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Mezeiova E, Prchal L, Hrabinova M, Muckova L, Pulkrabkova L, Soukup O, Misiachna A, Janousek J, Fibigar J, Kucera T, Horak M, Makhaeva GF, Korabecny J. Morphing cholinesterase inhibitor amiridine into multipotent drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116399. [PMID: 38492439 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The search for novel drugs to address the medical needs of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an ongoing process relying on the discovery of disease-modifying agents. Given the complexity of the disease, such an aim can be pursued by developing so-called multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs) that will impact the disease pathophysiology more comprehensively. Herewith, we contemplated the therapeutic efficacy of an amiridine drug acting as a cholinesterase inhibitor by converting it into a novel class of novel MTDLs. Applying the linking approach, we have paired amiridine as a core building block with memantine/adamantylamine, trolox, and substituted benzothiazole moieties to generate novel MTDLs endowed with additional properties like N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor affinity, antioxidant capacity, and anti-amyloid properties, respectively. The top-ranked amiridine-based compound 5d was also inspected by in silico to reveal the butyrylcholinesterase binding differences with its close structural analogue 5b. Our study provides insight into the discovery of novel amiridine-based drugs by broadening their target-engaged profile from cholinesterase inhibitors towards MTDLs with potential implications in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mezeiova
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Prchal
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hrabinova
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic; University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove 500 01, Czech Republic
| | - Lubica Muckova
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic; University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove 500 01, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Pulkrabkova
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic; University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove 500 01, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic; University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove 500 01, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Misiachna
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Neurochemistry, Videnska 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic; Charles University in Prague, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Albertov 6, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Janousek
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Fibigar
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove 500 01, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kucera
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove 500 01, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Horak
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Neurochemistry, Videnska 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic.
| | - Galina F Makhaeva
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Severny proezd 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia.
| | - Jan Korabecny
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic; University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove 500 01, Czech Republic.
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Wang N, Jia W, Wang J, Yang Z, Liu Y, Huang D, Mei X, Xiong X, Shi J, Tang Y, Chen G, Di D, Hou Y, Liu Y. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel donepezil-tacrine hybrids as multi-functional agents with low neurotoxicity against Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:107010. [PMID: 38056387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.107010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive memory loss and deficits in cognitive domains. Low choline levels, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation are the primary mechanisms implicated in AD progression. Simultaneous inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by a single molecule may provide a new breath of hope for AD treatment. Here, we describe donepezil-tacrine hybrids as inhibitors of AChE and ROS. Four series of derivatives with a β-amino alcohol linker were designed and synthesized. In this study, the target compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in vitro, using tacrine (hAChE, IC50 = 305.78 nM; hBuChE, IC50 = 56.72 nM) and donepezil (hAChE, IC50 = 89.32 nM; hBuChE, IC50 = 9137.16 nM) as positive controls. Compound B19 exhibited an excellent and balanced inhibitory potency against AChE (IC50 = 30.68 nM) and BuChE (IC50 = 124.57 nM). The cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that the PC12 cell viability rates of compound B19 (84.37 %) were close to that of tacrine (87.73 %) and donepezil (79.71 %). Potential therapeutic effects in AD were evaluated using the neuroprotective effect of compounds against H2O2-induced toxicity, and compound B19 (68.77 %) exhibited substantially neuroprotective activity at the concentration of 25 μM, compared with the model group (30.34 %). Furthermore, compound B19 protected PC12 cells from H2O2-induced apoptosis and ROS production. These properties of compound B19 suggested that it was a multi-functional agent with AChE inhibition, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory activities, and low toxicity and that it deserves further investigation as a promising agent for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Wenlong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Junqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Zejun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Yaoyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Dehua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Xiaohan Mei
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Xinxin Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Jing Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Yadong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Guang Chen
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Donghua Di
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Yunlei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
| | - Yajing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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Huang ST, Luo JC, Zhong GH, Teng LP, Yang CY, Tang CL, Jing L, Zhou ZB, Liu J, Jiang N. In vitro and in vivo Biological Evaluation of Newly Tacrine-Selegiline Hybrids as Multi-Target Inhibitors of Cholinesterases and Monoamine Oxidases for Alzheimer's Disease. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:133-159. [PMID: 38283137 PMCID: PMC10822116 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s432170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, and its multifactorial nature increases the difficulty of medical research. To explore an effective treatment for AD, a series of novel tacrine-selegiline hybrids with ChEs and MAOs inhibitory activities were designed and synthesized as multifunctional drugs. Methods All designed compounds were evaluated in vitro for their inhibition of cholinesterases (AChE/BuChE) and monoamine oxidases (MAO-A/B) along with their blood-brain barrier permeability. Then, further biological activities of the optimizing compound 7d were determined, including molecular model analysis, in vitro cytotoxicity, acute toxicity studies in vivo, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic property studies in vivo. Results Most synthesized compounds demonstrated potent inhibitory activity against ChEs/MAOs. Particularly, compound 7d exhibited good and well-balanced activity against ChEs (hAChE: IC50 = 1.57 μM, hBuChE: IC50 = 0.43 μM) and MAOs (hMAO-A: IC50 = 2.30 μM, hMAO-B: IC50 = 4.75 μM). Molecular modeling analysis demonstrated that 7d could interact simultaneously with both the catalytic active site (CAS) and peripheral anionic site (PAS) of AChE in a mixed-type manner and also exhibits binding affinity towards BuChE and MAO-B. Additionally, 7d displayed excellent permeability of the blood-brain barrier, and under the experimental conditions, it elicited low or no toxicity toward PC12 and BV-2 cells. Furthermore, 7d was not acutely toxic in mice at doses up to 2500 mg/kg and could improve the cognitive function of mice with scopolamine-induced memory impairment. Lastly, 7d possessed well pharmacokinetic characteristics. Conclusion In light of these results, it is clear that 7d could potentially serve as a promising multi-functional drug for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Tong Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-Chong Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Hui Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Ping Teng
- School of Pharmacy, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cai-Yan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-Li Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Jing
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Bo Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Neng Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
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Makhaeva GF, Kovaleva NV, Rudakova EV, Boltneva NP, Lushchekina SV, Astakhova TY, Timokhina EN, Serkov IV, Proshin AN, Soldatova YV, Poletaeva DA, Faingold II, Mumyatova VA, Terentiev AA, Radchenko EV, Palyulin VA, Bachurin SO, Richardson RJ. Combining Experimental and Computational Methods to Produce Conjugates of Anticholinesterase and Antioxidant Pharmacophores with Linker Chemistries Affecting Biological Activities Related to Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2024; 29:321. [PMID: 38257233 PMCID: PMC10820264 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Effective therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are in great demand worldwide. In our previous work, we responded to this need by synthesizing novel drug candidates consisting of 4-amino-2,3-polymethylenequinolines conjugated with butylated hydroxytoluene via fixed-length alkylimine or alkylamine linkers (spacers) and studying their bioactivities pertaining to AD treatment. Here, we report significant extensions of these studies, including the use of variable-length spacers and more detailed biological characterizations. Conjugates were potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, the most active was 17d IC50 15.1 ± 0.2 nM) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, the most active was 18d: IC50 5.96 ± 0.58 nM), with weak inhibition of off-target carboxylesterase. Conjugates with alkylamine spacers were more effective cholinesterase inhibitors than alkylimine analogs. Optimal inhibition for AChE was exhibited by cyclohexaquinoline and for BChE by cycloheptaquinoline. Increasing spacer length elevated the potency against both cholinesterases. Structure-activity relationships agreed with docking results. Mixed-type reversible AChE inhibition, dual docking to catalytic and peripheral anionic sites, and propidium iodide displacement suggested the potential of hybrids to block AChE-induced β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation. Hybrids also exhibited the inhibition of Aβ self-aggregation in the thioflavin test; those with a hexaquinoline ring and C8 spacer were the most active. Conjugates demonstrated high antioxidant activity in ABTS and FRAP assays as well as the inhibition of luminol chemiluminescence and lipid peroxidation in mouse brain homogenates. Quantum-chemical calculations explained antioxidant results. Computed ADMET profiles indicated favorable blood-brain barrier permeability, suggesting the CNS activity potential. Thus, the conjugates could be considered promising multifunctional agents for the potential treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina F. Makhaeva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Nadezhda V. Kovaleva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Elena V. Rudakova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Natalia P. Boltneva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Sofya V. Lushchekina
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Tatiana Y. Astakhova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Elena N. Timokhina
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Igor V. Serkov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Alexey N. Proshin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Yuliya V. Soldatova
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (Y.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (I.I.F.); (V.A.M.); (A.A.T.)
| | - Darya A. Poletaeva
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (Y.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (I.I.F.); (V.A.M.); (A.A.T.)
| | - Irina I. Faingold
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (Y.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (I.I.F.); (V.A.M.); (A.A.T.)
| | - Viktoriya A. Mumyatova
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (Y.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (I.I.F.); (V.A.M.); (A.A.T.)
| | - Alexey A. Terentiev
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (Y.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (I.I.F.); (V.A.M.); (A.A.T.)
