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Synytsya A, Bleha R, Skrynnikova A, Babayeva T, Čopíková J, Kvasnička F, Jablonsky I, Klouček P. Mid-Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Cultivating Medicinal Fungi Ganoderma: Composition, Development, and Strain Variability of Basidiocarps. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 10:23. [PMID: 38248933 PMCID: PMC10817577 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was proposed for rapid, versatile, and non-invasive screening of Ganoderma basidiocarps to assess their potential for specific applications. Fifteen species and strains of this fungus were selected for analysis, and fine sections at different parts of young and mature basidiocarps were obtained. The spectra of fungal samples showed significant differences interpreted in terms of biochemical composition using characteristic bands of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and triterpenoids. Obviously, for the transverse sections in trama, especially in the basal part, the most intense bands at 950-1200 cm-1 corresponded to polysaccharide vibrations, while for the superficial sections, the bands of carbonyl and aliphatic groups of triterpenoids at 1310-1470, 1550-1740, and 2850-2980 cm-1 predominated. The pilei, especially hymenium tubes, apparently contained more proteins than the bases and stipes, as evidenced by the intense bands of amide vibrations at 1648 and 1545-1550 cm-1. The specificity of the Ganoderma basidiocarp is a densely pigmented surface layer rich in triterpenoids, as proved by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. The spectral differences corresponding to the specificity of the triterpenoid composition may indicate the prospects of individual strains and species of this genus for cultivation and further use in food, cosmetics, or medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Synytsya
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cereals, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (T.B.); (J.Č.)
| | - Roman Bleha
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cereals, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (T.B.); (J.Č.)
| | - Anastasia Skrynnikova
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cereals, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (T.B.); (J.Č.)
| | - Tamilla Babayeva
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cereals, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (T.B.); (J.Č.)
| | - Jana Čopíková
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cereals, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (T.B.); (J.Č.)
| | - František Kvasnička
- Department of Meat and Preservation, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Ivan Jablonsky
- Department of Gardening, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Pavel Klouček
- Department of Food Science, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic;
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Xue L, Otieno M, Colson K, Neto C. Influence of the Growing Region on the Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of North American Cranberry Fruit ( Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3595. [PMID: 37896058 PMCID: PMC10609726 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The impact of the growth environment on the production of health-promoting phytochemicals in cranberry fruit (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) is not well established despite increased production worldwide. We investigated the secondary metabolite composition among the cranberry fruit of nine cultivars produced in two major coastal North American growing regions that differ in climate. Using 1H NOESY NMR to generate metabolic fingerprints, principal component analysis revealed variation between the two regions and identified likely contributing metabolites. Triterpenoids ursolic and oleanolic acid, as well as citric and malic acids, were quantified using 1H qNMR, and anthocyanins and flavonols were determined by HPLC-DAD. Total proanthocyanidins (PACs), total soluble phenolics, and DPPH free-radical scavenging antioxidant activity were also evaluated. Across all cultivars, anthocyanins, flavonols, and total phenolic content were significantly higher in West Coast fruit than East Coast fruit, correlating with a regional trend of higher antioxidant activity in fruit grown on the West Coast. The opposite trend was observed for triterpenoids and organic acids, which were significantly higher across cultivars in East Coast fruit. These trends persisted over two growing seasons. The study demonstrates that climate plays an important role in the production of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phytochemicals in cranberry plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA; (L.X.); (M.O.)
| | - Maureen Otieno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA; (L.X.); (M.O.)
| | | | - Catherine Neto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA; (L.X.); (M.O.)
