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Trobec T, Kurešepi E, Popošek LL, Šparl L, Frangež R, Skočaj M, Sepčić K. Wild Mushrooms as a Source of Cholinesterase and Glutathione S-Transferase Inhibitors. Int J Med Mushrooms 2025; 27:23-34. [PMID: 40100229 DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2025058221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2025]
Abstract
Several fungal species, including mushrooms, produce bioactive and toxic compounds that exert many activities, such as direct action on DNA, inhibition of protein synthesis, damage to cell membranes, or direct suppression of certain enzymatic activities. This is particularly important as mushrooms can play an important role in human nutrition and/or are used as dietary supplements. In this context, we screened ethanolic extracts of 64 wild mushrooms for their potential to inhibit cholinesterases and glutathione S-transferase. Seven of the 64 extracts showed an inhibitory effect on cholinesterases, while 24 inhibited glutathione S-transferase. These results suggest that the toxic effects of some mushrooms may be directly linked to a specific class of compounds that act as inhibitors of physiologically relevant enzymes. Most of the identified activities are described for the first time and call for caution, especially when the human diet is rich in mushrooms. Conversely, these bioactive molecules may serve as inspiration for chemical synthesis and the development of potential drugs to combat neurodegenerative diseases or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ema Kurešepi
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Larisa Lara Popošek
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Šparl
- VOKA-SNAGA, Vodovodna cesta 90, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Frangež
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Skočaj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Manna T, Rajput A, Saha N, Mondal A, Debnath SC, Husain SM. Chemoenzymatic total synthesis of nodulones C and D using a naphthol reductase of Magnaporthe grisea. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3737-3741. [PMID: 35468177 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00401a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the asymmetric and chemoenzymatic synthesis of (R)-nodulone C, cis-nodulone D and related (R)-dihydronaphthalenone is reported. It involves multistep chemical synthesis of putative biosynthetic substrates followed by regio- and stereoselective reduction using a NADPH-dependent tetrahydroxynaphthalene reductase of Magnaporthe grisea to obtain chiral nodulones in a biomimetic fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaya Manna
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Anshul Rajput
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Nirmal Saha
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Amit Mondal
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | | | - Syed Masood Husain
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Li Y, Yang Y, Huang X, Huang J, Dong C. Molecular and genetic evidence for a tetrapolar mating system in Sparassis latifolia. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:1004-1012. [PMID: 33213780 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sparassis latifolia is a valuable edible fungus cultivated in East Asia that is rich in β-glucans. Understanding the mating system and sexual life cycle is important not only for breeding programs to improve strains but also for studies on speciation and population structures. In the present study, mating experiments using monokaryons derived from two different parental strains were performed. Chi-squared test indicated satisfied Mendel segregation, which supported a tetrapolar mating system. A search in the genome for homologs to the well-defined homeodomain and pheromone/receptors, as well as frequently found flanking genes, resulted in the identification of known mating-type loci previously identified in tetrapolar basidiomycetes, each represented by two idiomorphic alleles on separate contigs. Deficiency of the β-flanking protein in S. latifolia and S. crispa around the MAT-A locus may be explained by the locus being rich in transposable elements adjacent to HD genes. Monokaryotic mycelia are characterized by a slower growth rate and a relative lack of aerial mycelia compared with the parental strain. Chlamydospores can be produced in both monokaryotic and dikaryotic mycelial stages. We provide genetic and molecular evidence for the mating system of S. latifolia, a finding that will be helpful for the cross-breeding of this mushroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xianhua Huang
- Fujian Rongyi Medicinal Fungus Technology R & D Co., Ltd., Fuzhou, Fujian 350100, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Fujian Rongyi Medicinal Fungus Technology R & D Co., Ltd., Fuzhou, Fujian 350100, China
| | - Caihong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Eben A, Sporer F, Vogt H, Wetterauer P, Wink M. Search for Alternative Control Strategies of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae): Laboratory Assays Using Volatile Natural Plant Compounds. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11110811. [PMID: 33217940 PMCID: PMC7698706 DOI: 10.3390/insects11110811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Adult flies of the invasive fruit pest, Drosophila suzukii, commonly known as spotted wing drosophila, showed susceptibility towards several natural plant products tested in bioassays under laboratory conditions. Depending on the compound tested, contact toxicity, modified food uptake, or reduction in numbers of eggs deposited and hatched was found. The natural plant substances thereby identified will be further assessed under field conditions and can be used to develop innovative pest control strategies. Abstract Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is native to southeastern Asia and invaded Europe during the past decade. It causes serious economic damage in cherries and soft fruits. Control strategies rely on few insecticides with varying success. Due to environmental concern, the use of synthetic chemicals is restricted. Therefore, research effort is put into the quest for alternative substances applicable in chemical pest control. In laboratory assays, we tested 17 volatile plant compounds from different chemical classes for their contact toxicity, feeding modification, and oviposition repellency. Toxicity through contact with treated surfaces was evaluated after 1 h, 4 h, and 24 h; effects on food uptake were observed with capillary feeding (CAFE)—tests and oviposition trials compared egg numbers laid in raspberry medium with or without treated filter paper. Cinnamon oil and its components had the highest contact toxicity with an LC90 = 2–3%, whereas lemongrass oil, its main components, and farnesol were less toxic (LC90 = 7–9%), and geraniol was the least toxic. In CAFE tests, feeding stimulation was observed through 0.1% and 1% solutions of citronellol, lemongrass oil and farnesol. Cinnamon oil, cinnamaldhyde, and ethyl cinnamate were not consumed at a concentration of 1%. In the presence of citral, eugenol, and lemongrass oil, oviposition was reduced, and in the presence of limonene, no eggs were deposited. The natural products found most efficient in either bioassay will be further tested under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Eben
- Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Schwabenheimer Straße 101, 69221 Dossenheim, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)6221-86-805-28
| | - Frank Sporer
- Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, Heidelberg University, 69210 Heidelberg, Germany; (F.S.); (P.W.); (M.W.)
| | - Heidrun Vogt
- Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Schwabenheimer Straße 101, 69221 Dossenheim, Germany;
| | - Pille Wetterauer
- Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, Heidelberg University, 69210 Heidelberg, Germany; (F.S.); (P.W.); (M.W.)
