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Liu F, Kou Q, Li H, Cao Y, Chen M, Meng X, Zhang Y, Wang T, Wang H, Zhang D, Yang Y. Discovery of YFJ-36: Design, Synthesis, and Antibacterial Activities of Catechol-Conjugated β-Lactams against Gram-Negative Bacteria. J Med Chem 2024; 67:6705-6725. [PMID: 38596897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Cefiderocol is the first approved catechol-conjugated cephalosporin against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, while its application was limited by poor chemical stability associated with the pyrrolidinium linker, moderate potency against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii, intricate procedures for salt preparation, and potential hypersensitivity. To address these issues, a series of novel catechol-conjugated derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated. Extensive structure-activity relationships and structure-metabolism relationships (SMR) were conducted, leading to the discovery of a promising compound 86b (Code no. YFJ-36) with a new thioether linker. 86b exhibited superior and broad-spectrum in vitro antibacterial activity, especially against A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae, compared with cefiderocol. Potent in vivo efficacy was observed in a murine systemic infection model. Furthermore, the physicochemical stability of 86b in fluid medium at pH 6-8 was enhanced. 86b also reduced potential the risk of allergy owing to the quaternary ammonium linker. The improved properties of 86b supported its further research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qunhuan Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yangzhi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yinyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Sichuan Primed Bio-Tech Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yushe Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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Jelisejevs D, Bula AL, Kinena L. Pyrazolidinone-based peptidomimetic SARS-CoV-2 M pro inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 96:129530. [PMID: 37866713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 is an attractive drug target for COVID-19 treatment as it plays an integral role in the proliferation of coronavirus. Herein, we describe the investigation of β- and γ-lactams as electrophilic "warheads" for covalent binding to Cys145 of the Mpro active site. The highest inhibitory activity (IC50 = 45 ± 3 μM) was achieved using a pyrazolidinone warhead attached to the targeting dipeptide. Importantly, the synergy of the warhead and the targeting dipeptide is crucial for the successful inhibition of Mpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniels Jelisejevs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Anna Lina Bula
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Linda Kinena
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia.
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3
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Hujer AM, Marshall SH, Mack AR, Hujer KM, Bakthavatchalam YD, Umarkar K, Palwe SR, Takalkar S, Joshi PR, Shrivastava R, Periasamy H, Bhagwat SS, Patel MV, Veeraraghavan B, Bonomo RA. Transcending the challenge of evolving resistance mechanisms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa through β-lactam-enhancer-mechanism-based cefepime/zidebactam. mBio 2023; 14:e0111823. [PMID: 37889005 PMCID: PMC10746216 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01118-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa harbor a complex array of β-lactamases and non-enzymatic resistance mechanisms. In this study, the activity of a β-lactam/β-lactam-enhancer, cefepime/zidebactam, and novel β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations was determined against an MDR phenotype-enriched, challenge panel of P. aeruginosa (n = 108). Isolates were multi-clonal as they belonged to at least 29 distinct sequence types (STs) and harbored metallo-β-lactamases, serine β-lactamases, penicillin binding protein (PBP) mutations, and other non-enzymatic resistance mechanisms. Ceftazidime/avibactam, ceftolozane/tazobactam, imipenem/relebactam, and cefepime/taniborbactam demonstrated MIC90s of >128 mg/L, while cefepime/zidebactam MIC90 was 16 mg/L. In a neutropenic-murine lung infection model, a cefepime/zidebactam human epithelial-lining fluid-simulated regimen achieved or exceeded a translational end point of 1-log10 kill for the isolates with elevated cefepime/zidebactam MICs (16-32 mg/L), harboring VIM-2 or KPC-2 and alterations in PBP2 and PBP3. In the same model, to assess the impact of zidebactam on the pharmacodynamic (PD) requirement of cefepime, dose-fractionation studies were undertaken employing cefepime-susceptible P. aeruginosa isolates. Administered alone, cefepime required 47%-68% fT >MIC for stasis to ~1 log10 kill effect, while cefepime in the presence of zidebactam required just 8%-16% for >2 log10 kill effect, thus, providing the pharmacokinetic/PD basis for in vivo efficacy of cefepime/zidebactam against isolates with MICs up to 32 mg/L. Unlike β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors, β-lactam enhancer mechanism-based cefepime/zidebactam shows a potential to transcend the challenge of ever-evolving resistance mechanisms by targeting multiple PBPs and overcoming diverse β-lactamases including carbapenemases in P. aeruginosa.IMPORTANCECompared to other genera of Gram-negative pathogens, Pseudomonas is adept in acquiring complex non-enzymatic and enzymatic resistance mechanisms thus remaining a challenge to even novel antibiotics including recently developed β-lactam and β-lactamase inhibitor combinations. This study shows that the novel β-lactam enhancer approach enables cefepime/zidebactam to overcome both non-enzymatic and enzymatic resistance mechanisms associated with a challenging panel of P. aeruginosa. This study highlights that the β-lactam enhancer mechanism is a promising alternative to the conventional β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor approach in combating ever-evolving MDR P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Hujer
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Steven H. Marshall
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew R. Mack
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kristine M. Hujer