| | - Eugene V. Radchenko
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Palyulin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey O. Bachurin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Rudy J. Richardson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Center of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Michigan Institute for Computational Discovery and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Nawrot DE, Bouz G, Janďourek O, Konečná K, Paterová P, Bárta P, Novák M, Kučera R, Zemanová J, Forbak M, Korduláková J, Pavliš O, Kubíčková P, Doležal M, Zitko J. Antimycobacterial pyridine carboxamides: From design to in vivo activity. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115617. [PMID: 37423128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the number one killer of infectious diseases caused by a single microbe, namely Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The success rate of curing this infection is decreasing due to emerging antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, novel treatments are urgently needed. As an attempt to develop new antituberculars effective against both drugs-sensitive and drug-resistant Mtb, we report the synthesis of a novel series inspired by combining fragments from the first-line agents isoniazid and pyrazinamide (series I) and isoniazid with the second-line agent 4-aminosalicylic acid (series II). We identified compound 10c from series II with selective, potent in vitro antimycobacterial activity against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant Mtb H37Rv strains with no in vitro or in vivo cytotoxicity. In the murine model of tuberculosis, compound 10c caused a statistically significant decrease in colony-forming units (CFU) in spleen. Despite having a 4-aminosalicylic acid fragment in its structure, biochemical studies showed that compound 10c does not directly affect the folate pathway but rather methionine metabolism. In silico simulations indicated the possibility of binding to mycobacterial methionine-tRNA synthetase. Metabolic study in human liver microsomes revealed that compound 10c does not have any known toxic metabolites and has a half-life of 630 min, overcoming the main drawbacks of isoniazid (toxic metabolites) and 4-aminosalicylic acid (short half-life).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Elżbieta Nawrot
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 50005, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Ghada Bouz
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 50005, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondřej Janďourek
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 50005, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Klára Konečná
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 50005, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavla Paterová
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital, Sokolská 581, 500 05, Hradec, Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Bárta
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 50005, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Novák
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 50005, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolská 581, 50005, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Radim Kučera
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 50005, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Júlia Zemanová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská Dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 84215, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Martin Forbak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská Dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 84215, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Jana Korduláková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská Dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 84215, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Oto Pavliš
- Military Health Institute, Military Medical Agency, Tychonova 1, 160 01, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavla Kubíčková
- Military Health Institute, Military Medical Agency, Tychonova 1, 160 01, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Doležal
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 50005, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Zitko
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 50005, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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6
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Bao LQ, Baecker D, Mai Dung DT, Phuong Nhung N, Thi Thuan N, Nguyen PL, Phuong Dung PT, Huong TTL, Rasulev B, Casanola-Martin GM, Nam NH, Pham-The H. Development of Activity Rules and Chemical Fragment Design for In Silico Discovery of AChE and BACE1 Dual Inhibitors against Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083588. [PMID: 37110831 PMCID: PMC10142303 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-target drug development has become an attractive strategy in the discovery of drugs to treat of Alzheimer's disease (AzD). In this study, for the first time, a rule-based machine learning (ML) approach with classification trees (CT) was applied for the rational design of novel dual-target acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and β-site amyloid-protein precursor cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) inhibitors. Updated data from 3524 compounds with AChE and BACE1 measurements were curated from the ChEMBL database. The best global accuracies of training/external validation for AChE and BACE1 were 0.85/0.80 and 0.83/0.81, respectively. The rules were then applied to screen dual inhibitors from the original databases. Based on the best rules obtained from each classification tree, a set of potential AChE and BACE1 inhibitors were identified, and active fragments were extracted using Murcko-type decomposition analysis. More than 250 novel inhibitors were designed in silico based on active fragments and predicted AChE and BACE1 inhibitory activity using consensus QSAR models and docking validations. The rule-based and ML approach applied in this study may be useful for the in silico design and screening of new AChE and BACE1 dual inhibitors against AzD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Quang Bao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Daniel Baecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 17, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Do Thi Mai Dung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Phuong Nhung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Thuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Phuong Linh Nguyen
- College of Computing & Informatics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Phan Thi Phuong Dung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Tran Thi Lan Huong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Bakhtiyor Rasulev
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | | | - Nguyen-Hai Nam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Hai Pham-The
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
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7
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Novak M, Svobodova B, Konecny J, Kuratkova A, Nevosadova L, Prchal L, Korabecny J, Lauschke VM, Soukup O, Kučera R. UHPLC-Orbitrap study of the first phase tacrine in vitro metabolites and related Alzheimer's drug candidates using human liver microsomes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 224:115154. [PMID: 36442458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Tacrine was the first drug used in the therapy of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is one of the leading structures frequently pursued in the drug discovery of novel candidates for tackling AD. However, because tacrine has been withdrawn from the market due to its hepatotoxicity, ascribed to specific metabolites, concerns are high about the toxicity profile of newly developed compounds related to tacrine. From the point of view of drug safety, the formation of metabolites must be uncovered and analyzed. Bearing in mind that the main culprit of tacrine hepatotoxicity is its biotransformation to hydroxylated metabolites, human liver microsomes were used as a biotransformation model. Our study aims to clarify phase I metabolites of three potentially non-toxic tacrine derivatives (7-methoxytacrine, 6-chlorotacrine, 7-phenoxytacrine) and to semi-quantitatively determine the relative amount of individual metabolites as potential culprits of tacrine-based hepatotoxicity. For this purpose, a new selective UHPLC-Orbitrap method has been developed. Applying UHPLC-Orbitrap method, two as yet unpublished tacrine and 7-methoxytacrine monohydroxylated metabolites have been found and completely characterized, and the separation of ten dihydroxylated tacrine and 7-methoxytacrine metabolites was achieved for the first time. Moreover, the structures of several new metabolites of 7-phenoxytacrine and 6-chlorotacrine have been identified. In addition, the relative amount of these newly observed metabolites was determined. Based on the results and known facts about the toxicity of tacrine metabolites published so far, it appears that 7-phenoxytacrine and 6-chlorotacrine could be substantially less hepatotoxic compared to tacrine, and could potentially pave the way for metabolically safe molecules applicable in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Novak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - B Svobodova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - J Konecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - A Kuratkova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - L Nevosadova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - L Prchal
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - J Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - V M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany; University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - O Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - R Kučera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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8
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Rajah Kumaran K, Yunusa S, Perimal E, Wahab H, Müller CP, Hassan Z. Insights into the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease and Potential Therapeutic Targets: A Current Perspective. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:507-530. [PMID: 36502321 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aging population increases steadily because of a healthy lifestyle and medical advancements in healthcare. However, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is becoming more common and problematic among older adults. AD-related cases show an increasing trend annually, and the younger age population may also be at risk of developing this disorder. AD constitutes a primary form of dementia, an irreversible and progressive brain disorder that steadily damages cognitive functions and the ability to perform daily tasks. Later in life, AD leads to death as a result of the degeneration of specific brain areas. Currently, the cause of AD is poorly understood, and there is no safe and effective therapeutic agent to cure or slow down its progression. The condition is entirely preventable, and no study has yet demonstrated encouraging findings in terms of treatment. Identifying this disease's pathophysiology can help researchers develop safe and efficient therapeutic strategies to treat this ailment. This review outlines and discusses the pathophysiology that resulted in the development of AD including amyloid-β plaques, tau neurofibrillary tangles, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, cholinergic dysfunction, glutamate excitotoxicity, and changes in neurotrophins level may sound better based on the literature search from Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Potential therapeutic strategies are discussed to provide more insights into AD mechanisms by developing some possible pharmacological agents for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesevan Rajah Kumaran
- Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals, National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia, Halaman Bukit Gambir, Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Suleiman Yunusa
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.,Department of Pharmacology, Bauchi State University Gadau, Bauchi State, Nigeria
| | - Enoch Perimal
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Habibah Wahab
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Christian P Müller
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.,Section of Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zurina Hassan
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.,Section of Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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9
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Makhaeva GF, Kovaleva NV, Rudakova EV, Boltneva NP, Grishchenko MV, Lushchekina SV, Astakhova TY, Serebryakova OG, Timokhina EN, Zhilina EF, Shchegolkov EV, Ulitko MV, Radchenko EV, Palyulin VA, Burgart YV, Saloutin VI, Bachurin SO, Richardson RJ. Conjugates of Tacrine and Salicylic Acid Derivatives as New Promising Multitarget Agents for Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24. [PMID: 36768608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of previously synthesized conjugates of tacrine and salicylamide was extended by varying the structure of the salicylamide fragment and using salicylic aldehyde to synthesize salicylimine derivatives. The hybrids exhibited broad-spectrum biological activity. All new conjugates were potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with selectivity toward BChE. The structure of the salicylamide moiety exerted little effect on anticholinesterase activity, but AChE inhibition increased with spacer elongation. The most active conjugates were salicylimine derivatives: IC50 values of the lead compound 10c were 0.0826 µM (AChE) and 0.0156 µM (BChE), with weak inhibition of the off-target carboxylesterase. The hybrids were mixed-type reversible inhibitors of both cholinesterases and displayed dual binding to the catalytic and peripheral anionic sites of AChE in molecular docking, which, along with experimental results on propidium iodide displacement, suggested their potential to block AChE-induced β-amyloid aggregation. All conjugates inhibited Aβ42 self-aggregation in the thioflavin test, and inhibition increased with spacer elongation. Salicylimine 10c and salicylamide 5c with (CH2)8 spacers were the lead compounds for inhibiting Aβ42 self-aggregation, which was corroborated by molecular docking to Aβ42. ABTS•+-scavenging activity was highest for salicylamides 5a-c, intermediate for salicylimines 10a-c, low for F-containing salicylamides 7, and non-existent for methoxybenzoylamides 6 and difluoromethoxybenzoylamides 8. In the FRAP antioxidant (AO) assay, the test compounds displayed little or no activity. Quantum chemical analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with QM/MM potentials explained the AO structure-activity relationships. All conjugates were effective chelators of Cu2+, Fe2+, and Zn2+, with molar compound/metal (Cu2+) ratios of 2:1 (5b) and ~1:1 (10b). Conjugates exerted comparable or lower cytotoxicity than tacrine on mouse hepatocytes and had favorable predicted intestinal absorption and blood-brain barrier permeability. The overall results indicate that the synthesized conjugates are promising new multifunctional agents for the potential treatment of AD.
