1
|
Wang T, Peng R, Ni H, Zhong L, Zhang H, Wang T, Cheng H, Bao T, Jia X, Ling S. Effects of chemokine receptor CCR7 in the pathophysiology and clinical features of the immuno-inflammatory response in primary pterygium. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110086. [PMID: 37030121 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) has been considered a critical biomarker in inflammation and the immune response; however, little is known about CCR7 in pterygia. This study aimed to investigate whether CCR7 participates in the pathogenesis of primary pterygia and how CCR7 affects the progression of pterygia. METHODS This was an experimental study. Slip-lamp photographs of 85 pterygium patients were used to measure the width, extent, and area of pterygia with computer software. Pterygium blood vessels and general ocular redness were quantitatively analyzed with a specific algorithm. The expression of CCR7 and its ligands C-C motif ligand 19 (CCL19) and C-C motif ligand 21 (CCL21) in control conjunctivae and excised pterygia collected during surgery were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunofluorescence staining. The phenotype of CCR7-expressing cells was identified by costaining for major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II), CD11b or CD11c. RESULTS The CCR7 level was significantly increased by 9.6-fold in pterygia compared with control conjunctivae (p = 0.008). The higher the expression of CCR7 was, the more blood vessels appeared in pterygia (r = 0.437, p = 0.002) and the more general ocular redness was (r = 0.51, p < 0.001) in pterygium patients. CCR7 was significantly associated with pterygium extent (r = 0.286, p = 0.048). In addition, we found that CCR7 colocalized with CD11b, CD11c or MHC II in dendritic cells, and immunofluorescence staining showed that CCR7-CCL21 is a potential chemokine axis in pterygium. CONCLUSIONS This work verified that CCR7 impacts the extent of primary pterygia invading the cornea and inflammation at the ocular surface, which may provide a possibility for a further in-depth understanding of the immunological mechanism in pterygia.
Collapse
|
2
|
Brandum EP, Jørgensen AS, Calvo MB, Spiess K, Peterson FC, Yang Z, Volkman BF, Veldkamp CT, Rosenkilde MM, Goth CK, Hjortø GM. Selective Boosting of CCR7-Acting Chemokines; Short Peptides Boost Chemokines with Short Basic Tails, Longer Peptides Boost Chemokines with Long Basic Tails. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031397. [PMID: 35163323 PMCID: PMC8836243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR7 and its ligands CCL19 and CCL21 regulate the lymph node homing of dendritic cells and naïve T-cells and the following induction of a motile DC-T cell priming state. Although CCL19 and CCL21 bind CCR7 with similar affinities, CCL21 is a weak agonist compared to CCL19. Using a chimeric chemokine, CCL19CCL21N-term|C-term, harboring the N-terminus and the C-terminus of CCL21 attached to the core domain of CCL19, we show that these parts of CCL21 act in a synergistic manner to lower ligand potency and determine the way CCL21 engages with CCR7. We have published that a naturally occurring basic C-terminal fragment of CCL21 (C21TP) boosts the signaling of both CCL19 and CCL21. Boosting occurs as a direct consequence of C21TP binding to the CCR7 N-terminus, which seems to free chemokines with basic C-termini from an unfavorable interaction with negatively charged posttranslational modifications in CCR7. Here, we confirm this using a CCL19-variant lacking the basic C-terminus. This variant displays a 22-fold higher potency at CCR7 compared to WT CCL19 and is highly unaffected by the presence of C21TP. WT CCL19 has a short basic C-terminus, CCL21 a longer one. Here, we propose a way to differentially boost CCL19 and CCL21 activity as short and long versions of C21TP boost CCL19 activity, whereas only a long C21TP version can boost chemokines with a full-length CCL21 C-terminus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Probst Brandum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (E.P.B.); (A.S.J.); (K.S.); (M.M.R.); (C.K.G.)
| | - Astrid Sissel Jørgensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (E.P.B.); (A.S.J.); (K.S.); (M.M.R.); (C.K.G.)
| | | | - Katja Spiess
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (E.P.B.); (A.S.J.); (K.S.); (M.M.R.); (C.K.G.)
- Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Francis C. Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (F.C.P.); (B.F.V.)
| | - Zhang Yang
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Noerregade 10, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Brian F. Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (F.C.P.); (B.F.V.)
| | | | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (E.P.B.); (A.S.J.); (K.S.); (M.M.R.); (C.K.G.)
| | - Christoffer Knak Goth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (E.P.B.); (A.S.J.); (K.S.); (M.M.R.); (C.K.G.)
| | - Gertrud Malene Hjortø
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (E.P.B.); (A.S.J.); (K.S.); (M.M.R.); (C.K.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-29-869220
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jørgensen AS, Brandum EP, Mikkelsen JM, Orfin KA, Boilesen DR, Egerod KL, Moussouras NA, Vilhardt F, Kalinski P, Basse P, Chen YH, Yang Z, Dwinell MB, Volkman BF, Veldkamp CT, Holst PJ, Lahl K, Goth CK, Rosenkilde MM, Hjortø GM. The C-terminal peptide of CCL21 drastically augments CCL21 activity through the dendritic cell lymph node homing receptor CCR7 by interaction with the receptor N-terminus. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6963-6978. [PMID: 34586443 PMCID: PMC8558179 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03930-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 signal via their common receptor CCR7. CCL21 is the main lymph node homing chemokine, but a weak chemo-attractant compared to CCL19. Here we show that the 41-amino acid positively charged peptide, released through C-terminal cleavage of CCL21, C21TP, boosts the immune cell recruiting activity of CCL21 by up to 25-fold and the signaling activity via CCR7 by ~ 100-fold. Such boosting is unprecedented. Despite the presence of multiple basic glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding motifs, C21TP boosting of CCL21 signaling does not involve interference with GAG mediated cell-surface retention. Instead, boosting is directly dependent on O-glycosylations in the CCR7 N-terminus. As dictated by the two-step binding model, the initial chemokine binding involves interaction of the chemokine fold with the receptor N-terminus, followed by insertion of the chemokine N-terminus deep into the receptor binding pocket. Our data suggest that apart from a role in initial chemokine binding, the receptor N-terminus also partakes in a gating mechanism, which could give rise to a reduced ligand activity, presumably through affecting the ligand positioning. Based on experiments that support a direct interaction of C21TP with the glycosylated CCR7 N-terminus, we propose that electrostatic interactions between the positively charged peptide and sialylated O-glycans in CCR7 N-terminus may create a more accessible version of the receptor and thus guide chemokine docking to generate a more favorable chemokine-receptor interaction, giving rise to the peptide boosting effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Sissel Jørgensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Room 18.5.32., 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emma Probst Brandum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Room 18.5.32., 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Malthe Mikkelsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Room 18.5.32., 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaudia A Orfin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ditte Rahbæk Boilesen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Lihme Egerod
- Novo Nordisk Foundation, Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Natasha A Moussouras
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Frederik Vilhardt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pawel Kalinski
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Per Basse
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yen-Hsi Chen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zhang Yang
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael B Dwinell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Peter Johannes Holst
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katharina Lahl
- Immunology Section, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Knak Goth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Room 18.5.32., 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Room 18.5.32., 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gertrud Malene Hjortø
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Room 18.5.32., 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
McGovern KE, Nance JP, David CN, Harrison RES, Noor S, Worth D, Landrith TA, Obenaus A, Carson MJ, Morikis D, Wilson EH. SPARC coordinates extracellular matrix remodeling and efficient recruitment to and migration of antigen-specific T cells in the brain following infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4549. [PMID: 33633185 PMCID: PMC7907143 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83952-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) injury and infection can result in profound tissue remodeling in the brain, the mechanism and purpose of which is poorly understood. Infection with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii causes chronic infection and inflammation in the brain parenchyma. Control of parasite replication requires the continuous presence of IFNγ-producing T cells to keep T. gondii in its slowly replicating cyst form. During infection, a network of extracellular matrix fibers, revealed using multiphoton microscopy, forms in the brain. The origin and composition of these structures are unknown but the fibers have been observed to act as a substrate for migrating T cells. In this study, we show a critical regulator