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Girardello RC, Rumbaugh A, Perry A, Heymann H, Brenneman C, Oberholster A. Longer cluster hanging time decreases the impact of grapevine red blotch disease in Vitis vinifera L. Merlot across two seasons. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:860-874. [PMID: 37708393 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV) is a recently discovered virus and a major concern for the wine industry. Prior research indicated that GRBV delays grape ripening by reducing °Brix and anthocyanin concentrations in grapes from infected vines, resulting in higher ethanol concentrations in wines made from healthy fruit compared to diseased vines, which have an impact on sensory properties. In this study, infected fruit (Vitis vinifera L. Merlot) was sequentially harvested (in 2016 and 2017) and chaptalized (in 2017) to ameliorate the impact of GRBV on grape and final wine composition. RESULTS Chemical parameters including phenolic and volatile profiles of grapes and their subsequent wines were measured. Sensory properties were determined by descriptive analyses. Results demonstrated that GRBV decreased sugar accumulation and anthocyanin synthesis in grapes. Wines from GRBV grapes harvested at later ripening stage produced wines that were more similar chemically and sensorially to wines made from healthy fruit than to wines made from GRBV fruit harvested earlier. CONCLUSION A longer hang time of GRBV grapes is a potential strategy to mitigate the impacts of GRBV. However, chaptalization of diseased fruit must was inefficient at increasing similarities to wines made from healthy fruit. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul C Girardello
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Arran Rumbaugh
- United States Department of Agriculture, Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Anji Perry
- J. Lohr Vineyards and Wines, Paso Robles, California, USA
| | - Hildegarde Heymann
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Charles Brenneman
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Anita Oberholster
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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2
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Rumbaugh A, Medina-Plaza C, Sudarshana MR, Oberholster A. Grapevine red blotch virus alters grape skin cell-wall composition impacting phenolic extractability during winemaking. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:3457-3467. [PMID: 36727418 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV) is the causal agent of grapevine red blotch disease and is known to delay grape ripening. However, grape cell-wall modifications during GRBV infection are largely unknown, even though the cell wall plays a large role in pathogenicity, viral interactions with host plants, and phenolic extractability during winemaking. Understanding the impact of GRBV infection on cell-wall metabolism is important for the development of potential mitigations strategies. In this study, high-throughput transcriptome sequencing was conducted on Vitis vinifera L. 'Merlot' grapes during ripening. The cell-wall composition, phenolic content, and phenolic extractability at two different commercial harvest points were also determined. RESULTS Log fold changes indicated a strong induction in diseased grapes at harvest of several transcripts involved in cell-wall solubilization and degradation. However, these observations did not translate to changes in cell-wall composition at either harvest point in diseased grapes, potentially suggesting post-transcriptional regulation. Moderate induction of pectin methylesterase inhibitor transcripts and transcripts associated with pathogenesis-related proteins coincided with increases in pectin and soluble proteins in cell walls of diseased grapes at harvest. Both pectin and pathogenesis-related proteins are known to retain phenolic compounds during winemaking. CONCLUSION Our study corroborates this finding when the percentage extractability of flavonols in wines was significantly lower when made from GRBV-infected fruit. These results suggest GRBV alters the grape cell walls, consequently decreasing phenolic extraction during winemaking. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arran Rumbaugh
- United States Department of Agriculture, Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Mysore R Sudarshana
- United States Department of Agriculture, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anita Oberholster
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Rumbaugh AC, Durbin-Johnson B, Padhi E, Lerno L, Cauduro Girardello R, Britton M, Slupsky C, Sudarshana MR, Oberholster A. Investigating Grapevine Red Blotch Virus Infection in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon Grapes: A Multi-Omics Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113248. [PMID: 36362035 PMCID: PMC9658657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV) is a recently identified virus. Previous research indicates primarily a substantial impact on berry ripening in all varieties studied. The current study analyzed grapes’ primary and secondary metabolism across grapevine genotypes and seasons to reveal both conserved and variable impacts to GRBV infection. Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) grapevines grafted on two different rootstocks (110R and 420A) were analyzed in 2016 and 2017. Metabolite profiling revealed a considerable impact on amino acid and malate acid levels, volatile aroma compounds derived from the lipoxygenase pathway, and anthocyanins synthesized in the phenylpropanoid pathway. Conserved transcriptional responses to GRBV showed induction of auxin-mediated pathways and photosynthesis with inhibition of transcription and translation processes mainly at harvest. There was an induction of plant-pathogen interactions at pre-veraison, for all genotypes and seasons, except for CS 110R in 2017. Lastly, differential co-expression analysis revealed a transcriptional shift from metabolic synthesis and energy metabolism to transcription and translation processes associated with a virus-induced gene silencing transcript. This plant-derived defense response transcript was only significantly upregulated at veraison for all genotypes and seasons, suggesting a phenological association with disease expression and plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arran C. Rumbaugh
- United States Department of Agriculture, Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Emily Padhi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Larry Lerno
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Raul Cauduro Girardello
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Monica Britton
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Carolyn Slupsky
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mysore R. Sudarshana
- United States Department of Agriculture, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Anita Oberholster
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence:
