollute the environment. Keratinase can specifically attack disulfide bridges in keratin, converting them from complex to simplified forms. The keratinase thermal stability has drawn attention to various biotechnological industries. It is significant to identify keratinases and improve their thermostability from microorganism in extreme environments. In this study, the keratinases DgoKerA was identified in Deinococcus gobiensis I-0 from the Gobi desert. The amino acid sequence analysis revealed that DgoKerA was 58.68% identical to the keratinase MtaKerA from M. thermophila WR-220 and 40.94% identical to the classical BliKerA sequence from B. licheniformis PWD-1. In vitro enzyme activity analysis showed that DgoKerA exhibited an optimum temperature of 60 °C, an optimum pH of 7 and a specific enzyme activity of 51147 U/mg. DgoKerA can degrade intact feathers at 60 °C and has good potential for industrial applications. The molecular modification of DgoKerA was also carried out using site-directed mutagenesis, in which the mutant A350S enzyme activity was increased by nearly 30%, and the results provide a theoretical basis for the development and optimization of keratinase applications.
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17
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Xie F, Feng F, Liu D, Quan S, Liu L, Zhang X, Chen G. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 35 M can exclusively produce and secrete proteases when cultured in soybean-meal-based medium. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 209:112188. [PMID: 34742021 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Some microbial strains are ideal producers of extracellular enzymes that can be used in various industries. However, in many fields, especially in the pharmaceutical field, these enzymes need to be recovered and purified through multistep processes and tedious procedures before they can be used. The recovery process is difficult and increases the cost of enzyme production. Therefore, reducing purification steps will greatly benefit the utilization of microbial enzymes. The 35 M strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, which has high extracellular protease production, was isolated from a phosphate mine. When cultured in a medium with soybean meal as the main component, the maximum activity of extracellular protease reached 16,992 U/mL. SDS-PAGE showed that there were two main proteins in the fermentation supernatant, with a paucity of other defined protein bands. Mass spectrometry and zymogram analysis showed that the two main bands were two proteases, corresponding to alkaline protease (AprM) and neutral protease (NprM), respectively. Gene cloning, sequencing, and further comparisons were used to confirm AprM and NprM correspond to these proteases from B. amyloliquefaciens. Notably, SDS-PAGE and zymogram analysis showed that NprM had obviously higher catalytic efficiency toward casein than did AprM. Strain 35 M is a promising protease producer with great potential for applications in industrial protease production. Additionally, this study demonstrates strain 35 M may be particularly well suited to use in degrading anti-nutritional factors in soybean meal, so as to improve the nutritional value of soybean meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhong Xie
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Industrial Enzymes, Biology Institute of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China; Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China.
| | - Fei Feng
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Industrial Enzymes, Biology Institute of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China; Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Dehai Liu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Industrial Enzymes, Biology Institute of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China; Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Shujing Quan
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Industrial Enzymes, Biology Institute of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China; Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Li Liu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Industrial Enzymes, Biology Institute of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China; Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Xiujiang Zhang
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Industrial Enzymes, Biology Institute of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China; Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Guocan Chen
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Industrial Enzymes, Biology Institute of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China; Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China
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18
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Sypka M, Jodłowska I, Białkowska AM. Keratinases as Versatile Enzymatic Tools for Sustainable Development. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1900. [PMID: 34944542 PMCID: PMC8699090 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To reduce anthropological pressure on the environment, the implementation of novel technologies in present and future economies is needed for sustainable development. The food industry, with dairy and meat production in particular, has a significant environmental impact. Global poultry production is one of the fastest-growing meat producing sectors and is connected with the generation of burdensome streams of manure, offal and feather waste. In 2020, the EU alone produced around 3.2 million tonnes of poultry feather waste composed primarily of keratin, a protein biopolymer resistant to conventional proteolytic enzymes. If not managed properly, keratin waste can significantly affect ecosystems, contributing to environmental pollution, and pose a serious hazard to human and livestock health. In this article, the application of keratinolytic enzymes and microorganisms for promising novel keratin waste management methods with generation of new value-added products, such as bioactive peptides, vitamins, prion decontamination agents and biomaterials were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aneta M. Białkowska
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (M.S.); (I.J.)