of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, Secreted Protein, Acidic, Rich in Cysteine (SPARC), is upregulated in the brain during the early phases of infection in the frontal cortex. In the absence of SPARC, a reduced and disordered fibrous network, increased parasite burden, and reduced antigen-specific T cell entry into the brain points to a role for SPARC in T cell recruitment to and migration within the brain. We also report SPARC can directly bind to CCR7 ligands CCL19 and CCL21 but not CXCL10, and enhance migration toward a chemokine gradient. Measurement of T cell behavior points to tissue remodeling being important for access of immune cells to the brain and facilitating cellular locomotion. Together, these data identify SPARC as an important regulatory component of immune cell trafficking and access to the inflamed CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E McGovern
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- BIO5 Institute, Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - J Philip Nance
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Clément N David
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Nanostring Technologies, Inc, 530 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Reed E S Harrison
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521-0129, USA
- UCSD Bioengineering and the Institute for Engineering in Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shahani Noor
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- School of Medicine, MSC08, University of New Mexico, Albequerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Danielle Worth
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Tyler A Landrith
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Ambrey Genetics, Aliso Viejo, CA, 92656, USA
| | - Andre Obenaus
- School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Monica J Carson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Dimitrios Morikis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521-0129, USA
| | - Emma H Wilson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kharche SA, Sengupta D. Dynamic protein interfaces and conformational landscapes of membrane protein complexes. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 61:191-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
6
|
Wang T, Li W, Cheng H, Zhong L, Deng J, Ling S. The Important Role of the Chemokine Axis CCR7-CCL19 and CCR7-CCL21 in the Pathophysiology of the Immuno-inflammatory Response in Dry Eye Disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2019; 29:266-277. [PMID: 31702421 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2019.1674891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To explore whether CCR7-CCL19 and CCR7-CCL21 affect the pathophysiology of the dry eye disease (DED) immuno-inflammatory response using a murine model.Methods: The mRNA expression levels of CCR7, CCL19, CCL21 and VEGF-C within corneas in DED mice were detected by real-time PCR. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometric analyses were performed to mark dendritic cells (DCs) and detect correlations among CCR7, CCL19, CCL21 and lymphatic vessels.Results: CCR7, CCL19 and CCL21 expression was dramatically increased during the development of DED. In addition, CCR7, which is expressed in DCs, was located inside and around lymphatic vessels and colocalized with CCL19 or CCL21. Positive correlations were observed between CCR7 and CCL19 (P < .01, r = 0.862), CCL21 (P < .01, r = 0.759), and VEGF-C (P < .05, r = 0.607).Conclusions: Our study revealed that both the CCR7-CCL19 and CCR7-CCL21 chemokine axis are important for DC migration to lymphatic vessels, but CCL19 may have a greater effect on DED than CCL21.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Huanhuan Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Juan Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shiqi Ling
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rosenberg EM, Harrison RES, Tsou LK, Drucker N, Humphries B, Rajasekaran D, Luker KE, Wu CH, Song JS, Wang CJ, Murphy JW, Cheng YC, Shia KS, Luker GD, Morikis D, Lolis EJ. Characterization, Dynamics, and Mechanism of CXCR4 Antagonists on a Constitutively Active Mutant. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:662-673.e7. [PMID: 30827936 PMCID: PMC6736600 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) CXCR4 is a co-receptor for HIV and is involved in cancers and autoimmune diseases. We characterized five purine or quinazoline core polyamine pharmacophores used for targeting CXCR4 dysregulation in diseases. All were neutral antagonists for wild-type CXCR4 and two were biased antagonists with effects on β-arrestin-2 only at high concentrations. These compounds displayed various activities for a constitutively active mutant (CAM). We use the IT1t-CXCR4 crystal structure and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to develop two hypotheses for the activation of the N1193.35A CAM. The N1193.35A mutation facilitates increased coupling of TM helices III and VI. IT1t deactivates the CAM by disrupting the coupling between TM helices III and VI, mediated primarily by residue F872.53. Mutants of F872.53 in N1193.35A CXCR4 precluded constitutive signaling and prevented inverse agonism. This work characterizes CXCR4 ligands and provides a mechanism for N1193.35A constitutive activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Rosenberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Reed E S Harrison
- Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - Lun Kelvin Tsou
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Natalie Drucker
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Brock Humphries
- University of Michigan Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School and College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Deepa Rajasekaran