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Huang L, Alcazar Magana A, Skinkis PA, Osborne J, Qian YL, Qian MC. Composition of Pinot Noir Wine from Grapevine Red Blotch Disease-Infected Vines Managed with Exogenous Abscisic Acid Applications. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144520. [PMID: 35889392 PMCID: PMC9321972 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine red blotch disease (GRBD) has negative effects on grape development and impacts berry ripening. Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant growth regulator involved in the initiation of berry ripening. Exogenous abscisic acid application was compared to an unsprayed control on GRBD-positive Pinot noir vines during two vintages, and the total monomeric anthocyanin, total phenolics, phenolic composition, and volatile profile were measured in wines. In addition, untargeted metabolites were profiled using high-resolution LC-MS/MS. Results showed that the wine composition varied by vintage year and was not consistent with ABA application. Wines from the ABA treatment had a lower total anthocyanin and total phenolic content in one year. The untargeted high-resolution LC-MS/MS analysis showed a higher abundance of phenolic compounds in ABA wines in 2019, but lower in 2018. The wine volatile compounds of ABA treatments varied by vintage. There were higher levels of free β-damascenone, β-ionone, nerol, and several fermentation-derived esters, acids, and alcohols in ABA wines, but these were not observed in 2019. Lower 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine (IBMP) was also observed in wines with ABA treatment in 2019. The results demonstrated that ABA application to the fruit zones did not consistently mitigate the adverse impacts of GRBD on Pinot noir wines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (L.H.); (A.A.M.); (J.O.); (Y.L.Q.)
| | - Armando Alcazar Magana
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (L.H.); (A.A.M.); (J.O.); (Y.L.Q.)
| | - Patricia A. Skinkis
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
- Oregon Wine Research Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - James Osborne
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (L.H.); (A.A.M.); (J.O.); (Y.L.Q.)
- Oregon Wine Research Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Yanping L. Qian
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (L.H.); (A.A.M.); (J.O.); (Y.L.Q.)
| | - Michael C. Qian
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (L.H.); (A.A.M.); (J.O.); (Y.L.Q.)
- Oregon Wine Research Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-541-737-9114
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Farcuh M, Tajima H, Lerno LA, Blumwald E. Changes in ethylene and sugar metabolism regulate flavonoid composition in climacteric and non-climacteric plums during postharvest storage. FOOD CHEMISTRY: MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2022; 4:100075. [PMID: 35415701 PMCID: PMC8991838 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2022.100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ethylene metabolism regulated flavonoid (and sugar) contents and composition. Ethylene induced anthocyanin and reduced flavonol and flavan-3-ols in plum fruit. Anthocyanins positively correlate with sucrose and galactose metabolic pathways. Flavonol and flavan-3-ols associated with sorbitol, fructose, and glucose contents.
Plums are rich in flavonoids, key contributors to fruit coloration and putative health benefits. We studied the impact of changes in ethylene and sugars in flavonoid metabolism-related pathways of the climacteric Santa Rosa and its non-climacteric mutant Sweet Miriam, throughout the postharvest period. Fruits were harvested at optimal maturity, subjected to ethylene treatments, and evaluated during storage. We examined transcript profiles of structural and regulatory genes of flavonoid-related pathways and their associated metabolites in skin and flesh, integrated with multivariate analyses of ethylene and sugar metabolism. Ethylene treatments were positively correlated with anthocyanin and negatively correlated with flavonol and flavan-3-ol metabolism. Sucrose and galactose were positively associated with anthocyanin concentration, while sorbitol, fructose, glucose and minor sugars were correlated with flavonol and flavan-3-ol metabolism. Our results support the notion that ethylene is playing key roles in shifting plum fruit flavonoid profiles, which are also associated with changes in fruit sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Farcuh
- Dept of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, 4291 Fieldhouse Dr, 2116 Plant Science Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Hiromi Tajima
- Dept of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Larry A. Lerno
- Food Safety and Measurement Facility, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Dept of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Nuzzo F, Moine A, Nerva L, Pagliarani C, Perrone I, Boccacci P, Gribaudo I, Chitarra W, Gambino G. Grapevine virome and production of healthy plants by somatic embryogenesis. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:1357-1373. [PMID: 35182024 PMCID: PMC9049623 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis spp.) is a widespread fruit tree hosting many viral entities that interact with the plant modifying its responses to the environment. The production of virus‐free plants is becoming increasingly crucial for the use of grapevine as a model species in different studies. Using high‐throughput RNA sequencing, the viromes of seven mother plants grown in a germplasm collection vineyard were sequenced. In addition to the viruses and viroids already detected in grapevine, we identified 13 putative new mycoviruses. The different spread among grapevine tissues collected in vineyard, greenhouse and in vitro conditions suggested a clear distinction between viruses/viroids and mycoviruses that can successfully be exploited for their identification. Mycoviruses were absent in in vitro cultures, while plant viruses and viroids were particularly accumulated in these plantlets. Somatic embryogenesis applied to the seven mother plants was effective in the elimination of the complete virome, including mycoviruses. However, different sanitization efficiencies for viroids and grapevine pinot gris virus were observed among genotypes. The absence of mycoviruses in in vitro plantlets, associated with the absence of all viral entities in somaclones, suggested that this regeneration technique is also effective to eradicate endophytic/epiphytic fungi, resulting in gnotobiotic or pseudo‐gnotobiotic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriana Nuzzo
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Strada delle Cacce 73, Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Amedeo Moine
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Strada delle Cacce 73, Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Luca Nerva
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Strada delle Cacce 73, Torino, 10135, Italy.,Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA-VE, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, Conegliano, 31015, Italy
| | - Chiara Pagliarani
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Strada delle Cacce 73, Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Irene Perrone
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Strada delle Cacce 73, Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Paolo Boccacci