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10
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Du Z, Liu C, Liu Z, Song H, Scott P, Du X, Ren J, Qu X. In vivo visualization of enantioselective targeting of amyloid and improvement of cognitive function by clickable chiral metallohelices. Chem Sci 2023; 14:506-513. [PMID: 36741518 PMCID: PMC9847640 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05897a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is closely related to several contributing factors, especially amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation. Bioorthogonal reactions provide a general, facile, and robust route for the localization and derivatization of Aβ-targeted agents. Herein, a pair of chiral alkyne-containing metallohelices (ΛA and ΔA) were demonstrated to enantioselectively target and modulate Aβ aggregation, which has been monitored in triple-transgenic AD model mice and proved to improve cognitive function. Compared with its enantiomer ΔA, ΛA performed better in blocking Aβ fibrillation, relieving Aβ-triggered toxicity, and recovering memory deficits in vivo. Moreover, clickable ΛA could act as a functional module for subsequent visualization and versatile modification of amyloid via bioorthogonal reaction. As a proof-of-concept, thioflavin T, tacrine, and magnetic nanoparticles were conjugated with ΛA to realize Aβ photo-oxygenation, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, and Aβ clearance, respectively. This proof-of-principle work provided new insights into the biolabeling and bioconjugation of multifunctional metallosupramolecules through click reactions for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Du
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesChangchunJilin 130022China
| | - Chun Liu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesChangchunJilin 130022China,University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui 230029China
| | - Zhenqi Liu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesChangchunJilin 130022China,University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui 230029China
| | - Hualong Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of WarwickCoventry CV4 7ALUK
| | - Peter Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of WarwickCoventry CV4 7ALUK
| | - Xiubo Du
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060P. R. China
| | - Jinsong Ren
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesChangchunJilin 130022China,University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui 230029China
| | - Xiaogang Qu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesChangchunJilin 130022China,University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui 230029China
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11
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Bubley A, Erofeev A, Gorelkin P, Beloglazkina E, Majouga A, Krasnovskaya O. Tacrine-Based Hybrids: Past, Present, and Future. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021717. [PMID: 36675233 PMCID: PMC9863713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder which is characterized by β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, τ-hyperphosphorylation, and loss of cholinergic neurons. The other important hallmarks of AD are oxidative stress, metal dyshomeostasis, inflammation, and cell cycle dysregulation. Multiple therapeutic targets may be proposed for the development of anti-AD drugs, and the "one drug-multiple targets" strategy is of current interest. Tacrine (THA) was the first clinically approved cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor, which was withdrawn due to high hepatotoxicity. However, its high potency in ChE inhibition, low molecular weight, and simple structure make THA a promising scaffold for developing multi-target agents. In this review, we summarized THA-based hybrids published from 2006 to 2022, thus providing an overview of strategies that have been used in drug design and approaches that have resulted in significant cognitive improvements and reduced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bubley
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexaner Erofeev
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Peter Gorelkin
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Elena Beloglazkina
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander Majouga
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Olga Krasnovskaya
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
- Correspondence:
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12
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Bouz G, Šlechta P, Jand'ourek O, Konečná K, Paterová P, Bárta P, Novák M, Kučera R, Dal NJK, Fenaroli F, Zemanová J, Forbak M, Korduláková J, Pavliš O, Kubíčková P, Doležal M, Zitko J. Hybridization Approach Toward Novel Antituberculars: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Compounds Combining Pyrazinamide and 4-Aminosalicylic Acid. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:79-96. [PMID: 36577009 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Apart from the SARS-CoV-2 virus, tuberculosis remains the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent according to the World Health Organization. As part of our long-term research, we prepared a series of hybrid compounds combining pyrazinamide, a first-line antitubercular agent, and 4-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), a second-line agent. Compound 11 was found to be the most potent, with a broad spectrum of antimycobacterial activity and selectivity toward mycobacterial strains over other pathogens. It also retained its in vitro activity against multiple-drug-resistant mycobacterial strains. Several structural modifications were attempted to improve the in vitro antimycobacterial activity. The δ-lactone form of compound 11 (11') had more potent in vitro antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Compound 11 was advanced for in vivo studies, where it was proved to be nontoxic in Galleria mellonella and zebrafish models, and it reduced the number of colony-forming units in spleens in the murine model of tuberculosis. Biochemical studies showed that compound 11 targets mycobacterial dihydrofolate reductases (DHFR). An in silico docking study combined with molecular dynamics identified a viable binding mode of compound 11 in mycobacterial DHFR. The lactone 11' opens in human plasma to its parent compound 11 (t1/2 = 21.4 min). Compound 11 was metabolized by human liver fraction by slow hydrolysis of the amidic bond (t1/2 = 187 min) to yield PAS and its starting 6-chloropyrazinoic acid. The long t1/2 of compound 11 overcomes the main drawback of PAS (short t1/2 necessitating frequent administration of high doses of PAS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Bouz
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šlechta
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Jand'ourek
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Konečná
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Paterová
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital, Sokolská 581, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Bárta
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Novák
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolská 581, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kučera
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic
| | | | - Federico Fenaroli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, Oslo 0371, Norway
| | - Júlia Zemanová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská Dolina, Ilkovičova 6, Bratislava 84215, Slovakia
| | - Martin Forbak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská Dolina, Ilkovičova 6, Bratislava 84215, Slovakia
| | - Jana Korduláková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská Dolina, Ilkovičova 6, Bratislava 84215, Slovakia
| | - Oto Pavliš
- Military Health Institute, Military Medical Agency, Tychonova 1, Prague 6 160 01, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Kubíčková
- Military Health Institute, Military Medical Agency, Tychonova 1, Prague 6 160 01, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Doležal
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Zitko
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic
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13
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Bachurin SO, Aksinenko AY, Makhaeva GF, Shevtsova EF. Multipharmacophore strategy in medicinal chemistry for the design of drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer’s and some other neurodegenerative diseases. Russ Chem Bull 2023; 72:130-147. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-023-3718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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14
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Xiao R, Liang R, Cai YH, Dong J, Zhang L. Computational screening for new neuroprotective ingredients against Alzheimer's disease from bilberry by cheminformatics approaches. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1061552. [PMID: 36570129 PMCID: PMC9780678 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1061552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive ingredients from natural products have always been an important resource for the discovery of drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Senile plaques, which are formed with amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides and excess metal ions, are found in AD brains and have been suggested to play an important role in AD pathogenesis. Here, we attempted to design an effective and smart screening method based on cheminformatics approaches to find new ingredients against AD from Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) and verified the bioactivity of expected ingredients through experiments. This method integrated advanced artificial intelligence models and target prediction methods to realize the stepwise analysis and filtering of all ingredients. Finally, we obtained the expected new compound malvidin-3-O-galactoside (Ma-3-gal-Cl). The in vitro experiments showed that Ma-3-gal-Cl could reduce the OH· generation and intracellular ROS from the Aβ/Cu2+/AA mixture and maintain the mitochondrial membrane potential of SH-SY5Y cells. Molecular docking and Western blot results indicated that Ma-3-gal-Cl could reduce the amount of activated caspase-3 via binding with unactivated caspase-3 and reduce the expression of phosphorylated p38 via binding with mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases-6 (MKK6). Moreover, Ma-3-gal-Cl could inhibit the Aβ aggregation via binding with Aβ monomer and fibers. Thus, Ma-3-gal-Cl showed significant effects on protecting SH-SY5Y cells from Aβ/Cu2+/AA induced damage via antioxidation effect and inhibition effect to the Aβ aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xiao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, School of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China,Sinocare Inc., Changsha, China
| | - Rui Liang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, School of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Yun-hui Cai
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, School of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, School of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Lin Zhang
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15
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Chrienova Z, Nepovimova E, Andrys R, Dolezal R, Janockova J, Muckova L, Fabova L, Soukup O, Oleksak P, Valis M, Korabecny J, Marco-Contelles J, Kuca K. Privileged multi-target directed propargyl-tacrines combining cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase inhibition activities. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:2605-2620. [PMID: 36131624 PMCID: PMC9518283 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2122054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-four novel compounds bearing tetrahydroacridine and N-propargyl moieties have been designed, synthesised, and evaluated in vitro for their anti-cholinesterase and anti-monoamine oxidase activities. Propargyltacrine 23 (IC50 = 21 nM) was the most potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, compound 20 (IC50 = 78 nM) showed the best inhibitory human butyrylcholinesterase (hBChE) profile, and ligand 21 afforded equipotent and significant values on both ChEs (human AChE [hAChE]: IC50 = 0.095 ± 0.001 µM; hBChE: IC50 = 0.093 ± 0.003 µM). Regarding MAO inhibition, compounds 7, 15, and 25 demonstrated the highest inhibitory potential towards hMAO-B (IC50 = 163, 40, and 170 nM, respectively). In all, compounds 7, 15, 20, 21, 23, and 25 exhibiting the most balanced pharmacological profile, were submitted to permeability and cell viability tests. As a result, 7-phenoxy-N-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridin-9-amine hydrochloride (15) has been identified as a permeable agent that shows a balanced pharmacological profile [IC50 (hAChE) = 1.472 ± 0.024 µM; IC50 (hBChE) = 0.659 ± 0.077 µM; IC50 (hMAO-B) = 40.39 ± 5.98 nM], and consequently, as a new hit-ligand that deserves further investigation, in particular in vivo analyses, as the preliminary cell viability test results reported here suggest that this is a relatively safe therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Chrienova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Andrys
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Janockova
- Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lubica Muckova
- Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Fabova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Patrik Oleksak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Valis
- Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - José Marco-Contelles
- Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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16
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Elkina NA, Grishchenko MV, Shchegolkov EV, Makhaeva GF, Kovaleva NV, Rudakova EV, Boltneva NP, Lushchekina SV, Astakhova TY, Radchenko EV, Palyulin VA, Zhilina EF, Perminova AN, Lapshin LS, Burgart YV, Saloutin VI, Richardson RJ. New Multifunctional Agents for Potential Alzheimer's Disease Treatment Based on Tacrine Conjugates with 2-Arylhydrazinylidene-1,3-Diketones. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1551. [PMID: 36358901 PMCID: PMC9687805 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered a modern epidemic because of its increasing prevalence worldwide and serious medico-social consequences, including the economic burden of treatment and patient care. The development of new effective therapeutic agents for AD is one of the most urgent and challenging tasks. To address this need, we used an aminoalkylene linker to combine the well-known anticholinesterase drug tacrine with antioxidant 2-tolylhydrazinylidene-1,3-diketones to create 3 groups of hybrid compounds as new multifunctional agents with the potential for AD treatment. Lead compounds of the new conjugates effectively inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE, IC50 0.24-0.34 µM) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, IC50 0.036-0.0745 µM), with weak inhibition of off-target carboxylesterase. Anti-AChE activity increased with elongation of the alkylene spacer, in agreement with molecular docking, which showed compounds binding to both the catalytic active site and peripheral anionic site (PAS) of AChE, consistent with mixed type reversible inhibition. PAS binding along with effective propidium displacement suggest the potential of the hybrids to block AChE-induced β-amyloid aggregation, a disease-modifying effect. All of the conjugates demonstrated metal chelating ability for Cu2+, Fe2+, and Zn2+, as well as high antiradical activity in the ABTS test. Non-fluorinated hybrid compounds 6 and 7 also showed Fe3+ reducing activity in the FRAP test. Predicted ADMET and physicochemical properties of conjugates indicated good CNS bioavailability and safety parameters acceptable for potential lead compounds at the early stages of anti-AD drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Elkina
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg 620990, Russia
| | - Maria V. Grishchenko
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg 620990, Russia
| | - Evgeny V. Shchegolkov
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg 620990, Russia
| | - Galina F. Makhaeva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V. Kovaleva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - Elena V. Rudakova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - Natalia P. Boltneva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - Sofya V. Lushchekina
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Tatiana Y. Astakhova
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Eugene V. Radchenko
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Palyulin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Ekaterina F. Zhilina
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg 620990, Russia
| | - Anastasiya N. Perminova
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg 620990, Russia
| | - Luka S. Lapshin
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg 620990, Russia
| | - Yanina V. Burgart
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg 620990, Russia
| | - Victor I. Saloutin
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg 620990, Russia
| | - Rudy J. Richardson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Center of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Michigan Institute for Computational Discovery and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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17
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Hepnarova V, Hrabinova M, Muckova L, Kucera T, Schmidt M, Dolezal R, Gorecki L, Hrabcova V, Korabecny J, Mezeiova E, Jun D, Pejchal J. Non-covalent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: In vitro screening and molecular modeling for novel selective insecticides. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 85:105463. [PMID: 36041654 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Insecticides represent the most crucial element in the integrated management approach to malaria and other vector-borne diseases. The evolution of insect resistance to long-used substances and the toxicity of organophosphates (OPs) and carbamates are the main factors contributing to the development of new, environmentally safe pesticides. In our work, fourteen compounds of 7-methoxytacrine-tacrine heterodimers were tested for their insecticidal effect. Compounds were evaluated in vitro on insect acetylcholinesterase from Anopheles gambiae (AgAChE) and Musca domestica (MdAChE). The evaluation was executed in parallel with testing on human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (HssAChE) and human butyrylcholinesterase (HssBChE) using a modified Ellman's method. Compound efficacy was determined as IC50 values for the respective enzymes and selectivity indexes were expressed to compare the interspecies selectivity. Docking studies were performed to predict the binding modes of selected compounds. K1328 and K1329 provided high HssAChE/AgAChE selectivity outperforming standard pesticides (carbofuran and bendiocarb), and thus can be considered as suitable lead structure for novel anticholinesterase insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vendula Hepnarova
- University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hrabinova
- University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Lubica Muckova
- University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kucera
- University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Military Medical Service Organization and Management, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Schmidt
- University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Gorecki
- University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Hrabcova
- University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Mezeiova
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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18
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Dileep KV, Ihara K, Mishima-Tsumagari C, Kukimoto-Niino M, Yonemochi M, Hanada K, Shirouzu M, Zhang KYJ. Crystal structure of human acetylcholinesterase in complex with tacrine: Implications for drug discovery. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 210:172-181. [PMID: 35526766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common, progressive neurodegenerative disorders affecting the aged populations. Though various disease pathologies have been suggested for AD, the impairment of the cholinergic system is one of the critical factors for the disease progression. Restoration of the cholinergic transmission through acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors is a promising disease modifying therapy. Being the first marketed drug for AD, tacrine reversibly inhibits AChE and thereby slows the breakdown of the chemical messenger acetylcholine (ACh) in the brain. However, the atomic level of interactions of tacrine towards human AChE (hAChE) is unknown for years. Hence, in the current study, we report the X-ray structure of hAChE-tacrine complex at 2.85 Å resolution. The conformational heterogeneity of tacrine within the electron density was addressed with the help of molecular mechanics assisted methods and the low-energy ligand configuration is reported, which provides a mechanistic explanation for the high binding affinity of tacrine towards AChE. Additionally, structural comparison of reported hAChE structures sheds light on the conformational selection and induced fit effects of various active site residues upon binding to different ligands and provides insight for future drug design campaigns against AD where AChE is a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Dileep
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Laboratory for Computational and Structural Biology, Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala 680005, India
| | - Kentaro Ihara
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Drug Discovery Structural Biology Platform Unit, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Chiemi Mishima-Tsumagari
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mutsuko Kukimoto-Niino
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Drug Discovery Structural Biology Platform Unit, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mayumi Yonemochi
- Drug Discovery Structural Biology Platform Unit, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuharu Hanada
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Drug Discovery Structural Biology Platform Unit, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Drug Discovery Structural Biology Platform Unit, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kam Y J Zhang
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
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19
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Pravin N, Jozwiak K. Effects of Linkers and Substitutions on Multitarget Directed Ligands for Alzheimer’s Diseases: Emerging Paradigms and Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6085. [PMID: 35682763 PMCID: PMC9181730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is multifactorial, progressive and the most predominant cause of cognitive impairment and dementia worldwide. The current “one-drug, one-target” approach provides only symptomatic relief to the condition but is unable to cure the disease completely. The conventional single-target therapeutic approach might not always induce the desired effect due to the multifactorial nature of AD. Hence, multitarget strategies have been proposed to simultaneously knock out multiple targets involved in the development of AD. Herein, we provide an overview of the various strategies, followed by the multitarget-directed ligand (MTDL) development, rationale designs and efficient examples. Furthermore, the effects of the linkers and substitutional functional groups on MTDLs against various targets of AD and their modes of action are also discussed.