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Kushal Umarkar
- Wockhardt Research Centre, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Balaji Veeraraghavan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Robert A. Bonomo
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Departments of Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, and the CWRU-Cleveland VAMC Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Epidemiology (Case VA CARES), Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Bertonha AF, Silva CCL, Shirakawa KT, Trindade DM, Dessen A. Penicillin-binding protein (PBP) inhibitor development: A 10-year chemical perspective. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:1657-1670. [PMID: 38030964 PMCID: PMC10723023 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231208407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cell wall formation is essential for cellular survival and morphogenesis. The peptidoglycan (PG), a heteropolymer that surrounds the bacterial membrane, is a key component of the cell wall, and its multistep biosynthetic process is an attractive antibacterial development target. Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) are responsible for cross-linking PG stem peptides, and their central role in bacterial cell wall synthesis has made them the target of successful antibiotics, including β-lactams, that have been used worldwide for decades. Following the discovery of penicillin, several other compounds with antibiotic activity have been discovered and, since then, have saved millions of lives. However, since pathogens inevitably become resistant to antibiotics, the search for new active compounds is continuous. The present review highlights the ongoing development of inhibitors acting mainly in the transpeptidase domain of PBPs with potential therapeutic applications for the development of new antibiotic agents. Both the critical aspects of the strategy, design, and structure-activity relationships (SAR) are discussed, covering the main published articles over the last 10 years. Some of the molecules described display activities against main bacterial pathogens and could open avenues toward the development of new, efficient antibacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane F Bertonha
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), CNPEM, Campinas 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Caio C L Silva
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), CNPEM, Campinas 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Karina T Shirakawa
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), CNPEM, Campinas 13084-971, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Daniel M Trindade
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), CNPEM, Campinas 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Andréa Dessen
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), CNPEM, Campinas 13084-971, Brazil
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), F-38044 Grenoble, France
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5
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Rayner B, Verderosa AD, Ferro V, Blaskovich MAT. Siderophore conjugates to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:800-822. [PMID: 37252105 PMCID: PMC10211321 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00465h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to society due to the increasing emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria that are not susceptible to our last line of defence antibiotics. Exacerbating this issue is a severe gap in antibiotic development, with no new clinically relevant classes of antibiotics developed in the last two decades. The combination of the rapidly increasing emergence of resistance and scarcity of new antibiotics in the clinical pipeline means there is an urgent need for new efficacious treatment strategies. One promising solution, known as the 'Trojan horse' approach, hijacks the iron transport system of bacteria to deliver antibiotics directly into cells - effectively tricking bacteria into killing themselves. This transport system uses natively produced siderophores, which are small molecules with a high affinity for iron. By linking antibiotics to siderophores, to make siderophore antibiotic conjugates, the activity of existing antibiotics can potentially be reinvigorated. The success of this strategy was recently exemplified with the clinical release of cefiderocol, a cephalosporin-siderophore conjugate with potent antibacterial activity against carbapenem-resistant and multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacilli. This review discusses the recent advancements in siderophore antibiotic conjugates and the challenges associated with the design of these compounds that need to be overcome to deliver more efficacious therapeutics. Potential strategies have also been suggested for new generations of siderophore-antibiotics with enhanced activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Rayner
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Anthony D Verderosa
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Vito Ferro
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland Australia
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland Australia
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6
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Rodríguez D, González-Bello C. Siderophores: Chemical Tools for Precise Antibiotic Delivery. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 87:129282. [PMID: 37031730 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
The success of precision medicine coupled with the disappointing impact of broad-spectrum antibiotic use on microbiome stability and bacterial resistance, has triggered a shift in antibiotic design strategies toward precision antibiotics. This also includes the implementation of novel vectorization approaches directed to improve the internalization of antibacterial agents into deadly gram-negative pathogens through precise and well-defined mechanisms. The conjugation of antibiotics to siderophores (iron scavengers), which are compounds that are able to afford stable iron-complexes that facilitate the internalization into the cell by using bacterial iron uptake pathways as gateways, is a strategy that has begun to show excellent results with the commercialization of the first antibiotic based on this principle, cefiderocol. This digests review provides an overview of the molecular basis for this antibiotic-siderophore conjugation approach, along with recent successful examples and highlights future challenges facing this booming research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rodríguez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Concepción González-Bello