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Liu H, Prajapati V, Prajapati S, Bais H, Lu J. Comparative Genome Analysis of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Focusing on Phylogenomics, Functional Traits, and Prevalence of Antimicrobial and Virulence Genes. Front Genet 2021; 12:724217. [PMID: 34659348 PMCID: PMC8514880 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.724217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a gram-positive, nonpathogenic, endospore-forming, member of a group of free-living soil bacteria with a variety of traits including plant growth promotion, production of antifungal and antibacterial metabolites, and production of industrially important enzymes. We have attempted to reconstruct the biogeographical structure according to functional traits and the evolutionary lineage of B. amyloliquefaciens using comparative genomics analysis. All the available 96 genomes of B. amyloliquefaciens strains were curated from the NCBI genome database, having a variety of important functionalities in all sectors keeping a high focus on agricultural aspects. In-depth analysis was carried out to deduce the orthologous gene groups and whole-genome similarity. Pan genome analysis revealed that shell genes, soft core genes, core genes, and cloud genes comprise 17.09, 5.48, 8.96, and 68.47%, respectively, which demonstrates that genomes are very different in the gene content. It also indicates that the strains may have flexible environmental adaptability or versatile functions. Phylogenetic analysis showed that B. amyloliquefaciens is divided into two clades, and clade 2 is further dived into two different clusters. This reflects the difference in the sequence similarity and diversification that happened in the B. amyloliquefaciens genome. The majority of plant-associated strains of B. amyloliquefaciens were grouped in clade 2 (73 strains), while food-associated strains were in clade 1 (23 strains). Genome mining has been adopted to deduce antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes and their prevalence among all strains. The genes tmrB and yuaB codes for tunicamycin resistance protein and hydrophobic coat forming protein only exist in clade 2, while clpP, which codes for serine proteases, is only in clade 1. Genome plasticity of all strains of B. amyloliquefaciens reflects their adaption to different niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualin Liu
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Vimalkumar Prajapati
- Division of Microbiology and Environmental, Biotechnology, Aspee Shakilam Biotechnology Institute, Navsari Agricultural University, Surat, India
| | - Shobha Prajapati
- SVP-A School of Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, India
| | - Harsh Bais
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Jianguo Lu
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China
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20
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Espersen R, Huang Y, Falco FC, Hägglund P, Gernaey KV, Lange L, Svensson B. Exceptionally rich keratinolytic enzyme profile found in the rare actinomycetes Amycolatopsis keratiniphila D2 T. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:8129-8138. [PMID: 34605969 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11579-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The non-spore forming Gram-positive actinomycetes Amycolatopsis keratiniphila subsp. keratiniphila D2T (DSM 44,409) has a high potential for keratin valorization as demonstrated by a novel biotechnological microbial conversion process consisting of a bacterial growth phase and a keratinolytic phase, respectively. Compared to the most gifted keratinolytic Bacillus species, a very large number of 621 putative proteases are encoded by the genome of Amycolatopsis keratiniphila subsp. keratiniphila D2T, as predicted by using Peptide Pattern Recognition (PPR) analysis. Proteome analysis by using LC-MS/MS on aliquots of the supernatant of A. keratiniphila subsp. keratiniphila D2T culture on slaughterhouse pig bristle meal, removed at 24, 48, 96 and 120 h of growth, identified 43 proteases. This was supplemented by proteome analysis of specific fractions after enrichment of the supernatant by anion exchange chromatography leading to identification of 50 proteases. Overall 57 different proteases were identified corresponding to 30% of the 186 proteins identified from the culture supernatant and distributed as 17 metalloproteases from 11 families, including an M36 protease, 38 serine proteases from 4 families, and 13 proteolytic enzymes from other families. Notably, M36 keratinolytic proteases are prominent in fungi, but seem not to have been discovered in bacteria previously. Two S01 family peptidases, named T- and C-like proteases, prominent in the culture supernatant, were purified and shown to possess a high azo-keratin/azo-casein hydrolytic activity ratio. The C-like protease revealed excellent thermostability, giving promise for successful applications in biorefinery processes. Notably, the bacterium seems not to secrete enzymes for cleavage of disulfides in the keratinous substrates. KEY POINTS: • A. keratiniphila subsp. keratiniphila D2T is predicted to encode 621 proteases. • This actinomycete efficiently converts bristle meal to a protein hydrolysate. • Proteome analysis identified 57 proteases in its secretome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roall Espersen
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 224, DK 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5 Building 81, DK 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Yuhong Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 227, DK 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Francesco C Falco
- Process and Systems Engineering Center, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 228 A, DK 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Per Hägglund
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 224, DK 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Krist V Gernaey
- Process and Systems Engineering Center, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 228 A, DK 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lene Lange
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 227, DK 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
- Bioeconomy, Research & Advisory, Karensgade 5, DK 2500, Valby, Denmark
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 224, DK 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark.