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Strada delle Cacce 73, Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Ivana Gribaudo
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Strada delle Cacce 73, Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Walter Chitarra
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Strada delle Cacce 73, Torino, 10135, Italy.,Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA-VE, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, Conegliano, 31015, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gambino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Strada delle Cacce 73, Torino, 10135, Italy
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Tyagi K, Lerno L, De Rosso M, Maoz I, Lichter A, Ebeler SE, Flamini R. Extraction and Analysis of Phenolic Compounds from Grape Berries. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2469:1-17. [PMID: 35508825 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2185-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phenolics are ubiquitous compounds that represent the most abundant and diverse class of plant metabolites. From an analytical point of view, phenolics can be divided into soluble phenolics such as phenolic acids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids and quinones, and nonsoluble compounds such as proanthocyanidins, lignins, and cell wall-bound hydroxycinnamic acids. Extraction of phenolics from the sample material is the first step toward their analysis. Biochemical methods for determination of total phenolics content were widely used in the past but modern chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods for identification and quantification of individual compounds are available in recent years. In this chapter, we describe methods for phenolic compounds extraction used in our laboratories from berries of Vitis vinifera and analytical methods including HPLC coupled to DAD detector and Q-TOF LC/MS for their analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Tyagi
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Larry Lerno
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Food Safety and Measurement Facility, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mirko De Rosso
- Chemistry Lab., Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Viticulture & Enology (CREA-VE), Conegliano, Italy
| | - Itay Maoz
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Amnon Lichter
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Susan E Ebeler
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Riccardo Flamini
- Chemistry Lab., Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Viticulture & Enology (CREA-VE), Conegliano, Italy.
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Rienth M, Vigneron N, Walker RP, Castellarin SD, Sweetman C, Burbidge CA, Bonghi C, Famiani F, Darriet P. Modifications of Grapevine Berry Composition Induced by Main Viral and Fungal Pathogens in a Climate Change Scenario. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:717223. [PMID: 34956249 PMCID: PMC8693719 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.717223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The grapevine is subject to high number of fungal and viral diseases, which are responsible for important economic losses in the global wine sector every year. These pathogens deteriorate grapevine berry quality either directly via the modulation of fruit metabolic pathways and the production of endogenous compounds associated with bad taste and/or flavor, or indirectly via their impact on vine physiology. The most common and devastating fungal diseases in viticulture are gray mold, downy mildew (DM), and powdery mildew (PM), caused, respectively by Botrytis cinerea, Plasmopara viticola, and Erysiphe necator. Whereas B. cinerea mainly infects and deteriorates the ripening fruit directly, deteriorations by DM and PM are mostly indirect via a reduction of photosynthetic leaf area. Nevertheless, mildews can also infect berries at certain developmental stages and directly alter fruit quality via the biosynthesis of unpleasant flavor compounds that impair ultimate wine quality. The grapevine is furthermore host of a wide range of viruses that reduce vine longevity, productivity and berry quality in different ways. The most widespread virus-related diseases, that are known nowadays, are Grapevine Leafroll Disease (GLRD), Grapevine Fanleaf Disease (GFLD), and the more recently characterized grapevine red blotch disease (GRBD). Future climatic conditions are creating a more favorable environment for the proliferation of most virus-insect vectors, so the spread of virus-related diseases is expected to increase in most wine-growing regions. However, the impact of climate change on the evolution of fungal disease pressure will be variable and depending on region and pathogen, with mildews remaining certainly the major phytosanitary threat in most regions because their development rate is to a large extent temperature-driven. This paper aims to provide a review of published literature on most important grapevine fungal and viral pathogens and their impact on grape berry physiology and quality. Our overview of the published literature highlights gaps in our understanding of plant-pathogen interactions, which are valuable for conceiving future research programs dealing with the different pathogens and their impacts on grapevine berry quality and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rienth
- Changins College for Viticulture and Oenology, University of Sciences and Art Western Switzerland, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Vigneron
- Changins College for Viticulture and Oenology, University of Sciences and Art Western Switzerland, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Robert P. Walker
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Simone Diego Castellarin
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Crystal Sweetman
- College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Crista A. Burbidge
- School of Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Claudio Bonghi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova Agripolis, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Franco Famiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Philippe Darriet
- Univ. Bordeaux, Unité de recherche Œnologie EA 4577, USC 1366 INRAE, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Villenave d’Ornon, France
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Grapevine Red Blotch Disease Etiology and Its Impact on Grapevine Physiology and Berry and Wine Composition. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7120552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV) has become widespread in the United States since its identification in 2012. GRBV is the causative agent of grapevine red blotch disease (GRBD), which has caused detrimental economic impacts to the grape and wine industry. Understanding viral function, plant–pathogen interactions, and the effects of GRBV on grapevine performance remains essential to developing potential mitigation strategies. This comprehensive review examines the current body of knowledge regarding GRBV, to highlight gaps in the knowledge and potential mitigation strategies for grape growers and winemakers.