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20
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Grishchenko MV, Makhaeva GF, Burgart YV, Rudakova EV, Boltneva NP, Kovaleva NV, Serebryakova OG, Lushchekina SV, Astakhova TY, Zhilina EF, Shchegolkov EV, Richardson RJ, Saloutin VI. Conjugates of Tacrine with Salicylamide as Promising Multitarget Agents for Alzheimer's Disease. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200080. [PMID: 35322571 PMCID: PMC9314152 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
New conjugates of tacrine and salicylamide with alkylene spacers were synthesized and evaluated as potential multifunctional agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The compounds exhibited high acetylcholinesterase (AChE, IC50 to 0.224 μM) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, IC50 to 0.0104 μM) inhibitory activities. They were also rather poor inhibitors of carboxylesterase, suggesting a low tendency to exert potential unwanted drug-drug interactions in clinical use. The conjugates were mixed-type reversible inhibitors of both cholinesterases and demonstrated dual binding to the catalytic and peripheral anionic sites of AChE in molecular docking that, along with experimental results on propidium iodide displacement, suggest their potential to block AChE-induced β-amyloid aggregation. The new conjugates exhibited high ABTS.+ -scavenging activity. N-(6-(1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroacridin-9-ylamino)hexyl)salicylamide is a lead compound that also demonstrates metal chelating ability toward Cu2+ , Fe2+ and Zn2+ . Thus, the new conjugates have displayed the potential to be multifunctional anti-AD agents for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Grishchenko
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 620990, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Galina F Makhaeva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Yanina V Burgart
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 620990, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Elena V Rudakova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Natalia P Boltneva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V Kovaleva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Olga G Serebryakova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Sofya V Lushchekina
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432, Chernogolovka, Russia.,Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Y Astakhova
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina F Zhilina
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 620990, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Evgeny V Shchegolkov
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 620990, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Rudy J Richardson
- Departments of Environmental Health Sciences and Neurology, University of Michigan, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Victor I Saloutin
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 620990, Ekaterinburg, Russia
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21
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Makhaeva GF, Kovaleva NV, Boltneva NP, Rudakova EV, Lushchekina SV, Astakhova TY, Serkov IV, Proshin AN, Radchenko EV, Palyulin VA, Korabecny J, Soukup O, Bachurin SO, Richardson RJ. Bis-Amiridines as Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors: N-Functionalization Determines the Multitarget Anti-Alzheimer’s Activity Profile. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27031060. [PMID: 35164325 PMCID: PMC8839189 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Using two ways of functionalizing amiridine—acylation with chloroacetic acid chloride and reaction with thiophosgene—we have synthesized new homobivalent bis-amiridines joined by two different spacers—bis-N-acyl-alkylene (3) and bis-N-thiourea-alkylene (5) —as potential multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). All compounds exhibited high inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with selectivity for BChE. These new agents displayed negligible carboxylesterase inhibition, suggesting a probable lack of untoward drug–drug interactions arising from hydrolytic biotransformation. Compounds 3 with bis-N-acyl-alkylene spacers were more potent inhibitors of both cholinesterases compared to compounds 5 and the parent amiridine. The lead compounds 3a–c exhibited an IC50(AChE) = 2.9–1.4 µM, IC50(BChE) = 0.13–0.067 µM, and 14–18% propidium displacement at 20 μM. Kinetic studies of compounds 3a and 5d indicated mixed-type reversible inhibition. Molecular docking revealed favorable poses in both catalytic and peripheral AChE sites. Propidium displacement from the peripheral site by the hybrids suggests their potential to hinder AChE-assisted Aβ42 aggregation. Conjugates 3 had no effect on Aβ42 self-aggregation, whereas compounds 5c–e (m = 4, 5, 6) showed mild (13–17%) inhibition. The greatest difference between conjugates 3 and 5 was their antioxidant activity. Bis-amiridines 3 with N-acylalkylene spacers were nearly inactive in ABTS and FRAP tests, whereas compounds 5 with thiourea in the spacers demonstrated high antioxidant activity, especially in the ABTS test (TEAC = 1.2–2.1), in agreement with their significantly lower HOMO-LUMO gap values. Calculated ADMET parameters for all conjugates predicted favorable blood–brain barrier permeability and intestinal absorption, as well as a low propensity for cardiac toxicity. Thus, it was possible to obtain amiridine derivatives whose potencies against AChE and BChE equaled (5) or exceeded (3) that of the parent compound, amiridine. Overall, based on their expanded and balanced pharmacological profiles, conjugates 5c–e appear promising for future optimization and development as multitarget anti-AD agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina F. Makhaeva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (N.P.B.); (E.V.R.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Nadezhda V. Kovaleva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (N.P.B.); (E.V.R.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Natalia P. Boltneva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (N.P.B.); (E.V.R.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Elena V. Rudakova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (N.P.B.); (E.V.R.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Sofya V. Lushchekina
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (N.P.B.); (E.V.R.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (S.O.B.)
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Tatiana Yu. Astakhova
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Igor V. Serkov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (N.P.B.); (E.V.R.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Alexey N. Proshin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (N.P.B.); (E.V.R.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Eugene V. Radchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.)
| | - Vladimir A. Palyulin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.)
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (O.S.)
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (O.S.)
| | - Sergey O. Bachurin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (N.P.B.); (E.V.R.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Rudy J. Richardson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Center of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Michigan Institute for Computational Discovery and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-734-936-0769
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22
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Adeowo FY, Elrashedy AA, Ejalonibu MA, Lawal IA, Lawal MM, Kumalo HM. Pharmacophore mapping of the crucial mediators of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase dual inhibition in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Divers 2022; 26:2761-2774. [PMID: 35067751 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10377-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Optimization and re-optimization of bioactive molecules using in silico methods have found application in the design of more active ones. Herein, we applied a pharmacophore modeling approach to screen potent dual inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) aimed at Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment. The investigation entails molecular dynamics simulation, docking, pharmacophore modeling, drug-like screening, and binding energy analysis. We prepared a pharmacophore model from approved inhibitors of AChE and BuChE to predict the crucial moieties required for optimum molecular interaction with these proteins. The obtained pharmacophore model, used for database screening via some critical criteria, showed 229 hit molecules. Further analyses showed 42 likely dual inhibitors of AChE/BuChE with drug-like and pharmacokinetics properties the same as the approved cholinesterase inhibitors. Finally, we identified 14 dual molecules with improved potentials over the existing inhibitors and simulated ZINC92385797 bound to human AChE and BuChE structure after noticing that these 14 molecules are similar. The selected compound maintained relative stability at the active sites of both proteins over 120 ns simulation. Our integrated protocols showed the pertinent recipes of anti-AD drug design through the in silico pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Y Adeowo
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Ahmed A Elrashedy
- Natural and Microbial Product Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Murtala A Ejalonibu
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Isiaka A Lawal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied and Computer Science, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark Campus, Boulevard, Vanderbijlpark, 1900, South Africa
| | - Monsurat M Lawal
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa.
| | - Hezekiel M Kumalo
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa.
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Kaur Gulati H, Choudhary S, Kumar N, Ahmed A, Bhagat K, Vir Singh J, Singh A, Kumar A, Singh Bedi PM, Singh H, Mukherjee D. Design, Synthesis, biological investigations and molecular interactions of triazole linked tacrine glycoconjugates as Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with reduced hepatotoxicity. Bioorg Chem 2021; 118:105479. [PMID: 34801945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tacrine is a known Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors having hepatotoxicity as main liability associated with it. The present study aims to reduce its hepatotoxicity by synthesizing tacrine linked triazole glycoconjugates via Huisgen's [3 + 2] cycloaddition of anomeric azides and terminal acetylenes derived from tacrine. A series of triazole based glycoconjugates containing both acetylated (A-1 to A-7) and free sugar hydroxyl groups (A-8 to A-14) at the amino position of tacrine were synthesized in good yield taking aid from molecular docking studies and evaluated for their in vitro AChE inhibition activity as well as hepatotoxicity. All the hybrids were found to be non-toxic on HePG2 cell line at 200 μM (100 % cell viability) as compared to tacrine (35 % cell viability) after 24 h of incubation period. Enzyme kinetic studies carried out for one of the potent hybrids in the series A-1 (IC50 0.4 μM) revealed its mixed inhibition approach. Thus, compound A-1 can be used as principle template to further explore the mechanism of action of different targets involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) which stands as an adequate chemical probe to be launched in an AD drug discovery program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmandeep Kaur Gulati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Sushil Choudhary
- PK-PD Toxicology Division, CSIR-IIIM, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR-IIIM), Jammu 180001, India
| | - Nitish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India; Drug and Pollution Testing Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Ajaz Ahmed
- Natural Product Chemistry Division, CSIR-IIIM, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR-IIIM), Jammu 180001, India
| | - Kavita Bhagat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Jatinder Vir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Atamjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- PK-PD Toxicology Division, CSIR-IIIM, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Preet Mohinder Singh Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India; Drug and Pollution Testing Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Harbinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Debaraj Mukherjee
- Natural Product Chemistry Division, CSIR-IIIM, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR-IIIM), Jammu 180001, India.