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21
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Yahaya RSR, Normi YM, Phang LY, Ahmad SA, Abdullah JO, Sabri S. Molecular strategies to increase keratinase production in heterologous expression systems for industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3955-3969. [PMID: 33937928 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Keratinase is an important enzyme that can degrade recalcitrant keratinous wastes to form beneficial recyclable keratin hydrolysates. Keratinase is not only important as an alternative to reduce environmental pollution caused by chemical treatments of keratinous wastes, but it also has industrial significance. Currently, the bioproduction of keratinase from native keratinolytic host is considered low, and this hampers large-scale usage of the enzyme. Straightforward approaches of cloning and expression of recombinant keratinases from native keratinolytic host are employed to elevate the amount of keratinase produced. However, this is still insufficient to compensate for the lack of its large-scale production to meet the industrial demands. Hence, this review aimed to highlight the various sources of keratinase and the strategies to increase its production in native keratinolytic hosts. Molecular strategies to increase the production of recombinant keratinase such as plasmid selection, promoter engineering, chromosomal integration, signal peptide and propeptide engineering, codon optimization, and glycoengineering were also described. These mentioned strategies have been utilized in heterologous expression hosts, namely, Escherichia coli, Bacillus sp., and Pichia pastoris, as they are most widely used for the heterologous propagations of keratinases to further intensify the production of recombinant keratinases adapted to better suit the large-scale demand for them. KEY POINTS: • Molecular strategies to enhance keratinase production in heterologous hosts. • Construction of a prominent keratinolytic host from a native strain. • Patent analysis of keratinase production shows rapid high interest in molecular field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radin Shafierul Radin Yahaya
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yahaya M Normi
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lai Yee Phang
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Aqlima Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Janna Ong Abdullah
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suriana Sabri
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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22
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Peng Z, Zhang J, Song Y, Guo R, Du G, Chen J. Engineered pro-peptide enhances the catalytic activity of keratinase to improve the conversion ability of feather waste. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:2559-2571. [PMID: 33788275 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Keratinase is an attractive industrial enzyme that can specifically catalyze keratin waste to obtain value-added products. A challenge to the application of keratinase is improving catalytic capacity to achieve efficient hydrolysis. In this study, we effectively expressed the keratinase gene from Bacillus licheniformis BBE11-1 in Bacillus subtilis WB600 based on pro-peptide engineering. Partial deletion of the pro-peptide sequence and the substitution of amino acid at the pro-peptide cleavage site (P1) suggested that the "chaperone effect" and "cleavage efficiency" of the pro-peptide determine the activity of the mature enzyme. Subsequently, seven target sites that can increase the activity of the mature enzyme by 16%-66% were obtained through the multiple sequence alignment of pro-peptides and site-directed mutation. We further performed combinatorial mutations at six sites based on the design principle of three-codon saturation mutations and obtained mutant 2-D12 (236.8 KU/mg) with a mature enzyme activity of 186% of the original (127.6 KU/mg). Finally, continuous fermentation was carried out in a 5-L bioreactor for 22 h, and the activity of the 2-D12 mature enzyme was increased to 391.6 KU/mg. Most importantly, 2-D12 could degrade more than 90% of feather waste into amino acids and peptides within 12 h with the aid of sulfite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yang Song
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Rong Guo
- Wuhan Institute of Industrial Control Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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23