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10
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Abstract
Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV), the causative agent of red blotch disease, causes significant decreases in sugar and anthocyanin accumulation in grapes, suggesting a delay in ripening events. Two mitigation strategies were investigated to alleviate the impact of GRBV on wine composition. Wines were made from Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) (Vitis vinifera) grapevines, grafted onto 110R and 420A rootstocks, in 2016 and 2017. A delayed harvest and chaptalization of diseased grapes were employed to decrease chemical and sensory impacts on wines caused by GRBV. Extending the ripening of the diseased fruit produced wines that were overall higher in aroma compounds such as esters and terpenes and alcohol-related (hot and alcohol) sensory attributes compared to wines made from diseased fruit harvested at the same time as healthy fruit. In 2016 only, a longer hangtime of GRBV infected fruit resulted in wines with increased anthocyanin concentrations compared to wines made from GRBV diseased fruit that was harvested at the same time as healthy fruit. Chaptalization of the diseased grapes in 2017 produced wines chemically more similar to wines made from healthy fruit. However, this was not supported by sensory analysis, potentially due to high alcohol content masking aroma characteristics.
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11
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Catania A, Lerno L, Sari S, Fanzone M, Casassa F, Oberholster A. Impact of micro-oxygenation timing and rate of addition on color stabilization and chromatic characteristics of cabernet sauvignon wines. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Billings AC, Flores K, McCalla KA, Daane KM, Wilson H. Use of Ground Covers to Control Three-Cornered Alfalfa Hopper, Spissistilus festinus (Hemiptera: Membracidae), and Other Suspected Vectors of Grapevine Red Blotch Virus. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:1462-1469. [PMID: 34132345 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV) is the causal agent of grapevine red blotch disease, which affects wine grapes and leads to reduced crop yield and quality. The pathogen-plant-vector relationship of GRBV is not well understood; however, some possible vectors have been identified: Caladonus coquilletti (Van Duzee; Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Colladonus reductus (Van Duzee; Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Erythroneura spp., Melanoliarus sp. (Hemiptera: Cixiidae), Osbornellus borealis DeLong. & Mohr (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Scaphytopius granticus (Ball; Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Spissistilus festinus (Say). Of these species, S. festinus has been shown to transmit the virus to uninfected grapevines, making it of particular interest. Since the pathogen-plant-vector relationship of GRBV is not yet completely understood, pesticide use is not necessarily the best way to manage these possible vectors. Here we test if ground cover removal, by discing in spring, could reduce the activity of potential GRBV vectors. We show that S. festinus presence in the canopy was reduced in disc rows compared to just mowing the ground vegetation, whereas there were no differences in presence in the canopy between disc and mow rows of the other possible insect vectors. Erythroneura elegantula (Osborn; Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), a common pest of grapevines but not a candidate GRBV vector, was found to have higher densities in the canopy in disc rows compared to mow rows, an effect possibly mediated by changes in vine vigor associated with ground covers. We conclude that if S. festinus is a primary vector of GRBV, discing ground covers in early spring may be a viable way to reduce their presence in the vine canopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis C Billings
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California - Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall #3114, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kristen Flores
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California - Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall #3114, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kelsey A McCalla
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California - Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall #3114, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kent M Daane
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California - Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall #3114, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Houston Wilson
- Dept. Entomology, University of California - Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Rumbaugh AC, Girardello RC, Cooper ML, Plank C, Kurtural SK, Oberholster A. Impact of Rootstock and Season on Red Blotch Disease Expression in Cabernet Sauvignon ( V. vinifera). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1583. [PMID: 34451626 PMCID: PMC8401632 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV), the causative agent of grapevine red blotch disease, is widespread across the United States and causes a delay in ripening events in grapes. This study evaluates the effects of GRBV on Cabernet Sauvignon grape berry composition, grafted on two different rootstocks (110R and 420A) in two seasons (2016 and 2017). Total soluble solids, acidity, and anthocyanin concentrations were monitored through ripening and at harvest. Phenolic and volatile compounds were also analyzed at harvest to determine genotypic and environmental influences on disease outcome. Sugar accumulation through ripening was lower in diseased fruit (RB (+)) than healthy fruit across rootstock and season. GRBV impact was larger in 2016 than 2017, indicating a seasonal effect on disease expression. In general, anthocyanin levels and volatile compound accumulation was lower in RB (+) fruit than healthy fruit. Total phenolic composition and tannin content was higher in RB (+) fruit than healthy fruit in only 110R rootstock. Overall, GRBV impacted Cabernet Sauvignon grape composition crafted on rootstock 110R more than those crafted on rootstock 420A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arran C. Rumbaugh
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (A.C.R.); (R.C.G.); (C.P.); (S.K.K.)