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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7
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Matsuoka J, Fujimoto Y, Miyawaki A, Yamamoto Y. Phosphazene Base-Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroamidation of Alkenes with Amides. Org Lett 2022; 24:9447-9451. [PMID: 36534049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A method for the synthesis of cyclic amides via phosphazene base-catalyzed intramolecular hydroamidation of amide alkenes was developed. The reaction using a catalytic amount of P4-base had a good functional group tolerance and a broad substrate scope and could also be used to synthesize lactam, cyclic urea, and oxazolidinone compounds. This catalytic system was expanded to a one-pot intramolecular hydroamidation and intermolecular hydroalkylation. Deuterium labeling and radical trapping experiments provided mechanistic insights into the catalytic cycle of the hydroamidation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Matsuoka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kodo, Kyotanabe 610-0395, Japan
| | - Yumika Fujimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kodo, Kyotanabe 610-0395, Japan
| | - Akari Miyawaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kodo, Kyotanabe 610-0395, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kodo, Kyotanabe 610-0395, Japan
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8
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Nazli A, He DL, Liao D, Khan MZI, Huang C, He Y. Strategies and progresses for enhancing targeted antibiotic delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 189:114502. [PMID: 35998828 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global health issue and a potential risk for society. Antibiotics administered through conventional formulations are devoid of targeting effect and often spread to various undesired body sites, leading to sub-lethal concentrations at the site of action and thus resulting in emergence of resistance, as well as side effects. Moreover, we have a very slim antibiotic pipeline. Drug-delivery systems have been designed to control the rate, time, and site of drug release, and innovative approaches for antibiotic delivery provide a glint of hope for addressing these issues. This review elaborates different delivery strategies and approaches employed to overcome the limitations of conventional antibiotic therapy. These include antibiotic conjugates, prodrugs, and nanocarriers for local and targeted antibiotic release. In addition, a wide range of stimuli-responsive nanocarriers and biological carriers for targeted antibiotic delivery are discussed. The potential advantages and limitations of targeted antibiotic delivery strategies are described along with possible solutions to avoid these limitations. A number of antibiotics successfully delivered through these approaches with attained outcomes and potentials are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adila Nazli
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - David L He
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Dandan Liao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | | | - Chao Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, PR China.
| | - Yun He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, PR China.
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Osipov DV, Korzhenko KS, Rashchepkina DA, Artemenko AA, Demidov OP, Shiryaev VA, Osyanin VA. Catalyst-free formal [3 + 2] cycloaddition of stabilized N, N-cyclic azomethine imines to 3-nitrobenzofurans and 3-nitro-4 H-chromenes: access to heteroannulated pyrazolo[1,2- a]pyrazoles. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:10156-10168. [PMID: 34778893 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01377g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the [3 + 2]-cycloaddition of various N,N-cyclic azomethine imines to 3-nitrobenzofurans. This process is a rare example of their dearomatization. We have also extended this process to the related 3-nitro-4H-chromenes as dipolarophiles. Both reactions provide access to benzofuro- and chromeno-condensed pyrazolo[1,2-a]pyrazoles with 100% atom economy in a diastereoselective manner under mild eco-friendly conditions. Finally, on the basis of DFT calculations, the mechanistic insights into the mentioned [3 + 2]-cycloadditions and explanations of the experimentally determined limitations of the method are given. Hirshfeld atomic charge values of push-pull heterocycles were suggested as a criterion for a priori assessment of the possibility of their dipolar cycloaddition with N,N-cyclic azomethine imines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Osipov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemical Technological Faculty, Samara State Technical University, 244 Molodogvardeyskaya St., Samara 443100, Russia.
| | - Kirill S Korzhenko
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemical Technological Faculty, Samara State Technical University, 244 Molodogvardeyskaya St., Samara 443100, Russia.
| | - Daria A Rashchepkina
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemical Technological Faculty, Samara State Technical University, 244 Molodogvardeyskaya St., Samara 443100, Russia.
| | - Alina A Artemenko
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemical Technological Faculty, Samara State Technical University, 244 Molodogvardeyskaya St., Samara 443100, Russia.
| | - Oleg P Demidov
- Department of Chemistry, North Caucasus Federal University, 1 Pushkin St., Stavropol 355009, Russia
| | - Vadim A Shiryaev
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemical Technological Faculty, Samara State Technical University, 244 Molodogvardeyskaya St., Samara 443100, Russia.
| | - Vitaly A Osyanin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemical Technological Faculty, Samara State Technical University, 244 Molodogvardeyskaya St., Samara 443100, Russia.