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, Heidelberg University, 69210 Heidelberg, Germany; (F.S.); (P.W.); (M.W.)
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Shang XF, Dai LX, Liu YQ, Zhao ZM, Li JC, Yang GZ, Yang CJ. Acaricidal activity and enzyme inhibitory activity of active compounds of essential oils against Psoroptes cuniculi. Vet Parasitol 2019; 267:54-59. [PMID: 30878086 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Plant essential oils and its chemical compositions are commonly applied in medicinal and other industries due to their broad advanced pharmacological activities. In the present study, we systematically evaluated the acaricidal activities of twelve compounds of essential oils against Psoroptes cuniculi in vitro and in vivo. In addition, to support the clinic uses, their toxicities against immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and human liver cells (HL-7702) and skin irritation were studied for evaluating the liver and skin safety. The possible mechanism of action of certain chemical were investigated by determining the inhibitory activities against cytochrome P450 (P450) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Among all tested compounds, eugenol exhibited the best acaricidal activity with LC50 value of 56.61 μg/ml in vitro. Meanwhile, after the treatment of eugenol for five times within 10 days, the P. cuniculi were eliminated in the naturally infested rabbits, no skin irritation was found in rabbits treated by eugenol. Moreover, eugenol presented no or weak cytotoxicity against HaCaT cells and HL-7702 cells with IC50 values of greater than 100 μg/ml. Furthermore, the moderate inhibitory activities of eugenol against mites P450 and AChE were demonstrated. Above results indicated that eugenol presented the promising acaricidal activity against P. cuniculi in vitro and in vivo, is safe for both humans and animals at the given doses. This work lays the foundation for the development of eugenol as an environmentally friendly acaricide agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Shang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Li-Xia Dai
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Ying-Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | - Zhong-Min Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Jun-Cai Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Guan-Zhou Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Cheng-Jie Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
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Shang XF, Liu YQ, Guo X, Miao XL, Chen C, Zhang JX, Xu XS, Yang GZ, Yang CJ, Li JC, Zhang XS. Application of Sustainable Natural Resources in Agriculture: Acaricidal and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Naphthoquinones and Their Analogs against Psoroptes cuniculi. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1609. [PMID: 29371639 PMCID: PMC5785474 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19964-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
As important secondary plant metabolites, naphthoquinones exhibit a wide range of biological activities. However, their potential as sustainable alternatives to synthetic acaricides has not been studied. This study for the first time investigates the acaricidal activity of naphthoquinones against Psoroptes cuniculi in vitro. Furthermore, the in vivo activity, the skin irritation effects, the cytotoxicity and the inhibitory activities against mite acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) of the two compounds that displayed the best insecticidal activity in vitro were evaluated. Among fourteen naphthoquinones and their analogs, juglone and plumbagin were observed to possess the strongest acaricidal activities against P. cuniculi with LC50 values of 20.53 ppm and 17.96 ppm, respectively, at 24 h. After three treatments, these two chemicals completely cured naturally infested rabbits in vivo within 15 days, and no skin irritation was found in any of the treated rabbits. Compared to plumbagin, juglone presented no or weak cytotoxicity against HL-7702 cells. Moreover, these two chemicals significantly inhibited AChE and GST activity. These results indicate that juglone has promising toxicity against P. cuniculi, is safe for both humans and animals at certain doses, and could be used as a potential alternative bio-acaricide for controlling the development of psoroptic mange in agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Shang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 335 Jiangouyan, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao Guo
- Tibetan Medicine Research Center of Qinghai University, Qinghai University Tibetan Medical College, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Xining, 810016, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Lou Miao
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 335 Jiangouyan, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Xiang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Shan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Guan-Zhou Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Jie Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Cai Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Shuai Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
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Myrtaceae Plant Essential Oils and their β-Triketone Components as Insecticides against Drosophila suzukii. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071050. [PMID: 28672824 PMCID: PMC6152387 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Spotted wing drosophila (SWD, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), Diptera: Drosophilidae) is recognized as an economically important pest in North America and Europe as well as in Asia. Assessments were made for fumigant and contact toxicities of six Myrtaceae plant essential oils (EOs) and their components to find new alternative types of insecticides active against SWD. Among the EOs tested, Leptospermum citratum EO, consisting mainly of geranial and neral, exhibited effective fumigant activity. Median lethal dose (LD50; mg/L) values of L. citratum were 2.39 and 3.24 for males and females, respectively. All tested EOs except Kunzea ambigua EO exhibited effective contact toxicity. LD50 (µg/fly) values for contact toxicity of manuka and kanuka were 0.60 and 0.71, respectively, for males and 1.10 and 1.23, respectively, for females. The LD50 values of the other 3 EOs-L. citratum, allspice and clove bud were 2.11–3.31 and 3.53–5.22 for males and females, respectively. The non-polar fraction of manuka and kanuka did not show significant contact toxicity, whereas the polar and triketone fractions, composed of flavesone, isoleptospermone and leptospermone, exhibited efficient activity with the LD50 values of 0.13–0.37 and 0.22–0.57 µg/fly for males and females, respectively. Our results indicate that Myrtaceae plant EOs and their triketone components can be used as alternatives to conventional insecticides.
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