| | - Raul C. Girardello
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (A.C.R.); (R.C.G.); (C.P.); (S.K.K.)
| | - Monica L. Cooper
- University of California Cooperative Extension, 1710 Soscol Avenue, Napa, CA 94559, USA;
| | - Cassandra Plank
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (A.C.R.); (R.C.G.); (C.P.); (S.K.K.)
| | - S. Kaan Kurtural
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (A.C.R.); (R.C.G.); (C.P.); (S.K.K.)
| | - Anita Oberholster
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (A.C.R.); (R.C.G.); (C.P.); (S.K.K.)
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14
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Kron CR, Sisterson MS. Spissistilus festinus (Hemiptera: Membracidae) susceptibility to six generalist predators. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242775. [PMID: 33253247 PMCID: PMC7703964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spissistilus festinus (Say) (Hemiptera: Membracidae) was shown to transmit Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV) in a greenhouse study. Grapevines infected with GRBV exhibit reduced sugar accumulation, altered secondary metabolite production and delayed berry maturation that negatively impacts wine quality and economics. Augmentative biocontrol may be a useful integrated pest management (IPM) tool for suppressing S. festinus populations in vineyards, but minimal research has been conducted on testing potential predators against the different life stages of S. festinus. The susceptibility of S. festinus adults and nymphs (1st through 5th instar) to predation by six commercially available biocontrol agents in petri dish and bell bean plant arenas was determined under greenhouse conditions. No significant mortality of S. festinus nymphs or adults occurred when exposed to Cryptolaemus montrouzieri adults, C. montrouzieri larvae and Sympherobius barberi adults in petri dish or bell bean plant arenas. Significant mortality of 1st and 2nd instar nymphs of S. festinus in the presence of Zelus renardii nymphs was observed in petri dish but not in bell bean arenas. Hippodamia convergens adults and Chrysoperla rufilabris larvae both consumed a significant number of S. festinus nymphs in petri dish and bell bean arenas. No significant predation of S. festinus adults was documented in this experiment. Results of this study aid in identifying predators that may be suitable candidates for additional field testing to determine their potential efficacy as biocontrol agents of S. festinus in a vineyard setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy R. Kron
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, United States of America
- Cooperative Extension, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Santa Rosa, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mark S. Sisterson
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, United States of America
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15
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Wilson H, Yazdani AS, Daane KM. Influence of Riparian Habitat and Ground Covers on Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper (Hemiptera: Membracidae) Populations in Vineyards. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:2354-2361. [PMID: 32696968 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV) is the causal agent of grapevine red blotch disease, which affects wine grapes and leads to reduced crop yield and quality. While some virus spread can be attributed to the propagation of infected plant material, a greenhouse assay recently demonstrated that the threecornered alfalfa hopper (Membracidae: Spissistilus festinus Say) can transmit GRBV between grapevines. While S. festinus is not considered an economic pest of wine grapes, this species is present in California vineyards and their feeding can cause petiole girdling. Recent surveys have noted a correlation between S. festinus populations and GRBV-positive vines in vineyard areas adjacent to riparian habitat. Here, S. festinus populations were monitored over a 2-yr period at multiple vineyard sites adjacent to riparian habitats. At each site, insects were sampled from ground covers and the vine canopy at the vineyard edge and interior, and vines in both locations were evaluated for petiole girdling. Results indicate that there was no difference in abundance of S. festinus at the vineyard edge and interior. Populations in the vine canopy were highest in the late spring and early summer, and this was followed by the appearance of petiole girdling, indicating a key period of potential GRBV transmission. Furthermore, activity in the vine canopy appears to be amplified when the quality of ground covers is reduced as the season progresses. That said, overall populations of S. festinus were relatively low and additional work is needed to characterize the timing and efficiency of transmission under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houston Wilson
- Department of Entomology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA
- Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA
| | - Armand S Yazdani
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Kent M Daane
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
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16
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Pereira GE, Padhi EMT, Sudarshana MR, Fialho FB, Medina-Plaza C, Girardello RC, Tseng D, Bruce RC, Erdmann JN, Slupsky CM, Oberholster A. Impact of grapevine red blotch disease on primary and secondary metabolites in 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grape tissues. Food Chem 2020; 342:128312. [PMID: 33268164 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The grapevine red blotch disease (GRBD) was first noticed in 2008, impacting grape ripening. In general, GRBD reduces grape and wine quality resulting in significant economic losses. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of GRBD on agronomical parameters of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' vines at harvest. Using a metabolomics approach, the influence on primary and secondary metabolite profiling in skin + pulp/flesh and seeds were also determined. GRBD influenced °Brix and berry weight, as well as primary and secondary metabolites in both tissues. 1D 1H NMR was effective in quantifying the main primary and secondary metabolites affected by GRBD. RP-HPLC was similarly able to quantify the main phenolics affected. Multivariate analysis showed the influence of the virus on grape metabolites using both tools in two berry tissues. The effectiveness of both tools to describe sample variability was compared and the most affected metabolites in each tissue could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano E Pereira