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A Novel Thermostable Keratinase from Deinococcus geothermalis with Potential Application in Feather Degradation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11073136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Keratinase can specifically attack disulfide bridges in keratin to convert them from complex to simplified forms. Keratinase thermal stability has drawn attention to various biotechnological industries. In this study, a keratinase DgeKer was identified from a slightly thermophilic species, D. geothermalis. The in silico analysis showed that DgeKer is composed of signal peptide, N-terminal propeptide, mature domain, and C-terminal extension. DgeKer and its C-terminal extension-truncated enzyme (DgeKer-C) were cloned and expressed in E. coli. The purified DgeKer and DgeKer-C showed maximum activity at 70 °C and pH 9–The thermal stability assay (60 °C) showed that the half-life value of DgeKer and DgeKer-C were 103.45 min and 169.10 min, respectively. DgeKer and DgeKer-C were stable at the range of pH from 9 to 11 and showed good tolerance to some metal ions, surfactants and organic solvent. Furthermore, DgeKer could degrade feathers at 70 °C for 60 min. However, the medium became turbid with obvious softening of barbules after being treated with DgeKer-C, which might be due to C-terminal extension. In summary, a thermostable keratinase DgeKer with high efficiency degradation of feathers may have great potential in industry.
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24
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Prajapati S, Koirala S, Anal AK. Bioutilization of Chicken Feather Waste by Newly Isolated Keratinolytic Bacteria and Conversion into Protein Hydrolysates with Improved Functionalities. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:2497-2515. [PMID: 33779934 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chicken feathers are major poultry waste that is difficult to process in its native form due to highly resistant keratin protein in large amounts. In this study, a novel feather-degrading bacterium, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KB1, was screened from a chicken farm bed (CFB) using morphological and biochemical tests followed by 16s rDNA analysis. Among observed isolates, bacterial isolate (KB1) showed the highest degree of feather degradation (74.78 ± 2.94%) and total soluble protein (205 ± 0.03 mg/g). The optimum fermentation conditions obtained were at 40 °C (temperature), pH 9, and 1% (w/v) feather concentration using response surface methodology in a Box-Behnken design. It produced 260 mg/g of soluble protein and bioactive peptides with 86.16% feather degradation. The amino acid profile showed an increase in the concentration of essential amino acids compared with the feather meal broth. The selection of a safe screening source for this new bacterium in CFB produced hydrolysates with enhanced bioactivity applicable for feed, and cosmetic applications, along with environmental bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saugat Prajapati
- Food Engineering and Bioprocess Technology Program, Department of Food, Agriculture, and Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources, and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sushil Koirala
- Food Engineering and Bioprocess Technology Program, Department of Food, Agriculture, and Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources, and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Anil Kumar Anal
- Food Engineering and Bioprocess Technology Program, Department of Food, Agriculture, and Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources, and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
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25
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Microbial enzymes catalyzing keratin degradation: Classification, structure, function. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 44:107607. [PMID: 32768519 PMCID: PMC7405893 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Keratin is an insoluble and protein-rich epidermal material found in e.g. feather, wool, hair. It is produced in substantial amounts as co-product from poultry processing plants and pig slaughterhouses. Keratin is packed by disulfide bonds and hydrogen bonds. Based on the secondary structure, keratin can be classified into α-keratin and β-keratin. Keratinases (EC 3.4.-.- peptide hydrolases) have major potential to degrade keratin for sustainable recycling of the protein and amino acids. Currently, the known keratinolytic enzymes belong to at least 14 different protease families: S1, S8, S9, S10, S16, M3, M4, M14, M16, M28, M32, M36, M38, M55 (MEROPS database). The various keratinolytic enzymes act via endo-attack (proteases in families S1, S8, S16, M4, M16, M36), exo-attack (proteases in families S9, S10, M14, M28, M38, M55) or by action only on oligopeptides (proteases in families M3, M32), respectively. Other enzymes, particularly disulfide reductases, also play a key role in keratin degradation as they catalyze the breakage of disulfide bonds for better keratinase catalysis. This review aims to contribute an overview of keratin biomass as an enzyme substrate and a systematic analysis of currently sequenced keratinolytic enzymes and their classification and reaction mechanisms. We also summarize and discuss keratinase assays, available keratinase structures and finally examine the available data on uses of keratinases in practical biorefinery protein upcycling applications.