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Remya C, Dileep KV, Koti Reddy E, Mantosh K, Lakshmi K, Sarah Jacob R, Sajith AM, Jayadevi Variyar E, Anwar S, Zhang KYJ, Sadasivan C, Omkumar RV. Neuroprotective derivatives of tacrine that target NMDA receptor and acetyl cholinesterase - Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:4517-4537. [PMID: 34471497 PMCID: PMC8379669 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex and multifactorial nature of neuropsychiatric diseases demands multi-target drugs that can intervene with various sub-pathologies underlying disease progression. Targeting the impairments in cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmissions with small molecules has been suggested as one of the potential disease-modifying approaches for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Tacrine, a potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the first FDA approved drug for the treatment of AD. Tacrine is also a low affinity antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). However, tacrine was withdrawn from its clinical use later due to its hepatotoxicity. With an aim to develop novel high affinity multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs) against AChE and NMDAR, with reduced hepatotoxicity, we performed in silico structure-based modifications on tacrine, chemical synthesis of the derivatives and in vitro validation of their activities. Nineteen such derivatives showed inhibition with IC50 values in the range of 18.53 ± 2.09 – 184.09 ± 19.23 nM against AChE and 0.27 ± 0.05 – 38.84 ± 9.64 μM against NMDAR. Some of the selected compounds also protected rat primary cortical neurons from glutamate induced excitotoxicity. Two of the tacrine derived MTDLs, 201 and 208 exhibited in vivo efficacy in rats by protecting against behavioral impairment induced by administration of the excitotoxic agent, monosodium glutamate. Additionally, several of these synthesized compounds also exhibited promising inhibitory activitiy against butyrylcholinesterase. MTDL-201 was also devoid of hepatotoxicity in vivo. Given the therapeutic potential of MTDLs in disease-modifying therapy, our studies revealed several promising MTDLs among which 201 appears to be a potential candidate for immediate preclinical evaluations.
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Key Words
- AChE, acetylcholinesterase
- AChEIs, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
- AChT, acetylthiocholine
- AD, Alzheimer’s disease
- ADME, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion
- Acetylcholinesterase
- Alzheimer’s disease
- BBB, blood brain barrier
- Ca2+, calcium
- ChE, Cholinesterases
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium
- DTNB, 5,5-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)
- ENM, elastic network modeling
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- G6PD, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- HBSS, Hank's balanced salt solution
- IP, intraperitoneal
- LBD, Ligand binding domain
- LC-MS, Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
- LiCABEDS, Ligand Classifier of Adaptively Boosting Ensemble Decision Stumps
- MAP2, microtubule associated protein 2
- MD, Molecular dynamics
- MTDLs
- MTDLs, multi-target directed ligands
- MWM, Morris water maze
- NBM, neurobasal medium
- NMA, normal mode analysis
- NMDA receptor
- NMDAR, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor
- Neuroprotection
- OPLS, Optimized potential for liquid simulations
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PFA, paraformaldehyde
- Polypharmacology
- RMSD, root mean square deviation
- SAR, structure-activity relationships
- SD, standard deviation
- SVM, support vector machine
- Structure-based drug design
- TBI, traumatic brain injury
- TMD, transmembrane domain
- Tacrine
- h-NMDAR, human NMDAR
- hAChE, human AChE
- ppm, parts per million
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandran Remya
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Dr. Janaki Ammal Campus, Thalassery, Kerala 670661, India
| | - K V Dileep
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.,Laboratory for Computational and Structural Biology, Jubilee Center for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala 680005, India
| | - Eeda Koti Reddy
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Sciences and Humanities, Vignan's Foundation for Sciences, Technology and Research -VFSTR (Deemed to be University), Vadlamudi, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522 213, India
| | - Kumar Mantosh
- Molecular Neurobiology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India
| | - Kesavan Lakshmi
- Molecular Neurobiology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India
| | - Reena Sarah Jacob
- Molecular Neurobiology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India
| | - Ayyiliyath M Sajith
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Kasargod Govt. College, Kannur University, Kasaragod, India
| | - E Jayadevi Variyar
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Dr. Janaki Ammal Campus, Thalassery, Kerala 670661, India
| | - Shaik Anwar
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Sciences and Humanities, Vignan's Foundation for Sciences, Technology and Research -VFSTR (Deemed to be University), Vadlamudi, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522 213, India
| | - Kam Y J Zhang
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - C Sadasivan
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Dr. Janaki Ammal Campus, Thalassery, Kerala 670661, India
| | - R V Omkumar
- Molecular Neurobiology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India
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25
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Gomes KC, Lima FWB, da Silva Aguiar HQ, de Araújo SS, de Cordova CAS, de Cordova FM. Thiamine deficiency and recovery: impact of recurrent episodes and beneficial effect of treatment with Trolox and dimethyl sulfoxide. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2021; 394:2289-2307. [PMID: 34468817 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
At present, thiamine deficiency (TD) is managed with administration of high doses of thiamine. Even so, severe and permanent neurological disorders can occur in recurrent episodes of TD. In this study, we used a murine model to assess the efficacy of TD recovery treatments using thiamine with or without additional administration of the antioxidant Trolox or the anti-inflammatory dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) after a single or recurrent episode of TD. TD was induced for 9 days with deficient chow and pyrithiamine, and the recovery period was 7 days with standard amounts of chow and thiamine, Trolox, and/or DMSO. After these periods, we evaluated behavior, histopathology, and ERK1/2 modulation in the brain. Deficient animals showed reductions in locomotor activity, motor coordination, and spatial memory. Morphologically, after a single episode of TD and recovery, deficient mice showed neuronal vacuolization in the dorsal thalamus and, after two episodes, a reduction in neuronal cell number. These effects were attenuated or reversed by the recovery treatments, mainly in the treatments with thiamine associated with Trolox or DMSO. Deficient animals showed a strong increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the thalamus, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex after one deficiency episode and recovery. Interestingly, after recurrent TD and recovery, ERK1/2 phosphorylation remained high only in the deficient mice treated with thiamine and/or Trolox or thiamine with DMSO. Our data suggest that a protocol for TD treatment with thiamine in conjunction with Trolox or DMSO enhances the recovery of animals and possibly minimizes the late neurological sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketren Carvalho Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sanidade Animal e Saúde Pública nos Trópicos , Universidade Federal do Tocantins, BR-153, km 112, Araguaína, TO, 77804-970, Brazil
| | | | - Helen Quézia da Silva Aguiar
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, BR-153, km 112, Araguaína, TO, 77804-970, Brazil
| | - Suiane Silva de Araújo
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, BR-153, km 112, Araguaína, TO, 77804-970, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiano Mendes de Cordova
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sanidade Animal e Saúde Pública nos Trópicos , Universidade Federal do Tocantins, BR-153, km 112, Araguaína, TO, 77804-970, Brazil.
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26
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Scheiner M, Hoffmann M, He F, Poeta E, Chatonnet A, Monti B, Maurice T, Decker M. Selective Pseudo-irreversible Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors Transferring Antioxidant Moieties to the Enzyme Show Pronounced Neuroprotective Efficacy In Vitro and In Vivo in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9302-9320. [PMID: 34152756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) was designed by functionalizing a pseudo-irreversible butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitor. The obtained hybrids were investigated in vitro regarding their hBChE and hAChE inhibition, their enzyme kinetics, and their antioxidant physicochemical properties (DPPH, ORAC, metal chelating). In addition, in vitro assays were applied to investigate antioxidant effects using murine hippocampal HT22 cells and immunomodulatory effects on the murine microglial N9 cell line. The MTDLs retained their antioxidative properties compared to the parent antioxidant-moieties in vitro and the inhibition of hBChE was maintained in the submicromolar range. Representative compounds were tested in a pharmacological Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse model and demonstrated very high efficacy at doses as low as 0.1 mg/kg. The most promising compound was also tested in BChE-/- mice and showed reduced efficacy. In vivo neuroprotection by BChE inhibition can be effectively enhanced by incorporation of structurally diverse antioxidant moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Scheiner
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Hoffmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Feng He
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eleonora Poeta
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Arnaud Chatonnet
- DMEM, University of Montpellier, INRAE, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Barbara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Tangui Maurice
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EPHE, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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27
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Theodosis-Nobelos P, Papagiouvannis G, Rekka EA. A Review on Vitamin E Natural Analogues and on the Design of Synthetic Vitamin E Derivatives as Cytoprotective Agents. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:10-22. [PMID: 32767937 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666200807132617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E, essential for human health, is widely used worldwide for therapeutic or dietary reasons. The differences in the metabolism and excretion of the multiple vitamin E forms are presented in this review. The important steps that influence the kinetics of each form and the distribution and processing of vitamin E forms by the liver are considered. The antioxidant as well as non-antioxidant properties of vitamin E forms are discussed. Finally, synthetic tocopherol and trolox derivatives, based on the design of multitarget directed compounds, are reviewed. It is demonstrated that selected derivatization of vitamin E or trolox structures can produce improved antioxidants, agents against cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Theodosis-Nobelos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Georgios Papagiouvannis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Eleni A Rekka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
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28
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Maciejewska K, Czarnecka K, Szymański P. A review of the mechanisms underlying selected comorbidities in Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1565-1581. [PMID: 34121170 PMCID: PMC8599320 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00293-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) leading to mental deterioration and devastation, and eventually a fatal outcome. AD affects mostly the elderly. AD is frequently accompanied by hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and diabetes mellitus, and these are significant risk factors of AD. Other conditions triggered by the progression of AD include psychosis, sleep disorders, epilepsy, and depression. One important comorbidity is Down’s syndrome, which directly contributes to the severity and rapid progression of AD. The development of new therapeutic strategies for AD includes the repurposing of drugs currently used for the treatment of comorbidities. A better understanding of the influence of comorbidities on the pathogenesis of AD, and the medications used in its treatment, might allow better control of disease progression, and more effective pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Maciejewska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kamila Czarnecka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 4 Kozielska St, 01-163, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Szymański
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 4 Kozielska St, 01-163, Warsaw, Poland.