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation-Embrapa Grape & Wine, Bento Gonçalves, RS 95.701-008, Brazil; University of California, Department of Viticulture and Enology, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Emily M T Padhi
- University of California, Department of Food Science & Technology, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mysore R Sudarshana
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, University of California, Department of Plant Pathology, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Flávio Bello Fialho
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation-Embrapa Grape & Wine, Bento Gonçalves, RS 95.701-008, Brazil
| | - Cristina Medina-Plaza
- University of California, Department of Viticulture and Enology, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Raul C Girardello
- University of California, Department of Viticulture and Enology, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dave Tseng
- University of California, Department of Viticulture and Enology, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Robert C Bruce
- University of California, Department of Viticulture and Enology, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jesse N Erdmann
- University of California, Department of Viticulture and Enology, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Carolyn M Slupsky
- University of California, Department of Food Science & Technology, Davis, CA 95616, USA; University of California, Department of Nutrition, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Anita Oberholster
- University of California, Department of Viticulture and Enology, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Levin AD, KC AN. Water Deficits Do Not Improve Fruit Quality in Grapevine Red Blotch Virus-Infected Grapevines ( Vitis vinifera L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1292. [PMID: 32973850 PMCID: PMC7472797 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although deficit irrigation is used to improve fruit quality in healthy grapevines, it can potentially amplify negative effects of viral disease and reduce fruit quality in Grapevine Red Blotch Virus (GRBV) infected grapevines. Therefore, a 2-year field experiment was conducted to understand the interaction between GRBV infection and water deficits on disease development and vine physiology. Well-watered (WW) vines were irrigated at 100% of estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc), while water deficit (WD) vines received water at 66 and 50% ETc in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Healthy (GRBV-) and infected (GRBV+) vines were confirmed by PCR assays. There were no significant effects of water deficits on foliar symptom onset in either year, but more severe water deficits in 2018 resulted in a more rapid symptom progression. GRBV+ vines had a higher Ψstem compared to GRBV- vines, but the effects of virus only appeared post-veraison and corresponded to decreased leaf gas exchange. In general, vine vegetative and reproductive growth were not reduced in GRBV+ vines. Yields were highest in WW/GRBV+ vines due to larger clusters containing larger berries. Consistent treatment effects on berry primary chemistry were limited to sugars, with no interactions between factors. Water deficits were able to somewhat increase berry anthocyanin concentration in GRBV+ fruit, but the effects were dependent on year. By comparison, virus status and water deficits interacted on skin tannins concentration such that they were decreased in WD/GRBV+ vines, but increased in WD/GRBV- vines. Water deficits had no effect on seed phenolics, with only virus status having a significant diminution. Although keeping GRBV+ vines well-watered may mitigate some of the negative effects of GRBD, these results suggest that water deficits will not improve overall fruit quality in GRBV+ vines. Ultimately, the control of fruit ripening imparted by GRBV infection seems to be stronger than abiotic control imparted by water deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Levin
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Southern Oregon Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Central Point, OR, United States
| | - Achala N. KC
- Southern Oregon Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Central Point, OR, United States
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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18
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Canuti V, Cantu A, Picchi M, Lerno LA, Tanabe CK, Zanoni B, Heymann H, Ebeler SE. Evaluation of the Intrinsic and Perceived Quality of Sangiovese Wines from California and Italy. Foods 2020; 9:foods9081088. [PMID: 32784991 PMCID: PMC7466209 DOI: 10.3390/foods9081088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sangiovese is the most cultivated red grape variety in Italy where it is certified for the production of several Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) wines, and it is one of the most cultivated Italian red grape varieties in California. Despite the global distribution of this variety, there is a lack of international studies on Sangiovese grapes and wines. For this reason, the present study aimed to compare 20 commercial Sangiovese wines from 2017 harvest, 9 produced in Italy (Tuscany) and 11 in California, in order to evaluate the intrinsic and perceived quality. The eligibility, identity, and style properties (the intrinsic quality) of the wines were evaluated. A group of 11 Italian experts evaluated the perceived quality by rating the typicality of the wines. The experimental data showed that the intrinsic quality of Sangiovese wine samples was affected by the growing area; in particular, the wine resulted very different for the color indices and polyphenol composition. The above differences in intrinsic quality levels did not lead to a different evaluation of the perceived quality (typicality) by the wine experts. The results evidenced that Sangiovese variety is recognizable also if grown outside its original terroir, and fresh and fruity wines were considered more typical. This study expands our current knowledge of Sangiovese wines and the contribution of regional characteristics to the composition of wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Canuti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Sciences and Technologies (DAGRI), University of Florence, via Donizetti 6, 50144 Firenze, Italy; (M.P.); (B.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Annegret Cantu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology and The Food Safety and Measurement Facility, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (A.C.); (L.A.L.); (C.K.T.); (H.H.); (S.E.E.)