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26
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Su C, Gong JS, Qin J, Li H, Li H, Xu ZH, Shi JS. The tale of a versatile enzyme: Molecular insights into keratinase for its industrial dissemination. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 45:107655. [PMID: 33186607 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Keratinases are unique among proteolytic enzymes for their ability to degrade recalcitrant insoluble proteins, and they are of critical importance in keratin waste management. Over the past few decades, researchers have focused on discovering keratinase producers, as well as producing and characterizing keratinases. The application potential of keratinases has been investigated in the feed, fertilizer, leathering, detergent, cosmetic, and medical industries. However, the commercial availability of keratinases is still limited due to poor productivity and properties, such as thermostability, storage stability and resistance to organic reagents. Advances in molecular biotechnology have provided powerful tools for enhancing the production and functional properties of keratinase. This critical review systematically summarizes the application potential of keratinase, and in particular certain newly discovered catalytic capabilities. Furthermore, we provide comprehensive insight into mechanistic and molecular aspects of keratinases including analysis of gene sequences and protein structures. In addition, development and current advances in protein engineering of keratinases are summarized and discussed, revealing that the engineering of protein domains such as signal peptides and pro-peptides has become an important strategy to increase production of keratinases. Finally, prospects for further development are also proposed, indicating that advanced protein engineering technologies will lead to improved and additional commercial keratinases for various industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Su
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
| | - Jiufu Qin
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
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27
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Zhang RX, Gong JS, Su C, Qin J, Li H, Li H, Shi JS, Xu ZH. Recombinant expression and molecular engineering of the keratinase from Brevibacillus parabrevis for dehairing performance. J Biotechnol 2020; 320:57-65. [PMID: 32569793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Keratinase is capable of distinctive degradation of keratin, which provides an eco-friendly approach for keratin waste management towards sustainable development. In this study, the recombinant keratinase (KERBP) from Brevibacillus parabrevis was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified KERBP had the specific activity of 6005.3 U/mg. It showed remarkable tolerance to various surfactants and also no collagenolytic activity. However, the moderate thermal stability limited its further application. Thus, protein engineering was further adopted to improve its stability. The variants of T218S, S236C and N181D were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis and combinatorial mutagenesis. Compared with the wild type, the t1/2 at 60 °C for the variants T218S, S236C and N181D were 3.05-, 1.18- and 1-fold increase, respectively. Moreover, the double variants N181D-T218S and N181D-S236C significantly improved thermostability with 5.1 and 2.9 °C increase of T50, and prolonging t1/2 at 60 °C with 4.09 and 1.54-fold, respectively. And the catalytic efficiency of the T218S and N181D-T218S variants was also significantly improved. Furthermore, the keratinase displayed favorable ability to dehair wool from skin within 7 h, which showed potential in leather dehairing. Our work contributes to a further insight into the thermostability of keratinase and offers a promising alternative for industrial leather application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Xian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Chang Su
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jiufu Qin
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
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28
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Duan Y, Awasthi SK, Liu T, Pandey A, Zhang Z, Kumar S, Awasthi MK. Succession of keratin-degrading bacteria and associated health risks during pig manure composting. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2020; 258:120624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
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29
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Li ZW, Liang S, Ke Y, Deng JJ, Zhang MS, Lu DL, Li JZ, Luo XC. The feather degradation mechanisms of a new Streptomyces sp. isolate SCUT-3. Commun Biol 2020; 3:191. [PMID: 32332852 PMCID: PMC7181669 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0918-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Feather waste is the highest protein-containing resource in nature and is poorly reused. Bioconversion is widely accepted as a low-cost and environmentally benign process, but limited by the availability of safe and highly efficient feather degrading bacteria (FDB) for its industrial-scale fermentation. Excessive focuses on keratinase and limited knowledge of other factors have hindered complete understanding of the mechanisms employed by FDB to utilize feathers and feather cycling in the biosphere. Streptomyces sp. SCUT-3 can efficiently degrade feather to products with high amino acid content, useful as a nutrition source for animals, plants and microorganisms. Using multiple omics and other techniques, we reveal how SCUT-3 turns on its feather utilization machinery, including its colonization, reducing agent and protease secretion, peptide/amino acid importation and metabolism, oxygen consumption and iron uptake, spore formation and resuscitation, and so on. This study would shed light on the feather utilization mechanisms of FDBs. Li et a. report a new Streptromyces isolate, SCUT-3 which can efficiently degrade feather into products with high amino acid content, useful as feed for plants, animals and microbes. Using multiple omics and other techniques, they report how SCUT-3 turns on its feather utilization machinery and suggest a number of expressed genes most likely implicated in feather degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Li
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Liang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ye Ke
- Yingdong College of Life Sciences, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Jin Deng
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Shu Zhang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - De-Lin Lu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Zhou Li
- Zhanjiang Ocean Sciences and Technologies Research Co. LTD, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Chun Luo
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China.