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Kathryn E Luker
- University of Michigan Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School and College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chien-Huang Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jen-Shin Song
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chuan-Jen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - James W Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yung-Chi Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Kak-Shan Shia
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Gary D Luker
- University of Michigan Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School and College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dimitrios Morikis
- Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - Elias J Lolis
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jørgensen AS, Adogamhe PE, Laufer JM, Legler DF, Veldkamp CT, Rosenkilde MM, Hjortø GM. CCL19 with CCL21-tail displays enhanced glycosaminoglycan binding with retained chemotactic potency in dendritic cells. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:401-411. [PMID: 29768676 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2vma0118-008r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CCL19 is more potent than CCL21 in inducing chemotaxis of human dendritic cells (DC). This difference is attributed to 1) a stronger interaction of the basic C-terminal tail of CCL21 with acidic glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the environment and 2) an autoinhibitory function of this C-terminal tail. Moreover, different receptor docking modes and tissue expression patterns of CCL19 and CCL21 contribute to fine-tuned control of CCR7 signaling. Here, we investigate the effect of the tail of CCL21 on chemokine binding to GAGs and on CCR7 activation. We show that transfer of CCL21-tail to CCL19 (CCL19CCL21-tail ) markedly increases binding of CCL19 to human dendritic cell surfaces, without impairing CCL19-induced intracellular calcium release or DC chemotaxis, although it causes reduced CCR7 internalization. The more potent chemotaxis induced by CCL19 and CCL19CCL21-tail compared to CCL21 is not transferred to CCL21 by replacing its N-terminus with that of CCL19 (CCL21CCL19-N-term ). Measurements of cAMP production in CHO cells uncover that CCL21-tail transfer (CCL19CCL21-tail ) negatively affects CCL19 potency, whereas removal of CCL21-tail (CCL21tailless ) increases signaling compared to full-length CCL21, indicating that the tail negatively affects signaling via cAMP. Similar to chemokine-driven calcium mobilization and chemotaxis, the potency of CCL21 in cAMP is not improved by transfer of the CCL19 N-terminus to CCL21 (CCL21CCL19-N-term ). Together these results indicate that ligands containing CCL21 core and C-terminal tail (CCL21 and CCL21CCL19-N-term ) are most restricted in their cAMP signaling; a phenotype attributed to a stronger GAG binding of CCL21 and defined structural differences between CCL19 and CCL21.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid S Jørgensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pontian E Adogamhe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Julia M Laufer
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg), at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg), at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | | | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gertrud M Hjortø
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jørgensen AS, Rosenkilde MM, Hjortø GM. Biased signaling of G protein-coupled receptors - From a chemokine receptor CCR7 perspective. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 258:4-14. [PMID: 28694053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) and their associated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) work in a concerted manner to govern immune cell positioning in time and space. Promiscuity of both ligands and receptors, but also biased signaling within the chemokine system, adds to the complexity of how the cell-based immune system is controlled. Bias comes in three forms; ligand-, receptor- and tissue-bias. Biased signaling is increasingly being recognized as playing an important role in contributing to the fine-tuned coordination of immune cell chemotaxis. In the current review we discuss the recent findings related to ligand- and tissue-biased signaling of CCR7 and summarize what is known about bias at other chemokine receptors. CCR7 is expressed by a subset of T-cells and by mature dendritic cells (DCs). Together with its two endogenous ligands CCL19 and CCL21, of which the carboxy terminal tail of CCL21 displays an extraordinarily strong glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding, CCR7 plays a central role in coordinating the meeting between mature antigen presenting DCs and naïve T-cells which normally takes place in the lymph nodes (LNs). This process is a prerequisite for the initiation of an antigen-specific T-cell mediated immune response. Thus CCR7 and its ligands are key players in initiating cell-based immune responses. CCL19 and CCL21 display differential interaction- and docking-modes for CCR7 leading to stabilization of different CCR7 conformations and hereby preferential activation of distinct intracellular signaling pathways (i.e. ligand bias). In general CCL19 seems to generate a strong temporal signal, whereas CCL21 generates a weaker, but more persistent signal. Tissue differential expression of these two ligands, and the generation of a third ligand "tailless-CCL21", through DC specific protease activity (tissue bias), orchestrates DC and T-cell LN homing and priming, with each ligand serving overlapping, but also distinct roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Sissel Jørgensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gertrud M Hjortø