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29
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Mezeiova E, Hrabinova M, Hepnarova V, Jun D, Janockova J, Muckova L, Prchal L, Kristofikova Z, Kucera T, Gorecki L, Chalupova K, Kunes J, Hroudova J, Soukup O, Korabecny J. Huprine Y - Tryptophan heterodimers with potential implication to Alzheimer's disease treatment. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 43:128100. [PMID: 33984470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The search for novel and effective therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the main quest that remains to be resolved. The goal is to find a disease-modifying agent able to confront the multifactorial nature of the disease positively. Herewith, a family of huprineY-tryptophan heterodimers was prepared, resulting in inhibition of cholinesterase and neuronal nitric oxide synthase enzymes, with effect against amyloid-beta (Aβ) and potential ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Their cholinesterase pattern of behavior was inspected using kinetic analysis in tandem with docking studies. These heterodimers exhibited a promising pharmacological profile with strong implication in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mezeiova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hrabinova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Hepnarova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Janockova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lubica Muckova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Prchal
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zdena Kristofikova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kucera
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Gorecki
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Katarina Chalupova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokytanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Kunes
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hroudova
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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30
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Gorecki L, Uliassi E, Bartolini M, Janockova J, Hrabinova M, Hepnarova V, Prchal L, Muckova L, Pejchal J, Karasova JZ, Mezeiova E, Benkova M, Kobrlova T, Soukup O, Petralla S, Monti B, Korabecny J, Bolognesi ML. Phenothiazine-Tacrine Heterodimers: Pursuing Multitarget Directed Approach in Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1698-1715. [PMID: 33852284 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2002, no clinical candidate against Alzheimer's disease has reached the market; hence, an effective therapy is urgently needed. We followed the so-called "multitarget directed ligand" approach and designed 36 novel tacrine-phenothiazine heterodimers which were in vitro evaluated for their anticholinesterase properties. The assessment of the structure-activity relationships of such derivatives highlighted compound 1dC as a potent and selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor with IC50 = 8 nM and 1aA as a potent butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor with IC50 = 15 nM. Selected hybrids, namely, 1aC, 1bC, 1cC, 1dC, and 2dC, showed a significant inhibitory activity toward τ(306-336) peptide aggregation with percent inhibition ranging from 50.5 to 62.1%. Likewise, 1dC and 2dC exerted a remarkable ability to inhibit self-induced Aβ1-42 aggregation. Notwithstanding, in vitro studies displayed cytotoxicity toward HepG2 cells and cerebellar granule neurons; no pathophysiological abnormality was observed when 1dC was administered to mice at 14 mg/kg (i.p.). 1dC was also able to permeate to the CNS as shown by in vitro and in vivo models. The maximum brain concentration was close to the IC50 value for acetylcholinesterase inhibition with a relatively slow elimination half-time. 1dC showed an acceptable safety and good pharmacokinetic properties and a multifunctional biological profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Gorecki
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Uliassi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jana Janockova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hrabinova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Hepnarova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Prchal
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lubica Muckova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Z. Karasova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Mezeiova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Benkova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Kobrlova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Sabrina Petralla
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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31
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Rossi M, Freschi M, de Camargo Nascente L, Salerno A, de Melo Viana Teixeira S, Nachon F, Chantegreil F, Soukup O, Prchal L, Malaguti M, Bergamini C, Bartolini M, Angeloni C, Hrelia S, Soares Romeiro LA, Bolognesi ML. Sustainable Drug Discovery of Multi-Target-Directed Ligands for Alzheimer's Disease. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4972-4990. [PMID: 33829779 PMCID: PMC8154578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The multifactorial nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a reason for the lack of effective drugs as well as a basis for the development of "multi-target-directed ligands" (MTDLs). As cases increase in developing countries, there is a need of new drugs that are not only effective but also accessible. With this motivation, we report the first sustainable MTDLs, derived from cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL), an inexpensive food waste with anti-inflammatory properties. We applied a framework combination of functionalized CNSL components and well-established acetylcholinesterase (AChE)/butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) tacrine templates. MTDLs were selected based on hepatic, neuronal, and microglial cell toxicity. Enzymatic studies disclosed potent and selective AChE/BChE inhibitors (5, 6, and 12), with subnanomolar activities. The X-ray crystal structure of 5 complexed with BChE allowed rationalizing the observed activity (0.0352 nM). Investigation in BV-2 microglial cells revealed antineuroinflammatory and neuroprotective activities for 5 and 6 (already at 0.01 μM), confirming the design rationale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Rossi
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater
Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Freschi
- Department
for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum
- University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Luciana de Camargo Nascente
- Department
of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Faculty, University
of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Salerno
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater
Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sarah de Melo Viana Teixeira
- Department
of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Faculty, University
of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Florian Nachon
- Département
de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut
de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Fabien Chantegreil
- Département
de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut
de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical
Research Center, University Hospital, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech
Republic
- Department
of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500
01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Prchal
- Biomedical
Research Center, University Hospital, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech
Republic
| | - Marco Malaguti
- Department
for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum
- University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Christian Bergamini
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater
Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater
Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Angeloni
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Silvana Hrelia
- Department
for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum
- University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Luiz Antonio Soares Romeiro
- Department
of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Faculty, University
of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater
Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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32
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Ismaili L, Monnin J, Etievant A, Arribas RL, Viejo L, Refouvelet B, Soukup O, Janockova J, Hepnarova V, Korabecny J, Kucera T, Jun D, Andrys R, Musilek K, Baguet A, García-Frutos EM, De Simone A, Andrisano V, Bartolini M, de los Ríos C, Marco-Contelles J, Haffen E. (±)- BIGI-3h: Pentatarget-Directed Ligand combining Cholinesterase, Monoamine Oxidase, and Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Inhibition with Calcium Channel Antagonism and Antiaggregating Properties for Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1328-1342. [PMID: 33797877 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) are considered a promising therapeutic strategy to address the multifactorial nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Novel MTDLs have been designed as inhibitors of human acetylcholinesterases/butyrylcholinesterases, monoamine oxidase A/B, and glycogen synthase kinase 3β and as calcium channel antagonists via the Biginelli multicomponent reaction. Among these MTDLs, (±)-BIGI-3h was identified as a promising new hit compound showing in vitro balanced activities toward the aforementioned recognized AD targets. Additional in vitro studies demonstrated antioxidant effects and brain penetration, along with the ability to inhibit the aggregation of both τ protein and β-amyloid peptide. The in vivo studies have shown that (±)-BIGI-3h (10 mg/kg intraperitoneally) significantly reduces scopolamine-induced cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lhassane Ismaili
- Neurosciences intégratives et cliniques EA 481, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Julie Monnin
- Neurosciences intégratives et cliniques EA 481, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Adeline Etievant
- Neurosciences intégratives et cliniques EA 481, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Raquel L. Arribas
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, C/Diego de León, 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Teofilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Viejo
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, C/Diego de León, 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Teofilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernard Refouvelet
- Neurosciences intégratives et cliniques EA 481, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic, University of Defence, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Janockova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic, University of Defence, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Hepnarova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, 66210 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic, University of Defence, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kucera
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, 66210 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, 66210 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Andrys
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Aurelie Baguet
- Université Bourgogne Franche Comté, INSERM, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Eva M. García-Frutos
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angela De Simone
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Corso di Augusto, 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Corso di Augusto, 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristóbal de los Ríos
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, C/Diego de León, 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Teofilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Marco-Contelles
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Instituto de Química Orgánica General, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emmanuel Haffen
- Neurosciences intégratives et cliniques EA 481, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
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33
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Song MQ, Min W, Wang J, Si XX, Wang XJ, Liu YW, Shi DH. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of new carbazole-coumarin hybrids as dual binding site inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Pavan Kumar H, Kumara HK, Suhas R, Channe Gowda D. Multitarget-directed therapeutics: (Urea/thiourea) 2 derivatives of diverse heterocyclic-Lys conjugates. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2000468. [PMID: 33728698 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a new small library of molecules containing bis-urea/thiourea pendants in lysine conjugated to three different heterocycles is described. The heterocycles used in this study have benzisoxazole/piperazine/piperidine units. After a detailed antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory evaluation, it was found that the most active compounds are 10, 11, 14, 15, 18, 19 and 10, 11, 19 and 8, 9, 12, 13, 16, 17, respectively. Further, it was observed that the presence of all three entities, that is, urea/thiourea, the substituent (OMe/F), as well as the heterocycle, is highly essential for exerting potent activity. Among the heterocycles, the presence of isoxazole seems to be highly beneficial for exerting good potency. In continuation, docking studies have revealed extraordinary binding efficiency for some of the active compounds. Given their potent biological results and docking score, some of the title compounds could be potential drug candidates for microbial-related diseases and provide a basis for future research into the development of molecules possessing multitask ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pavan Kumar
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - H K Kumara
- Department of Chemistry, KLE Society's Jagadguru Tontadarya College, Gadag, Karnataka, India
| | - R Suhas
- Postgraduate Department of Chemistry, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science (A Recognised Research Centre of University of Mysore), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - D Channe Gowda
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
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35
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Viayna E, Coquelle N, Cieslikiewicz-Bouet M, Cisternas P, Oliva CA, Sánchez-López E, Ettcheto M, Bartolini M, De Simone A, Ricchini M, Rendina M, Pons M, Firuzi O, Pérez B, Saso L, Andrisano V, Nachon F, Brazzolotto X, García ML, Camins A, Silman I, Jean L, Inestrosa NC, Colletier JP, Renard PY, Muñoz-Torrero D. Discovery of a Potent Dual Inhibitor of Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase with Antioxidant Activity that Alleviates Alzheimer-like Pathology in Old APP/PS1 Mice. J Med Chem 2020; 64:812-839. [PMID: 33356266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The combination of the scaffolds of the cholinesterase inhibitor huprine Y and the antioxidant capsaicin results in compounds with nanomolar potencies toward human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) that retain or improve the antioxidant properties of capsaicin. Crystal structures of their complexes with AChE and BChE revealed the molecular basis for their high potency. Brain penetration was confirmed by biodistribution studies in C57BL6 mice, with one compound (5i) displaying better brain/plasma ratio than donepezil. Chronic treatment of 10 month-old APP/PS1 mice with 5i (2 mg/kg, i.p., 3 times per week, 4 weeks) rescued learning and memory impairments, as measured by three different behavioral tests, delayed the Alzheimer-like pathology progression, as suggested by a significantly reduced Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio in the hippocampus, improved basal synaptic efficacy, and significantly reduced hippocampal oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Compound 5i emerges as an interesting anti-Alzheimer lead with beneficial effects on cognitive symptoms and on some underlying disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Viayna
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicolas Coquelle
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS UMR 5075, F-38054 Grenoble, France.,Large Scale Structures Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | | | - Pedro Cisternas
- Center of Aging and Regeneration UC (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, P.O. Box 114, 8331150 Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina A Oliva
- Center of Aging and Regeneration UC (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, P.O. Box 114, 8331150 Santiago, Chile
| | - Elena Sánchez-López
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, E-28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miren Ettcheto
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, E-28031 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Rovira i Virgili, E-43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Angela De Simone
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Mattia Ricchini
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marisa Rendina
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mégane Pons
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Omidreza Firuzi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 3288, 71345 Shiraz, Iran
| | - Belén Pérez
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, I-47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Florian Nachon
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées BP73, 91993 Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - Xavier Brazzolotto
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées BP73, 91993 Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - Maria Luisa García
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, E-28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Camins
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, E-28031 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Israel Silman
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ludovic Jean
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Center of Aging and Regeneration UC (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, P.O. Box 114, 8331150 Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, 6200000 Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Jacques-Philippe Colletier
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS UMR 5075, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Renard
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Diego Muñoz-Torrero
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Nepovimova E, Svobodova L, Dolezal R, Hepnarova V, Junova L, Jun D, Korabecny J, Kucera T, Gazova Z, Motykova K, Kubackova J, Bednarikova Z, Janockova J, Jesus C, Cortes L, Pina J, Rostohar D, Serpa C, Soukup O, Aitken L, Hughes RE, Musilek K, Muckova L, Jost P, Chvojkova M, Vales K, Valis M, Chrienova Z, Chalupova K, Kuca K. Tacrine - Benzothiazoles: Novel class of potential multitarget anti-Alzheimeŕs drugs dealing with cholinergic, amyloid and mitochondrial systems. Bioorg Chem 2020; 107:104596. [PMID: 33421953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of tacrine - benzothiazole hybrids incorporate inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation and mitochondrial enzyme ABAD, whose interaction with Aβ leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, into a single molecule. In vitro, several of 25 final compounds exerted excellent anti-AChE properties and interesting capabilities to block Aβ aggregation. The best derivative of the series could be considered 10w that was found to be highly potent and selective towards AChE with the IC50 value in nanomolar range. Moreover, the same drug candidate exerted absolutely the best results of the series against ABAD, decreasing its activity by 23% at 100 µM concentration. Regarding the cytotoxicity profile of highlighted compound, it roughly matched that of its parent compound - 6-chlorotacrine. Finally, 10w was forwarded for in vivo scopolamine-induced amnesia experiment consisting of Morris Water Maze test, where it demonstrated mild procognitive effect. Taking into account all in vitro and in vivo data, highlighted derivative 10w could be considered as the lead structure worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Svobodova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Hepnarova
- Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Junova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kucera
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Gazova
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Katarina Motykova
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Kubackova
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Bednarikova
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Janockova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Catarina Jesus
- Centro de Quimica de Coimbra, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3044-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luisa Cortes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joao Pina
- Centro de Quimica de Coimbra, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3044-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Danijela Rostohar
- HiLASE Centre, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Radnici 828, 252 41 Dolni Brezany, Czech Republic
| | - Carlos Serpa
- Centro de Quimica de Coimbra, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3044-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Laura Aitken
- School of Biology, Medical and Biological Sciences Building, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca E Hughes
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lubica Muckova
- Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jost
- Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Chvojkova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Vales
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Valis
- Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Simkova 870/13, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zofia Chrienova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Katarina Chalupova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Konecny J, Misiachna A, Hrabinova M, Pulkrabkova L, Benkova M, Prchal L, Kucera T, Kobrlova T, Finger V, Kolcheva M, Kortus S, Jun D, Valko M, Horak M, Soukup O, Korabecny J. Pursuing the Complexity of Alzheimer's Disease: Discovery of Fluoren-9-Amines as Selective Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors and N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Antagonists. Biomolecules 2020; 11:biom11010003. [PMID: 33375115 PMCID: PMC7822176 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex disorder with unknown etiology. Currently, only symptomatic therapy of AD is available, comprising cholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists. Drugs targeting only one pathological condition have generated only limited efficacy. Thus, combining two or more therapeutic interventions into one molecule is believed to provide higher benefit for the treatment of AD. In the presented study, we designed, synthesized, and biologically evaluated 15 novel fluoren-9-amine derivatives. The in silico prediction suggested both the oral availability and permeation through the blood–brain barrier (BBB). An initial assessment of the biological profile included determination of the cholinesterase inhibition and NMDA receptor antagonism at the GluN1/GluN2A and GluN1/GluN2B subunits, along with a low cytotoxicity profile in the CHO-K1 cell line. Interestingly, compounds revealed a selective butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition pattern with antagonistic activity on the NMDARs. Their interaction with butyrylcholinesterase was elucidated by studying enzyme kinetics for compound 3c in tandem with the in silico docking simulation. The docking study showed the interaction of the tricyclic core of new derivatives with Trp82 within the anionic site of the enzyme in a similar way as the template drug tacrine. From the kinetic analysis, it is apparent that 3c is a competitive inhibitor of BChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Konecny
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (M.H.); (L.P.); (T.K.); (D.J.)