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30
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Peng Z, Mao X, Zhang J, Du G, Chen J. Biotransformation of keratin waste to amino acids and active peptides based on cell-free catalysis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:61. [PMID: 32266007 PMCID: PMC7110813 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01700-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratin is the primary constituent of the vertebrate epidermis and epidermal appendages, as well as the main waste product generated during poultry processing from feathers, hair, scales, nails, etc. Keratin is generally hard, stubborn and difficult to hydrolyze; however, it is also inexpensive and contains more than 85% protein. Currently, tens of millions of tons of keratin waste are produced each year worldwide; however, no effective methods for the recovery of keratin waste have been reported thus far, making such research urgent. Keratinase has been reported to be useful for keratin waste recovery; however, nearly all keratinases are unable to hydrolyze keratin after they are detached from living cell systems. This may be due to low keratinase activity and lack of synergistic factors. RESULTS Herein, the keratinase gene from Bacillus licheniformis BBE11-1 was successfully expressed in Bacillus subtilis WB600, allowing for improved activity of the recombinant keratinase KerZ1 to 45.14 KU/mL via promoter substitution and screening of the ribosome-binding sites. Further, real-time control of temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and feed strategy allowed the activity of KerZ1 to reach 426.60 KU/mL in a 15-L fermenter, accounting for a 3552-fold increase compared to the wild-type keratinase (120.1 U/mL). Most importantly, we proposed a method based on the synergistic action of keratinase KerZ1 and sodium sulfite, to hydrolyze feathers into amino acids. In specific, 100 g/L of feather waste can be successfully converted into 56.6% amino acids within 12 h, while supporting the production of dozens of bioactive peptides. CONCLUSIONS The activity of recombinant keratinase can be greatly enhanced via transcription and translational regulation in Bacillus subtilis. The synergistic action of keratinase and sulfite can rapidly degrade feather waste and produce amino acids and polypeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Peng
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Xinzhe Mao
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Juan Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Guocheng Du
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 China
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Yong B, Fei X, Shao H, Xu P, Hu Y, Ni W, Xiao Q, Tao X, He X, Feng H. Recombinant expression and biochemical characterization of a novel keratinase BsKER71 from feather degrading bacterium Bacillus subtilis S1-4. AMB Express 2020; 10:9. [PMID: 31940098 PMCID: PMC6962420 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0939-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis S1-4, isolated from chicken feather could efficiently degrade feathers by secreting several extracellular proteases. In order to get insight into the individual protease involved in keratin hydrolysis, a keratinase designed as BsKER71 was cloned and expressed in Bacillus subtilis WB600. In silico analysis revealed that BsKER71 protein contained a mature protein of 36.1 kDa. Further, purified BsKER71 could hydrolyze a variety of natural proteins, such as fibrous protein, collagen protein, casein, keratin and bovine serum albumin. In addition, this keratinase exhibited high enzyme activity in a wide range of pH and optimal pH of 10.0 and 9.0 in the hydrolysis of casein and keratin, respectively. Similarly, the optimal temperature was 55 °C and 50 °C for the hydrolysis of above two substrates, respectively. The hydrolytic activity was significantly inhibited by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), indicating the presence of serine residue in the active site. Moreover, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and phenanthroline moderately inhibited the hydrolytic activity. The catalytic activity was stimulated by Mg2+ and Ca2+, but greatly inhibited by Cu2+. Furthermore, several chemicals exhibited different effects on the hydrolysis of casein and keratin by BsKER71. These results provided a better understanding of BsKER71 from feather degrading bacterium B. subtilis S1-4.