| | - Monica Picchi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Sciences and Technologies (DAGRI), University of Florence, via Donizetti 6, 50144 Firenze, Italy; (M.P.); (B.Z.)
| | - Larry A. Lerno
- Department of Viticulture and Enology and The Food Safety and Measurement Facility, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (A.C.); (L.A.L.); (C.K.T.); (H.H.); (S.E.E.)
| | - Courtney K. Tanabe
- Department of Viticulture and Enology and The Food Safety and Measurement Facility, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (A.C.); (L.A.L.); (C.K.T.); (H.H.); (S.E.E.)
| | - Bruno Zanoni
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Sciences and Technologies (DAGRI), University of Florence, via Donizetti 6, 50144 Firenze, Italy; (M.P.); (B.Z.)
| | - Hildegarde Heymann
- Department of Viticulture and Enology and The Food Safety and Measurement Facility, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (A.C.); (L.A.L.); (C.K.T.); (H.H.); (S.E.E.)
| | - Susan E. Ebeler
- Department of Viticulture and Enology and The Food Safety and Measurement Facility, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (A.C.); (L.A.L.); (C.K.T.); (H.H.); (S.E.E.)
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19
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Impact of Grapevine Red Blotch Disease on Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot Wine Composition and Sensory Attributes. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143299. [PMID: 32708105 PMCID: PMC7397323 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine red blotch disease (GRBD) is a recently identified viral disease that affects grapevines. GRBD has been shown to impact grapevine physiology and grape composition by altering specific ripening events. However, no studies have been reported on the impact of GRBD on wine composition and its sensory attributes. This study evaluated the impact of GRBD on wine primary and secondary metabolites, in addition to its sensory properties, when making wines from Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot grapes during two seasons. Wines made with GRBD-impacted fruit were lower in ethanol content when compared to wines made with grapes from healthy grapevines. This was attributed to the lower total soluble sugar (TSS) levels of diseased grapes due to delayed ripening at harvest. GRBD impacted wine phenolic composition by decreasing anthocyanin concentrations and increasing flavonol concentrations in some instances. Additionally, proanthocyanidin concentrations were also consistently higher in GRBD wines compared to wines made from healthy fruit. Descriptive analysis demonstrated that GRBD can impact wine style by altering aroma, flavor, and mouthfeel attributes. However, the extent of GRBD impact on wine composition and sensory properties were site and season dependent.
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20
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Tyagi K, Maoz I, Lewinsohn E, Lerno L, Ebeler SE, Lichter A. Girdling of table grapes at fruit set can divert the phenylpropanoid pathway towards accumulation of proanthocyanidins and change the volatile composition. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 296:110495. [PMID: 32540014 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Girdling is an important horticultural practice that allows increased yields or modulated ripening but not much is known how it affects metabolic processes. Trunk girdling was performed at fruit set using a single-blade knife on two table grape cultivar SUPERIOR SEEDLESS® and SABLE SEEDLESS®. Sampling of berries was carried out 1 or 9 weeks after girdling in 2017 from both cultivars and 7 and 9 weeks after girdling of 'Sable' in 2018. As expected, girdling resulted in consistent increase in berry size but total soluble content of mature 'Superior' berries was not affected and in 'Sable' it was slightly reduced in one of the two seasons examined. One week after girdling, abscisic acid and gibberellin content was higher in fruitlets from girdled vines and genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway were induced in both cultivars. Berry color development of 'Sable' measured both by auto-fluorescence and concentration of anthocyanins was reduced upon girdling. In contrast, flavan-3-ol and flavonol content, and total proanthcyanidins (PA) content increased 1.8-fold while the mean degree polymerization of the PA decreased from 26 to 21 upon girdling. Girdling reduced the levels of fatty acid derived volatiles in berries of 'Superior' and 'Sable'. In 'Sable', the total terpene level and the level of volatiles released after acid hydrolysis, decreased upon girdling. Overall, our study indicates that girdling can divert metabolic pathways in a manner that may have significant effect on the taste and flavor of grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Tyagi
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel; Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Itay Maoz
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Efraim Lewinsohn
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Larry Lerno
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Food Safety and Measurement Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Susan E Ebeler
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Amnon Lichter
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
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21
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Pereira GE, Padhi EMT, Girardello RC, Medina-Plaza C, Tseng D, Bruce RC, Erdmann JN, Kurtural SK, Slupsky CM, Oberholster A. Trunk Girdling Increased Stomatal Conductance in Cabernet Sauvignon Grapevines, Reduced Glutamine, and Increased Malvidin-3-Glucoside and Quercetin-3-Glucoside Concentrations in Skins and Pulp at Harvest. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:707. [PMID: 32595661 PMCID: PMC7301964 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Girdling is a traditional horticultural practice applied at fruit set or other phenological stages, and is used mostly as a vine management. In grapevines, it is used primarily for table grapes to improve berry weight, sugar content, color, and to promote early harvest. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of trunk girdling applied at veraison, in 'Cabernet Sauvignon' wine grapes (Vitis vinifera L.), on agronomical and physiological parameters during vine development from the onset of ripening (veraison) to harvest, and additionally to quantify the effect of girdling on primary and secondary metabolism. Girdling was applied 146 days after pruning (dap) at veraison, when berry sampling for metabolomics and agronomical evaluations commenced, with a further three sampling dates until harvest, at 156 dap (30% maturation, 10 days after girdling-dag), 181 dap (70% maturation, 35 dag), and 223 dap (commercial harvest, 77 dag). Skin/pulp and seed tissues were extracted separately and metabolomics was performed using one-dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1D 1H NMR) spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD). At harvest, girdling significantly increased stomatal conductance (gs) in vines, decreased glutamine concentrations, and increased anthocyanin and flavonol concentrations in the skin/pulp tissues of grape berries. Berry weight was reduced by 27% from 181 dap to harvest, and was significantly higher in grapes from girdled vines at 181 dap. Sugars, organic acids, and other amino acids in skin/pulp or seeds were not significantly different, possibly due to extra-fascicular phloem vessels transporting metabolites from leaves to the roots. Using a metabolomics approach, differences between skin/pulp and seeds tissues were meaningful, and a greater number of secondary metabolites in skin/pulp was affected by girdling than in seeds. Girdling is a simple technique that could easily be applied commercially on vine management to improve berry color and other phenolics in 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano E. Pereira
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation-Embrapa Grape & Wine, Bento Goncalves, Brazil
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Emily M. T. Padhi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Raul C. Girardello
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Cristina Medina-Plaza
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dave Tseng
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Robert C. Bruce
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jesse N. Erdmann
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sahap K. Kurtural
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Carolyn M. Slupsky
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Anita Oberholster
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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22
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Cauduro Girardello R, Rich V, Smith RJ, Brenneman C, Heymann H, Oberholster A. The impact of grapevine red blotch disease on Vitis vinifera L. Chardonnay grape and wine composition and sensory attributes over three seasons. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:1436-1447. [PMID: 31742703 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV) is a recently discovered DNA virus, which was demonstrated to be responsible for grapevine red blotch disease (GRBD). Its presence has been confirmed in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and South Korea in white and red Vitis vinifera cultivars, including Chardonnay. It has been shown that the three-cornered alfalfa treehopper (Spissistilus festinus) was able to both acquire the GRBV from a grapevine infected and transmit it to healthy grapevines in glasshouse conditions. Studies found that GRBD impacts fruit price, grapevine physiology, and grape berry composition and metabolism in red cultivars. This study evaluated the impact of GRBD on V. vinifera L. Chardonnay grape and wine composition and sensory properties from one vineyard during the 2014, 2015 and 2016 seasons. RESULTS Grapes from symptomatic red blotch diseased grapevines were lower in total soluble solids, flavan-3-ol, and total phenolic content, and higher in flavonol content when compared to grapes from healthy grapevines. Wines made with grapes from symptomatic grapevines resulted mostly in lower ethanol content and higher pH when compared to wines made from healthy grapevines. Analysis of volatile compounds and descriptive analysis demonstrated that GRBD can impact wine style by altering aroma, flavor, and mouthfeel attributes. CONCLUSIONS The impacts of GRBD on grape composition directly influenced wine chemistry. The decreased ethanol content impacted not only the levels of volatile compounds but the sensory perception during descriptive analysis. The extent of GRBD impact on the grape composition and wine composition and sensory attributes varied between seasons. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Rich
- École Supérieure d'Agriculture d'Angers, Vine, Wine and Terroir Managment, Angers, France
| | - Rhonda J Smith
- University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, Cooperative Extension, Santa Rosa, CA, USA
| | - Charles Brenneman
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hildegarde Heymann
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anita Oberholster
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Li Y, Mansour H, Wang T, Poojari S, Li F. Naked-Eye Detection of Grapevine Red-Blotch Viral Infection Using a Plasmonic CRISPR Cas12a Assay. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11510-11513. [PMID: 31478642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we described a novel plasmonic CRISPR Cas12a assay for the visual, colorimetric detection of grapevine viral infections. Our assay generates rapid and specific colorimetric signals for nucleic acid amplicons by combining the unique target-induced incriminate single-stranded DNase activity of Cas12a with plasmon coupling of DNA functionalized gold nanoparticles. The practical applicability of our plasmonic assay was successfully demonstrated through the detection of emerging red-blotch viral infections in grapevine samples collected from commercial vineyards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongya Li
- College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610064 , P.R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology , Brock University , St. Catharines , Ontario L2S 3A1 , Canada
| | - Hayam Mansour
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology , Brock University , St. Catharines , Ontario L2S 3A1 , Canada.,Department of Cell Biology , National Research Centre , Cairo 12622 , Egypt
| | - Tony Wang
- Cool Climate Oenology and Viticulture Institute , Brock University , St. Catharines , Ontario L2S 3A1 , Canada
| | - Sudarsana Poojari
- Cool Climate Oenology and Viticulture Institute , Brock University , St. Catharines , Ontario L2S 3A1 , Canada
| | - Feng Li
- College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610064 , P.R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology , Brock University , St. Catharines , Ontario L2S 3A1 , Canada
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