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10
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Kumar V, Viviani SL, Ismail J, Agarwal S, Bonomo RA, van den Akker F. Structural analysis of the boronic acid β-lactamase inhibitor vaborbactam binding to Pseudomonas aeruginosa penicillin-binding protein 3. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258359. [PMID: 34653211 PMCID: PMC8519428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) mediated by β-lactamases is the major and leading cause of resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins among Gram-negative bacteria. β-Lactamases, periplasmic enzymes that are widely distributed in the bacterial world, protect penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), the major cell wall synthesizing enzymes, from inactivation by β-lactam antibiotics. Developing novel PBP inhibitors with a non-β-lactam scaffold could potentially evade this resistance mechanism. Based on the structural similarities between the evolutionary related serine β-lactamases and PBPs, we investigated whether the potent β-lactamase inhibitor, vaborbactam, could also form an acyl-enzyme complex with Pseudomonas aeruginosa PBP3. We found that this cyclic boronate, vaborbactam, inhibited PBP3 (IC50 of 262 μM), and its binding to PBP3 increased the protein thermal stability by about 2°C. Crystallographic analysis of the PBP3:vaborbactam complex reveals that vaborbactam forms a covalent bond with the catalytic S294. The amide moiety of vaborbactam hydrogen bonds with N351 and the backbone oxygen of T487. The carboxyl group of vaborbactam hydrogen bonds with T487, S485, and S349. The thiophene ring and cyclic boronate ring of vaborbactam form hydrophobic interactions, including with V333 and Y503. The active site of the vaborbactam-bound PBP3 harbors the often observed ligand-induced formation of the aromatic wall and hydrophobic bridge, yet the residues involved in this wall and bridge display much higher temperature factors compared to PBP3 structures bound to high-affinity β-lactams. These insights could form the basis for developing more potent novel cyclic boronate-based PBP inhibitors to inhibit these targets and overcome β-lactamases-mediated resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Samantha L. Viviani
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jeeda Ismail
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Shreya Agarwal
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Bonomo
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center Research Service, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- VA Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Epidemiology (Case VA CARES), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Focco van den Akker
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mallik S, Bhajammanavar V, Baidya M. Regioselective Nitrosocarbonyl Aldol Reaction of Deconjugated Butyrolactams: Synthesis of γ‐Heterosubstituted α,β‐Unsaturated γ‐Lactams. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumitava Mallik
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 6000036 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Vinod Bhajammanavar
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 6000036 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Mahiuddin Baidya
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 6000036 Tamil Nadu India
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12
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A γ-lactam siderophore antibiotic effective against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter spp. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 220:113436. [PMID: 33933754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Serious infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii) present a critical need for innovative drug development. Herein, we describe the preclinical evaluation of YU253911, 2, a novel γ-lactam siderophore antibiotic with potent antimicrobial activity against MDR Gram-negative pathogens. Penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 3 was shown to be a target of 2 using a binding assay with purified P. aeruginosa PBP3. The specific binding interactions with P. aeruginosa were further characterized with a high-resolution (2.0 Å) X-ray structure of the compound's acylation product in P. aeruginosa PBP3. Compound 2 was shown to have a concentration >1 μg/ml at the 6 h time point when administered intravenously or subcutaneously in mice. Employing a meropenem resistant strain of P. aeruginosa, 2 was shown to have dose-dependent efficacy at 50 and 100 mg/kg q6h dosing in a mouse thigh infection model. Lastly, we showed that a novel γ-lactam and β-lactamase inhibitor (BLI) combination can effectively lower minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter spp. that demonstrated decreased susceptibility to 2 alone.