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A novel unhairing enzyme produced by heterologous expression of keratinase gene (kerT) in Bacillus subtilis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:122. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2701-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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33
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Huang Y, Liu X, Ran Y, Cao Q, Zhang A, Li D. Production of feather oligopeptides by a newly isolated bacterium Pseudomonas otitis H11. Poult Sci 2019:5300212. [PMID: 30690639 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Oligopeptides usually have high nutritive value and multiple physiological functions. To achieve the highly efficient utilization of feather waste, a feather-degrading bacterium, Pseudomonas otitis, was isolated and used for production of feather oligopeptides. The production potential and characteristics of the produced oligopeptides by H11 were also investigated. The results demonstrated that the optimal initial pH, temperature, fermentation time, and sterilization conditions were 11, 40°C, 24 h, and 121°C for 20 min, respectively. After 24 h of fermentation under the optimal conditions, the feathers were almost completely degraded. Correspondingly, 35.37% oligopeptides (accounting for 69.70% of the total soluble peptides) and varieties of essential amino acids (valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, methionine, threonine, and lysine) were obtained. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis indicated that the produced oligopeptides were mainly low molecular weight (below 1600 Da) and rich in branched-chain amino acids. Also, the oligopeptide-enriched hydrolysate displayed good antioxidant activity with 83% 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) scavenging ability and 53% superoxide anion (O2•-) scavenging activity. This study demonstrated that the hydrolysate of feathers was abundant in oligopeptide fractions with 5-10amino acid residues and possessed good antioxidant activity. This oligopeptide-enriched hydrolysate could be used as a functional feed supplement and as a source for functional oligopeptide extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Ran
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Aiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
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Development of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as a high-level recombinant protein expression system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 46:113-123. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-2089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens K11 is a hyperproducer of extracellular neutral protease, which can produce recombinant homologous protein steadily and is amenable to scale up to high-cell density fermentation. The present study aims to genetically modify strain K11 as a highly efficient secretory expression system for high-level production of heterologous proteins. Using B. amyloliquefaciens K11 and alkaline protease gene BcaprE as the expression host and model gene, the gene expression levels mediated by combinations of promoters PamyQ, PaprE and Pnpr and signal peptides SPamyQ, SPaprE and SPnpr were assessed on shake flask level. The PamyQ-SPaprE was found to be the best secretory expression cassette, giving the highest enzyme activities of extracellular BcaprE (13,800 ± 308 U/mL). Using the same expression system, the maltogenic α-amylase Gs-MAase and neutral protease BaNPR were successfully produced with the enzyme activities of 19. ± 0.2 U/mL and 17,495 ± 417 U/mL, respectively. After knocking out the endogenous neutral protease-encoding gene Banpr, the enzyme activities of BcaprE and Gs-MAase were further improved by 25.4% and 19.4%, respectively. Moreover, the enzyme activities of BcaprE were further improved to 30,200 ± 312 U/mL in a 15 L fermenter following optimization of the fermentation conditions. In the present study, the genetically engineered B. amyloliquefaciens strain 7-6 containing PamyQ-SPaprE as the secretory expression cassette was developed. This efficient expression system shows general applicability and represents an excellent industrial strain for the production of heterologous proteins.