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (L.P.); (T.K.); (V.F.)
| | - Anna Misiachna
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (M.K.); (S.K.); (M.H.)
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hrabinova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (M.H.); (L.P.); (T.K.); (D.J.)
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (L.P.); (T.K.); (V.F.)
| | - Lenka Pulkrabkova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (M.H.); (L.P.); (T.K.); (D.J.)
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (L.P.); (T.K.); (V.F.)
| | - Marketa Benkova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (L.P.); (T.K.); (V.F.)
| | - Lukas Prchal
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (L.P.); (T.K.); (V.F.)
| | - Tomas Kucera
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (M.H.); (L.P.); (T.K.); (D.J.)
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (L.P.); (T.K.); (V.F.)
| | - Tereza Kobrlova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (L.P.); (T.K.); (V.F.)
| | - Vladimir Finger
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (L.P.); (T.K.); (V.F.)
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marharyta Kolcheva
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (M.K.); (S.K.); (M.H.)
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stepan Kortus
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (M.K.); (S.K.); (M.H.)
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (M.H.); (L.P.); (T.K.); (D.J.)
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (L.P.); (T.K.); (V.F.)
| | - Marian Valko
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinskeho 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Martin Horak
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (M.K.); (S.K.); (M.H.)
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (M.H.); (L.P.); (T.K.); (D.J.)
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (L.P.); (T.K.); (V.F.)
- Correspondence: (O.S.); (J.K.); Tel.: +420-495-833-447 (O.S. & J.K.)
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (M.H.); (L.P.); (T.K.); (D.J.)
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (L.P.); (T.K.); (V.F.)
- Correspondence: (O.S.); (J.K.); Tel.: +420-495-833-447 (O.S. & J.K.)
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Makhaeva GF, Kovaleva NV, Rudakova EV, Boltneva NP, Lushchekina SV, Faingold II, Poletaeva DA, Soldatova YV, Kotelnikova RA, Serkov IV, Ustinov AK, Proshin AN, Radchenko EV, Palyulin VA, Richardson RJ. New Multifunctional Agents Based on Conjugates of 4-Amino-2,3-polymethylenequinoline and Butylated Hydroxytoluene for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245891. [PMID: 33322783 PMCID: PMC7763995 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
New hybrids of 4-amino-2,3-polymethylenequinoline with different sizes of the aliphatic ring linked to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) by enaminoalkyl (7) or aminoalkyl (8) spacers were synthesized as potential multifunctional agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment. All compounds were potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with selectivity toward BChE. Lead compound 8c, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-{[2-(7,8,9,10- tetrahydro-6H-cyclohepta[b]quinolin-11-ylamino)-ethylimino]-methyl}-phenol exhibited an IC50(AChE) = 1.90 ± 0.16 µM, IC50(BChE) = 0.084 ± 0.008 µM, and 13.6 ± 1.2% propidium displacement at 20 μM. Compounds possessed low activity against carboxylesterase, indicating likely absence of clinically unwanted drug-drug interactions. Kinetics were consistent with mixed-type reversible inhibition of both cholinesterases. Docking indicated binding to catalytic and peripheral AChE sites; peripheral site binding along with propidium displacement suggest the potential of the hybrids to block AChE-induced β-amyloid aggregation, a disease-modifying effect. Compounds demonstrated high antioxidant activity in ABTS and FRAP assays as well as inhibition of luminol chemiluminescence and lipid peroxidation in mouse brain homogenates. Conjugates 8 with amine-containing spacers were better antioxidants than those with enamine spacers 7. Computational ADMET profiles for all compounds predicted good blood-brain barrier distribution (permeability), good intestinal absorption, and medium cardiac toxicity risk. Overall, based on their favorable pharmacological and ADMET profiles, conjugates 8 appear promising as candidates for AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina F. Makhaeva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.K.U.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.)
| | - Nadezhda V. Kovaleva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.K.U.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.)
| | - Elena V. Rudakova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.K.U.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.)
| | - Natalia P. Boltneva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.K.U.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.)
| | - Sofya V. Lushchekina
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.K.U.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.)
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina I. Faingold
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (I.I.F.); (D.A.P.); (Y.V.S.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Darya A. Poletaeva
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (I.I.F.); (D.A.P.); (Y.V.S.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Yuliya V. Soldatova
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (I.I.F.); (D.A.P.); (Y.V.S.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Raisa A. Kotelnikova
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (I.I.F.); (D.A.P.); (Y.V.S.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Igor V. Serkov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.K.U.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.)
| | - Anatoly K. Ustinov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.K.U.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.)
| | - Alexey N. Proshin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.K.U.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.)
| | - Eugene V. Radchenko
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.K.U.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.)
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Palyulin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.K.U.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.)
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Rudy J. Richardson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Center of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Michigan Institute for Computational Discovery and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-734-936-0769
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Hroudová J, Nováková T, Korábečný J, Maliňák D, Górecki L, Fišar Z. Effects of Novel Tacrine Derivatives on Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism and Monoamine Oxidase Activity-In Vitro Study. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:1102-13. [PMID: 33089424 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02172-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The trends of novel AD therapeutics are focused on multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs), which combine cholinesterase inhibition with additional biological properties such as antioxidant properties to positively affect neuronal energy metabolism as well as mitochondrial function. We examined the in vitro effects of 10 novel MTDLs on the activities of mitochondrial enzymes (electron transport chain complexes and citrate synthase), mitochondrial respiration, and monoamine oxidase isoform (MAO-A and MAO-B) activity. The drug-induced effects of 7-MEOTA-adamantylamine heterodimers (K1011, K1013, K1018, K1020, and K1022) and tacrine/7-MEOTA/6-chlorotacrine-trolox heterodimers (K1046, K1053, K1056, K1060, and K1065) were measured in pig brain mitochondria. Most of the substances inhibited complex I- and complex II-linked respiration at high concentrations; K1046, K1053, K1056, and K1060 resulted in the least inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. Citrate synthase activity was not significantly inhibited by the tested substances; the least inhibition of complex I was observed for compounds K1060 and K1053, while both complex II/III and complex IV activity were markedly inhibited by K1011 and K1018. MAO-A was fully inhibited by K1018 and K1065, and MAO-B was fully inhibited by K1053 and K1065; the other tested drugs were partial inhibitors of both MAO-A and MAO-B. The tacrine/7-MEOTA/6-chlorotacrine-trolox heterodimers K1046, K1053, and K1060 seem to be the most suitable molecules for subsequent in vivo studies. These compounds had balanced inhibitory effects on mitochondrial respiration, with low complex I and complex II/III inhibition and full or partial inhibition of MAO-B activity.
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Pachón Angona I, Martin H, Daniel S, Moraleda I, Bonet A, Wnorowski A, Maj M, Jozwiak K, Iriepa I, Refouvelet B, Marco-Contelles J, Ismaili L. Synthesis of Hantzsch Adducts as Cholinesterases and Calcium Flux inhibitors, Antioxidants and Neuroprotectives. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207652. [PMID: 33081112 PMCID: PMC7589057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We report herein the design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modelling of new inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), able to block Ca+2 channels also showing antioxidant and neuroprotective activities. The new MTDL, dialkyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-((5-aminoalkyl)oxy)phenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate 3a-p, have been obtained via Hantzsch reaction from appropriate and commercially available precursors. Pertinent biological analysis has prompted us to identify MTDL 3h [dimethyl-4-(4-((5-(4-benzylpiperidin-1-yl)pentyl)oxy)phenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate] as an attractive inhibitor of AChE (1.8 μM) and BuChE (2 μM), Ca+2 channel antagonist (47.72% at 10 μM), and antioxidant (2.54 TE) agent, showing significant neuroprotection 28.68% and 38.29% against H2O2, and O/R, respectively, at 0.3 μM, thus being considered a hit-compound for further investigation in our search for anti-Alzheimer's disease agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Pachón Angona
- Neurosciences Intégratives et Cliniques EA 481, Pôle de Chimie Organique et Thérapeutique, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR Santé, 19, rue Ambroise Paré, F-25000 Besançon, France; (I.P.A.); (S.D.)
| | - Helene Martin
- PEPITE EA4267, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Cellulaire, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France; (H.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Solene Daniel
- Neurosciences Intégratives et Cliniques EA 481, Pôle de Chimie Organique et Thérapeutique, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR Santé, 19, rue Ambroise Paré, F-25000 Besançon, France; (I.P.A.); (S.D.)
| | - Ignacio Moraleda
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, School Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Barcelona, Km. 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain;
| | - Alexandre Bonet
- PEPITE EA4267, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Cellulaire, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France; (H.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Artur Wnorowski
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. W. Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.W.); (M.M.); (K.J.)
| | - Maciej Maj
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. W. Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.W.); (M.M.); (K.J.)
| | - Krzysztof Jozwiak
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. W. Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.W.); (M.M.); (K.J.)
| | - Isabel Iriepa
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, School Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Barcelona, Km. 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain;
- Correspondence: (I.I.); (B.R.); (L.I.)
| | - Bernard Refouvelet
- Neurosciences Intégratives et Cliniques EA 481, Pôle de Chimie Organique et Thérapeutique, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR Santé, 19, rue Ambroise Paré, F-25000 Besançon, France; (I.P.A.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: (I.I.); (B.R.); (L.I.)
| | - José Marco-Contelles
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (IQOG, CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain;
| | - Lhassane Ismaili
- Neurosciences Intégratives et Cliniques EA 481, Pôle de Chimie Organique et Thérapeutique, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR Santé, 19, rue Ambroise Paré, F-25000 Besançon, France; (I.P.A.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: (I.I.); (B.R.); (L.I.)