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Hofmann L, Hirsch M, Ruthstein S. Advances in Understanding of the Copper Homeostasis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2050. [PMID: 33669570 PMCID: PMC7922089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-five thousand people die as a result of more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections in the United States of America per year. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is classified a serious threat, the second-highest threat category of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Among others, the World Health Organization (WHO) encourages the discovery and development of novel antibiotic classes with new targets and mechanisms of action without cross-resistance to existing classes. To find potential new target sites in pathogenic bacteria, such as P. aeruginosa, it is inevitable to fully understand the molecular mechanism of homeostasis, metabolism, regulation, growth, and resistances thereof. P. aeruginosa maintains a sophisticated copper defense cascade comprising three stages, resembling those of public safety organizations. These stages include copper scavenging, first responder, and second responder. Similar mechanisms are found in numerous pathogens. Here we compare the copper-dependent transcription regulators cueR and copRS of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and P. aeruginosa. Further, phylogenetic analysis and structural modelling of mexPQ-opmE reveal that this efflux pump is unlikely to be involved in the copper export of P. aeruginosa. Altogether, we present current understandings of the copper homeostasis in P. aeruginosa and potential new target sites for antimicrobial agents or a combinatorial drug regimen in the fight against multidrug resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sharon Ruthstein
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials & Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; (L.H.); (M.H.)
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Structural Characterization of Diazabicyclooctane β-Lactam "Enhancers" in Complex with Penicillin-Binding Proteins PBP2 and PBP3 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.03058-20. [PMID: 33593978 PMCID: PMC8545096 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03058-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens pose a significant public health threat. A major mechanism of resistance expressed by MDR pathogens is β-lactamase-mediated degradation of β-lactam antibiotics. The diazabicyclooctane (DBO) compounds zidebactam and WCK 5153, recognized as β-lactam “enhancers” due to inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2), are also class A and C β-lactamase inhibitors. To structurally probe their mode of PBP2 inhibition as well as investigate why P. aeruginosa PBP2 is less susceptible to inhibition by β-lactam antibiotics compared to the Escherichia coli PBP2, we determined the crystal structure of P. aeruginosa PBP2 in complex with WCK 5153. WCK 5153 forms an inhibitory covalent bond with the catalytic S327 of PBP2. The structure suggests a significant role for the diacylhydrazide moiety of WCK 5153 in interacting with the aspartate in the S-X-N/D PBP motif. Modeling of zidebactam in the active site of PBP2 reveals a similar binding mode. Both DBOs increase the melting temperature of PBP2, affirming their stabilizing interactions. To aid in the design of DBOs that can inhibit multiple PBPs, the ability of three DBOs to interact with P. aeruginosa PBP3 was explored crystallographically. Even though the DBOs show covalent binding to PBP3, they destabilized PBP3. Overall, the studies provide insights into zidebactam and WCK 5153 inhibition of PBP2 compared to their inhibition of PBP3 and the evolutionarily related KPC-2 β-lactamase. These molecular insights into the dual-target DBOs advance our knowledge regarding further DBO optimization efforts to develop novel potent β-lactamase-resistant, non-β-lactam PBP inhibitors.
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15
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Fan D, Fang Q. Siderophores for medical applications: Imaging, sensors, and therapeutics. Int J Pharm 2021; 597:120306. [PMID: 33540031 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Siderophores are low-molecular-weight chelators produced by microorganisms to scavenge iron from the environment and deliver it to cells via specific receptors. Tremendous researches on the molecular basis of siderophore regulation, synthesis, secretion, and uptake have inspired their diverse applications in the medical field. Replacing iron with radionuclides in siderophores, such as the most prominent Ga-68 for positron emission tomography (PET), carves out ways for targeted imaging of infectious diseases and cancers. Additionally, the high affinity of siderophores for metal ions or microorganisms makes them a potent detecting moiety in sensors that can be used for diagnosis. As for therapeutics, the notable Trojan horse-inspired siderophore-antibiotic conjugates demonstrate enhanced toxicity against multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens. Besides, siderophores can tackle iron overload diseases and, when combined with moieties such as hydrogels and nanoparticles, a wide spectrum of iron-induced diseases and even cancers. In this review, we briefly outline the related mechanisms, before summarizing the siderophore-based applications in imaging, sensors, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Fan
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Qiaojun Fang
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China; Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing 101408, PR China.