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Gegeckas A, Šimkutė A, Gudiukaitė R, Čitavičius DJ. Characterization and application of keratinolytic paptidases from Bacillus spp. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 113:1206-1213. [PMID: 29545060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Solid keratin-rich waste management is one of essential research area in nowadays. Conventional chemical and high thermal keratin waste decomposition methods are fully explored and not enough effective for future biotechnology perspectives. However, traditional keratin-rich waste decomposition methods could be replaced by environmentally-friendly and economical microbial keratin waste biodegradation methods without energy wastage and essential amino acids and nutrition elements loss. In this study BPKer and BAKer keratinolytic peptidases from Bacillus sp. AD-W and Bacillus sp. AD-AA3 strains, respectively, were successfully produced, purified and biochemically characterized. Physical and chemical characterization of native BPKer and BAKer suggested that new keratinolytic peptidases are powerful biocatalysts for efficient keratin waste biodegradation and can replace conventional insufficient non-biological hydrolysis processes without energy, important amino acids and nutritional elements loss. High value bio-active hydrolysis products - peptides obtained from keratin waste biodegradation by BPKer and BAKer are suitable for industrial applications in white and green biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrius Gegeckas
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center (LSC), Vilnius University, Saulėtekio ave. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Aistė Šimkutė
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center (LSC), Vilnius University, Saulėtekio ave. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Renata Gudiukaitė
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center (LSC), Vilnius University, Saulėtekio ave. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Donaldas Jonas Čitavičius
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center (LSC), Vilnius University, Saulėtekio ave. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Kowalczyk P, Mahdi-Oraibi S, Misiewicz A, Gabzdyl N, Miskiewicz A, Szparecki G. Feather-Degrading Bacteria: Their Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-017-2700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Belbahri L, Chenari Bouket A, Rekik I, Alenezi FN, Vallat A, Luptakova L, Petrovova E, Oszako T, Cherrad S, Vacher S, Rateb ME. Comparative Genomics of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Strains Reveals a Core Genome with Traits for Habitat Adaptation and a Secondary Metabolites Rich Accessory Genome. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1438. [PMID: 28824571 PMCID: PMC5541019 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram positive, non-pathogenic endospore-forming soil inhabiting prokaryote Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens processes wide biocontrol abilities and numerous strains have been reported to suppress diverse bacterial, fungal and fungal-like pathogens. Knowledge about strain level biocontrol abilities is warranted to translate this knowledge into developing more efficient biocontrol agents and bio-fertilizers. Ever-expanding genome studies of B. amyloliquefaciens are showing tremendous increase in strain-specific new secondary metabolite clusters which play key roles in the suppression of pathogens and plant growth promotion. In this report, we have used genome mining of all sequenced B. amyloliquefaciens genomes to highlight species boundaries, the diverse strategies used by different strains to promote plant growth and the diversity of their secondary metabolites. Genome composition of the targeted strains suggest regions of genomic plasticity that shape the structure and function of these genomes and govern strain adaptation to different niches. Our results indicated that B. amyloliquefaciens: (i) suffer taxonomic imprecision that blurs the debate over inter-strain genome diversity and dynamics, (ii) have diverse strategies to promote plant growth and development, (iii) have an unlocked, yet to be delimited impressive arsenal of secondary metabolites and products, (iv) have large number of so-called orphan gene clusters, i.e., biosynthetic clusters for which the corresponding metabolites are yet unknown, and (v) have a dynamic pan genome with a secondary metabolite rich accessory genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lassaad Belbahri
- Laboratory of Soil Biology, University of NeuchatelNeuchatel, Switzerland.,NextBiotechAgareb, Tunisia
| | - Ali Chenari Bouket
- NextBiotechAgareb, Tunisia.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture UniversitySakai, Japan.,Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad UniversityTabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Armelle Vallat
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of NeuchâtelNeuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Lenka Luptakova
- NextBiotechAgareb, Tunisia.,Department of Biology and Genetics, Institute of Biology, Zoology and Radiobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and PharmacyKosice, Slovakia
| | - Eva Petrovova
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine and PharmacyKosice, Slovakia
| | | | | | | | - Mostafa E Rateb
- School of Science and Sport, University of the West of ScotlandPaisley, United Kingdom
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Sahoo DK, Thatoi HN, Mitra B, Mondal KC, Das Mohapatra PK. Advances in Microbial Keratinase and Its Potential Applications. Microb Biotechnol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6847-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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