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Xiao J, Wang Y, Yang Y, Liu J, Lin B, Hou Y, Chen G, Li N. 1H NMR-guided isolation of hasubanan alkaloids from the alkaloidal extract of Stephania longa. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106717. [PMID: 37454495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
1H NMR-guided fractionation led to the isolation of 16 alkaloids from the alkaloidal extract of Stephania longa, including 11 new hasubanan alkaloids (1-11) and five known alkaloids (12-16). Interestingly, compounds 2 and 11 are typically considered protonated tertiary amine compounds, whereas compounds 1 and 10 are regarded as oxidized versions of the corresponding compounds. Their gross structures were determined through an extensive analysis of spectroscopic data (NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and HRESIMS (high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy)), and their absolute configurations were established by comparing their experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. The new (3) and a known (12) compounds in all isolates displayed stronger antineuroinflammatory effects (IC50 values of 1.8 and 11.1 μM, respectively) than minocycline (IC50 value of 15.5 μM) against NO production on LPS-activated BV2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Xiao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine for Major Chronic Diseases of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory for TCM Material Basis Study and Innovative Drug Development of Shenyang City, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine for Major Chronic Diseases of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory for TCM Material Basis Study and Innovative Drug Development of Shenyang City, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqiu Yang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Liu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Hou
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine for Major Chronic Diseases of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory for TCM Material Basis Study and Innovative Drug Development of Shenyang City, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ning Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine for Major Chronic Diseases of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory for TCM Material Basis Study and Innovative Drug Development of Shenyang City, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
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Lin L, Zhou H, Wen L, Al-Romaima A, Peng X, Qiu M. NMR-tracking for 15,16-seco-cycloartane triterpenes from Cimicifuga acerina. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 210:113669. [PMID: 37011706 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Twelve undescribed 15,16-seco-cycloartane triterpenoids, 15,16-seco-cimiterpenes C-N, as well as five previously reported analogs were isolated by NMR-tracking methods from the rhizomes of Cimicifuga acerina (Sieb. et Zucc.) Tanaka. Among them, 15,16-seco-cimiterpenes C-N were the first 15,16-seco-cycloartane triterpenoids featuring acetal or hemiacetal structures at C-15. The chemical structures of 15,16-seco-cimiterpenes C-N were determined based on comprehensive spectroscopic analysis, chemical method, and comparison with the previous literature data. After that, all these compounds were evaluated for their lipid-lowering effects on 3T3-L1 adipocytes.15,16-seco-cimiterpene D was found to exhibit a comparable reducing lipid effect at the concentration of 50 μM, with an inhibition rate at 35.96%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoran Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Luan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Abdulbaset Al-Romaima
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingrong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China.
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Guo C, Dong J, Deng L, Cheng K, Xu Y, Zhu H, Deng A, Zhou X, Qin H, Wang Y. Application of Band-Selective HSQC NMR in Species Discrimination and Adulteration Identification of Panax Linn. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114332. [PMID: 37298809 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The quality of Panax Linn products available in the market is threatened by adulteration with different Panax species, such as Panax quinquefolium (PQ), Panax ginseng (PG), and Panax notoginseng (PN). In this paper, we established a 2D band-selective heteronuclear single quantum coherence (bs-HSQC) NMR method to discriminate species and detect adulteration of Panax Linn. The method involves selective excitation of the anomeric carbon resonance region of saponins and non-uniform sampling (NUS) to obtain high-resolution spectra in less than 10 min. The combined strategy overcomes the signal overlap limitation in 1H NMR and the long acquisition time in traditional HSQC. The present results showed that twelve well-separated resonance peaks can be assigned in the bs-HSQC spectra, which are of high resolution, good repeatability, and precision. Notably, the identification accuracy of species was found to be 100% for all tests conducted in the present study. Furthermore, in combination with multivariate statistical methods, the proposed method can effectively determine the composition proportion of adulterants (from 10% to 90%). Based on the PLS-DA models, the identification accuracy was greater than 80% when composition proportion of adulterants was 10%. Thus, the proposed method may provide a fast, practical, and effective analysis technique for food quality control or authenticity identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Guo
- Institute of Meteria Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jiyang Dong
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lingli Deng
- Department of Information Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Kiankai Cheng
- Innovation Centre in Agritechnology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Pagoh 84600, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Yue Xu
- Institute of Meteria Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Haowen Zhu
- Institute of Meteria Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Anjun Deng
- Institute of Meteria Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- Institute of Meteria Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hailin Qin
- Institute of Meteria Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yinghong Wang
- Institute of Meteria Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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6