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Madariaga-Mazón A, Marmolejo-Valencia AF, Li Y, Toll L, Houghten RA, Martinez-Mayorga K. Mu-Opioid receptor biased ligands: A safer and painless discovery of analgesics? Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1719-1729. [PMID: 28743488 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biased activation of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is shifting drug discovery efforts and appears promising for the development of safer drugs. The most effective analgesics to treat acute pain are agonists of the μ opioid receptor (μ-OR), a member of the GPCR superfamily. However, the analgesic use of opioid drugs, such as morphine, is hindered by adverse effects. Only a few μ-OR agonists have been reported to selectively activate the Gi over β-arrestin signaling pathway, resulting in lower gastrointestinal dysfunction and respiratory suppression. Here, we discuss the strategies that led to the development of biased μ-OR agonists, and potential areas for improvement, with an emphasis on structural aspects of the ligand-receptor recognition process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Madariaga-Mazón
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Andrés F Marmolejo-Valencia
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Yangmei Li
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Pkwy, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Lawrence Toll
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Pkwy, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Richard A Houghten
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Pkwy, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Karina Martinez-Mayorga
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Conformational heterogeneity in CCR7 undergoes transitions to specific states upon ligand binding. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 74:352-358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
12
|
Gaieb Z, Morikis D. Detection of Side Chain Rearrangements Mediating the Motions of Transmembrane Helices in Molecular Dynamics Simulations of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2017; 15:131-137. [PMID: 28149485 PMCID: PMC5271675 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Structure and dynamics are essential elements of protein function. Protein structure is constantly fluctuating and undergoing conformational changes, which are captured by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We introduce a computational framework that provides a compact representation of the dynamic conformational space of biomolecular simulations. This method presents a systematic approach designed to reduce the large MD simulation spatiotemporal datasets into a manageable set in order to guide our understanding of how protein mechanics emerge from side chain organization and dynamic reorganization. We focus on the detection of side chain interactions that undergo rearrangements mediating global domain motions and vice versa. Side chain rearrangements are extracted from side chain interactions that undergo well-defined abrupt and persistent changes in distance time series using Gaussian mixture models, whereas global domain motions are detected using dynamic cross-correlation. Both side chain rearrangements and global domain motions represent the dynamic components of the protein MD simulation, and are both mapped into a network where they are connected based on their degree of coupling. This method allows for the study of allosteric communication in proteins by mapping out the protein dynamics into an intramolecular network to reduce the large simulation data into a manageable set of communities composed of coupled side chain rearrangements and global domain motions. This computational framework is suitable for the study of tightly packed proteins, such as G protein-coupled receptors, and we present an application on a seven microseconds MD trajectory of CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) bound to its ligand CCL21.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zied Gaieb
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA
| | - Dimitrios Morikis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Siuda ER, Carr R, Rominger DH, Violin JD. Biased mu-opioid receptor ligands: a promising new generation of pain therapeutics. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 32:77-84. [PMID: 27936408 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Opioid chemistry and biology occupy a pivotal place in the history of pharmacology and medicine. Morphine offers unmatched efficacy in alleviating acute pain, but is also associated with a host of adverse side effects. The advent of biased agonism at G protein-coupled receptors has expanded our understanding of intracellular signaling and highlighted the concept that certain ligands are able to differentially modulate downstream pathways. The ability to target one pathway over another has allowed for the development of biased ligands with robust clinical efficacy and fewer adverse events. In this review we summarize these concepts with an emphasis on biased mu opioid receptor pharmacology and highlight how far opioid pharmacology has evolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Siuda
- Trevena Inc., 1018 West 8th Avenue, Suite A, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Richard Carr
- Trevena Inc., 1018 West 8th Avenue, Suite A, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - David H Rominger
- Trevena Inc., 1018 West 8th Avenue, Suite A, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Jonathan D Violin
- Trevena Inc., 1018 West 8th Avenue, Suite A, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
| |
Collapse
|