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Southwell JW, Black CM, Duhme-Klair AK. Experimental Methods for Evaluating the Bacterial Uptake of Trojan Horse Antibacterials. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:1063-1076. [PMID: 33238066 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The field of antibacterial siderophore conjugates, referred to as Trojan Horse antibacterials, has received increasing attention in recent years, driven by the rise of antimicrobial resistance. Trojan Horse antibacterials offer an opportunity to exploit the specific pathways present in bacteria for active iron uptake, potentially allowing the drugs to bypass membrane-associated resistance mechanisms. Hence, the Trojan Horse approach might enable the redesigning of old antibiotics and the development of antibacterials that target specific pathogens. Critical parts of evaluating such Trojan Horse antibacterials and improving their design are the quantification of their bacterial uptake and the identification of the pathways by which this occurs. In this minireview, we highlight a selection of the biological and chemical methods used to study the uptake of Trojan Horse antibacterials, exemplified with case studies, some of which have led to drug candidates in clinical development or approved antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Southwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Conor M Black
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
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Members of our Early Career Panel highlight key research articles on the theme of antimicrobial resistance. FUTURE DRUG DISCOVERY 2020. [DOI: 10.4155/fdd-2020-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Gütschow M, Vanden Eynde JJ, Jampilek J, Kang C, Mangoni AA, Fossa P, Karaman R, Trabocchi A, Scott PJH, Reynisson J, Rapposelli S, Galdiero S, Winum JY, Brullo C, Prokai-Tatrai K, Sharma AK, Schapira M, Azuma YT, Cerchia L, Spetea M, Torri G, Collina S, Geronikaki A, García-Sosa AT, Vasconcelos MH, Sousa ME, Kosalec I, Tuccinardi T, Duarte IF, Salvador JAR, Bertinaria M, Pellecchia M, Amato J, Rastelli G, Gomes PAC, Guedes RC, Sabatier JM, Estévez-Braun A, Pagano B, Mangani S, Ragno R, Kokotos G, Brindisi M, González FV, Borges F, Miloso M, Rautio J, Muñoz-Torrero D. Breakthroughs in Medicinal Chemistry: New Targets and Mechanisms, New Drugs, New Hopes-7. Molecules 2020; 25:E2968. [PMID: 32605268 PMCID: PMC7412072 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25132968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breakthroughs in Medicinal Chemistry [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Jean Jacques Vanden Eynde
- Formerly head of the Department of Organic Chemistry (FS), University of Mons-UMONS, 7000 Mons, Belgium;
| | - Josef Jampilek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - CongBao Kang
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 10 Biopolis Road, Chromos, 05-01, Singapore 138670, Singapore;
| | - Arduino A. Mangoni
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, Australia;
- Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Paola Fossa
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Rafik Karaman
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 20002, Palestine;
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Viadell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Trabocchi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy;
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Jóhannes Reynisson
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Simona Rapposelli
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Research Centre of Ageing Biology and Pathology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefania Galdiero
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy; (S.G.); (J.A.); (B.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Jean-Yves Winum
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 05, 34296 Montpellier, France;
| | - Chiara Brullo
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 3, I-16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Katalin Prokai-Tatrai
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA;
| | - Arun K. Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, CH72, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Matthieu Schapira
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College St., Suite 700, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Yasu-Taka Azuma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Division of Veterinary Science, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, 1-58 Rinku-ohraikita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan;
| | - Laura Cerchia
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “G. Salvatore” (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Mariana Spetea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Giangiacomo Torri
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche “G. Ronzoni”, via Giuseppe Colombo 81, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Simona Collina
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Athina Geronikaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | | | - M. Helena Vasconcelos
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group-IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biological Sciences, FFUP-Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Emília Sousa
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências, Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ivan Kosalec
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Iola F. Duarte
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Jorge A. R. Salvador
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Massimo Bertinaria
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Pellecchia
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Jussara Amato
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy; (S.G.); (J.A.); (B.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Giulio Rastelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Paula A. C. Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Rita C. Guedes
- iMed.Ulisboa and Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Jean-Marc Sabatier
- Institute of NeuroPhysiopathology, UMR 7051, Faculté de Médecine Secteur Nord, 51, Boulevard Pierre Dramard-CS80011, CEDEX 15, 13344-Marseille, France;
| | - Ana Estévez-Braun
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Bruno Pagano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy; (S.G.); (J.A.); (B.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Stefano Mangani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Rino Ragno
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Rome Center for Molecular Design, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens, Greece;
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy; (S.G.); (J.A.); (B.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Florenci V. González
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat Jaume I, 12080 Castelló, Spain;
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 1021/1055, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Mariarosaria Miloso
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Experimental Neurology Unit, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, MB, Italy;
| | - Jarkko Rautio
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Diego Muñoz-Torrero
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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