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Luo Q, Cao WW, Cheng YX. Alkaloids, sesquiterpenoids and hybrids of terpenoid with p-hydroxycinnamic acid from Ganoderma sinensis and their biological evaluation. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 203:113379. [PMID: 36029844 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The fruiting bodies of Ganoderma sinensis are used as food raw materials of marketed healthcare products. To gain an insight into the chemical and biological profling of G. sinensis, twenty-five compounds including eleven undescribed ones (ganodermasines A‒K) and fourteen known ones were isolated. Among them, ganodermasines A‒D are undescribed diketopiperazine alkaloids, ganodermasines E and F are alkaloids containing a pyridine. The structures of undescribed compounds were identified by spectroscopic, computational, and crystallographic methods. The results of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) inhibitory activity show that ganodermasines I and J could inhibit AchE with IC50 values of 26.05 and 20.40 μM, respectively. In addition, neurotrophic assay in PC-12 cells showed that (+)-ganodermasine E, (-)-ganodermasine E, and ganodermasine I could stimulate neurite outgrowth at 10 μM, while the other isolates are inactive. The present findings will lend a hand for further utilization of G. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resource in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Wen Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resource in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Xian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resource in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China; Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, 521041, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Kou RW, Xia B, Wang ZJ, Li JN, Yang JR, Gao YQ, Yin X, Gao JM. Triterpenoids and meroterpenoids from the edible Ganoderma resinaceum and their potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptosis activities. Bioorg Chem 2022; 121:105689. [PMID: 35217377 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma resinaceum, as a traditional edible mushroom, has been widely reported to improve neurodegenerative diseases characterized by oxidative stress and inflammation. In this study, five new terpenoids, including four lanostane triterpenoids, named ganoresinoid A-D (1-4) and one meroterpenoid, named ganoresinoid E (5), along with 27 known compounds (6-32), were isolated from the fruiting bodies of edible mushroom G. resinaceum. These structures were identified by NMR, HRESIMS data analysis. All metabolites were evaluated for anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and anti-apoptosis activities. Among them, ganoresinoid A showed notably restrained nitric oxide (NO), IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α levels in LPS-activated BV-2 microglial cells via suppressing TLR-4/ NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathway. Simultaneously, ganoresinoid A remarkably alleviated LPS-induced apoptosis by means of the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, ganoresinoid A demonstrated antioxidant effects in H2O2-induced SH-SY5Y cells by activating the Akt/GSK-3β/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Taken together, these results may provide a stronger theoretical basis for ganoresinoid A from G. resinaceum as nutrition intervention to alleviate neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Wei Kou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Xia
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ju Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Nan Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Ren Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Qi Gao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xia Yin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Wang M, Zhang M, Yang Q, Wang Q, Ma B, Li Z, Cheng W, Tang H, Feng S, Wang Z. Metabolomic profiling of M. speciosa champ at different growth stages. Food Chem 2021; 376:131941. [PMID: 34973642 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Millettia speciosa Champ (M. speciosa) is an edible food and folk medicine and extracts from its roots exhibit a hepatoprotective effect. However, its metabolic growth process and the best harvest time have not been reported. This study systematically evaluated the metabolomic profiling of M. speciosa root extracts at different growth stages through the UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and An orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The results revealed there were significant differences among extracts from six ages of M. speciosa, and 110 compounds were identified. Pharmacological studies showed that 5-year and 20-year old M. speciosa roots may exhibit higher fat-lowering effects, while 5-year-old (M.s-5Y) showed better hepatoprotective activity in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mice. Hence, our study suggested that M.s-5Y may have potent efficacy in ameliorating NAFLD, which might be useful in determining the optimum time to harvest M. speciosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoyuan Wang
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou 571101, China; National Genebank of Tropical Crops, Tropical Wild Plant Gene Resource, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, Haikou 571737, China; Hainan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Tropical Medicinal Plants, Danzhou, Haikou 571737, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (Beijing Center for Physical & Chemical Analysis), Beijing 100089, China.
| | - Qing Yang
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou 571101, China; National Genebank of Tropical Crops, Tropical Wild Plant Gene Resource, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, Haikou 571737, China; Hainan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Tropical Medicinal Plants, Danzhou, Haikou 571737, China
| | - Qinglong Wang
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou 571101, China; National Genebank of Tropical Crops, Tropical Wild Plant Gene Resource, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, Haikou 571737, China; Hainan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Tropical Medicinal Plants, Danzhou, Haikou 571737, China
| | - Bokai Ma
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (Beijing Center for Physical & Chemical Analysis), Beijing 100089, China
| | - Zhiying Li
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou 571101, China; National Genebank of Tropical Crops, Tropical Wild Plant Gene Resource, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, Haikou 571737, China; Hainan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Tropical Medicinal Plants, Danzhou, Haikou 571737, China
| | - Wen Cheng
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Plant Diversity, Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518004, China.
| | - Huan Tang
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou 571101, China; National Genebank of Tropical Crops, Tropical Wild Plant Gene Resource, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, Haikou 571737, China; Hainan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Tropical Medicinal Plants, Danzhou, Haikou 571737, China
| | - Shixiu Feng
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Plant Diversity, Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518004, China.
| | - Zhunian Wang
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou 571101, China; National Genebank of Tropical Crops, Tropical Wild Plant Gene Resource, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, Haikou 571737, China; Hainan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Tropical Medicinal Plants, Danzhou, Haikou 571737, China.
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