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Adeowo FY, Ejalonibu MA, Elrashedy AA, Lawal MM, Kumalo HM. Multi-target approach for Alzheimer's disease treatment: computational biomolecular modeling of cholinesterase enzymes with a novel 4- N-phenylaminoquinoline derivative reveal promising potentials. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:3825-3841. [PMID: 33030113 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1826129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The identification of dual inhibitors targeting the active sites of the cholinesterase enzymes, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), have lately surfaced as a multi-approach towards Alzheimer treatment. More recently, a novel series of 4-N-phenylaminoquinolines was synthesized and evaluated against AChE and BuChE in which one of the compounds displayed appreciable inhibition compared to the standard compound, galantamine. To provide a clearer picture of the inhibition mechanism of this potent compound at the molecular level, computational biomolecular modeling was carried out. The investigation was initiated with the exploration of the chemical properties of the identified compound 11 b and reference drug, galantamine. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal some conceptual parameters that provide information on the stability and reactivity of the compounds as potential inhibitors. To unveil the binding mechanism, energetics and enzyme-ligand interactions, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of six different systems were executed over a period. Calculated binding free energy values are in the same order with experimental IC50 data. Identification of the main residues driving optimum binding of the active compound 11 b to the binding region of both AChE and BuChE showed Trp81 and Trp110 as the most important, respectively. It was proposed that the studied compound could serve as a dual inhibitor for AChE and BuChE, therefore, would potentially be a promising moiety in a multi-target approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disorder.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Y Adeowo
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Murtala A Ejalonibu
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ahmed A Elrashedy
- Molecular Bio-computational and Drug Design Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Monsurat M Lawal
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hezekiel M Kumalo
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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42
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Oset-Gasque MJ, Marco-Contelles JL. Tacrine-Natural-Product Hybrids for Alzheimer's Disease Therapy. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:4392-4400. [PMID: 29611473 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180403151725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex, neurodegenerative pathology showing, among others, high cholinergic and neurotransmitter deficits, oxidative stress, inflammation, Aβ-aggregation resulting in senile plaques formation, and hyperphosphorylation of tau-protein leading to neurofibrillary tangles. Due to its multifactorial and complex nature, multitarget directed small-molecules able to simultaneously inhibit or bind diverse biological targets involved in the progress and development of AD are considered now the best therapeutic strategy to design new compounds for AD therapy. Among them, tacrine is a very well known standard-gold ligand, and natural products have been a traditional source of new agents for diverse therapeutic treatments. In this review, we will update recent developments of multitarget tacrinenatural products hybrids for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Oset-Gasque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Kaniakova M, Nepovimova E, Kleteckova L, Skrenkova K, Holubova K, Chrienova Z, Hepnarova V, Kucera T, Kobrlova T, Vales K, Korabecny J, Soukup O, Horak M. Combination of Memantine and 6-Chlorotacrine as Novel Multi-Target Compound against Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:821-833. [PMID: 30819076 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190228122218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. It is characterized as a multi-factorial disorder with a prevalent genetic component. Due to the unknown etiology, current treatment based on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) antagonist is effective only temporary. It seems that curative treatment will necessarily be complex due to the multifactorial nature of the disease. In this context, the so-called "multi-targeting" approach has been established. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to develop a multi-target-directed ligand (MTDL) combining the support for the cholinergic system by inhibition of AChE and at the same time ameliorating the burden caused by glutamate excitotoxicity mediated by the NMDAR receptors. METHODS We have applied common approaches of organic chemistry to prepare a hybrid of 6-chlorotacrine and memantine. Then, we investigated its blocking ability towards AChE and NMDRS in vitro, as well as its neuroprotective efficacy in vivo in the model of NMDA-induced lessions. We also studied cytotoxic potential of the compound and predicted the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. RESULTS A novel molecule formed by combination of 6-chlorotacrine and memantine proved to be a promising multipotent hybrid capable of blocking the action of AChE as well as NMDARs. The presented hybrid surpassed the AChE inhibitory activity of the parent compound 6-Cl-THA twofold. According to results it has been revealed that our novel hybrid blocks NMDARs in the same manner as memantine, potently inhibits AChE and is predicted to cross the blood-brain barrier via passive diffusion. Finally, the MTDL design strategy was indicated by in vivo results which showed that the novel 6-Cl-THA-memantine hybrid displayed a quantitatively better neuroprotective effect than the parent compound memantine. CONCLUSION We conclude that the combination of two pharmacophores with a synergistic mechanism of action into a single molecule offers great potential for the treatment of CNS disorders associated with cognitive decline and/or excitotoxicity mediated by NMDARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kaniakova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.,Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kleteckova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Skrenkova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Holubova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Zofia Chrienova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Hepnarova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kucera
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Kobrlova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Vales
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Horak
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.,Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Pérez-Areales FJ, Garrido M, Aso E, Bartolini M, De Simone A, Espargaró A, Ginex T, Sabate R, Pérez B, Andrisano V, Puigoriol-Illamola D, Pallàs M, Luque FJ, Loza MI, Brea J, Ferrer I, Ciruela F, Messeguer A, Muñoz-Torrero D. Centrally Active Multitarget Anti-Alzheimer Agents Derived from the Antioxidant Lead CR-6. J Med Chem 2020; 63:9360-9390. [PMID: 32706255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major pathogenic factor in Alzheimer's disease, but it should not be tackled alone rather together with other key targets to derive effective treatments. The combination of the scaffold of the polar antioxidant lead 7-methoxy-2,2-dimethylchroman-6-ol (CR-6) with that of the lipophilic cholinesterase inhibitor 6-chlorotacrine results in compounds with favorable brain permeability and multiple activities in vitro (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE-1), and Aβ42 and tau aggregation inhibition). In in vivo studies on wild-type and APP/presenilin 1 (PS1) mice, two selected compounds were well tolerated and led to positive trends, albeit statistically nonsignificant in some cases, on memory performance, amyloid pathology (reduced amyloid burden and potentiated non-amyloidogenic APP processing), and oxidative stress (reduced cortical oxidized proteins and increased antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), catalase, glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), and heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1) and transcription factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)). These compounds emerge as interesting brain-permeable multitarget compounds, with a potential as anti-Alzheimer agents beyond that of the original lead CR-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Javier Pérez-Areales
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona (UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Garrido
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Aso
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Neurosciences Institute, University of Barcelona (UB) and Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, E-08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Angela De Simone
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alba Espargaró
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona (UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tiziana Ginex
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, IBUB, and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTC), University of Barcelona (UB), E-08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Raimon Sabate
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona (UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Pérez
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics, and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, I-47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Dolors Puigoriol-Illamola
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroUB), University of Barcelona (UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroUB), University of Barcelona (UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Javier Luque
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, IBUB, and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTC), University of Barcelona (UB), E-08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - María Isabel Loza
- BioFarma Research Group, Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Av. de Barcelona s/n, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Brea
- BioFarma Research Group, Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Av. de Barcelona s/n, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Neurosciences Institute, University of Barcelona (UB) and Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, E-08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,CIBERNED, E-28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Neurosciences Institute, University of Barcelona (UB) and Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, E-08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Angel Messeguer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Muñoz-Torrero
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona (UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Nepovimova E, Korabecny J, Hepnarova V, Jun D, Dolezal R, Muckova L, Jost P, Soukup O, Janockova J, Pham NL, Nguyen TD, Valis M, Kuca K. N-alkylated Tacrine Derivatives as Potential Agents in Alzheimer's Disease Therapy. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:333-343. [PMID: 30873921 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190314163942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on the prevalence studies, the number of people suffering from dementia will almost double every 20 years, to 65.7 million in 2030 and 115.4 million in 2050, assuming no changes in mortality, effective preventative measures, definitive diagnostic guidelines or curative treatment. From the abovementioned epidemiological data, it is obvious that dementia constitutes a major public health problem not only at present, but unfortunately also in the future. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS Several N-alkylated tacrine (THA) derivatives have already been synthesized by Pomponi et al., in 1997. However, these compounds were tested for their anti-AChE activity using enzyme isolated from Electrophorus electricus. For this reason, we have decided to extend the previously reported series of THA derivatives and consequently test them in the battery of experiments, the results of which have served to more relevant evaluation of these compounds from the perspective of Alzeimer´s disease compared to that published by Pomponi. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION In summary, all compounds of interest effectively inhibited ChEs in vitro. One of the most promising derivatives 8 bearing an N-octyl chain showed 2.5-fold higher AChE inhibitory activity in relation to tacrine. With respect to blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, it can be claimed that synthesized analogues are presumably able to cross the BBB. From the point of view of hepatotoxicity, selected Nalkylated tacrine derivatives exerted worse results compared to tacrine. However, in vitro results are only illustrative, therefore, only in vivo experiments could determine the real value of selected N-alkylated THA derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Intensive Medicine and Forensic Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Center; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Hepnarova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Center; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Center; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lubica Muckova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jost
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Center; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Center; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Janockova
- Biomedical Research Center; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ngoc Lam Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Thuy Duong Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Valis
- Biomedical Research Center; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Simkova 870/13, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Center; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Benek O, Korabecny J, Soukup O. A Perspective on Multi-target Drugs for Alzheimer's Disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 41:434-445. [PMID: 32448557 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has a complex pathophysiology that includes aggregation of pathological proteins, impaired neurotransmission, increased oxidative stress, or microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Therapeutics targeting only one of these AD-related subpathologies have not yet been successful in the search for a disease-modifying treatment. Therefore, multi-target drugs (MTDs) aiming simultaneously at several subpathologies are expected to be a better approach. However, the concept of MTD is inherently connected with several limitations, which are often ignored during MTD design and development. Here, we provide an overview of the MTD approach and discuss its potential pitfalls in the context of AD treatment. We also put forward ideas to be used in the rational design of MTDs to obtain drugs that are effective against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Benek
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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47
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Pachòn Angona I, Daniel S, Martin H, Bonet A, Wnorowski A, Maj M, Jóźwiak K, Silva TB, Refouvelet B, Borges F, Marco-Contelles J, Ismaili L. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of New Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Multitarget Directed Ligands Able to Block Calcium Channels. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061329. [PMID: 32183349 PMCID: PMC7144121 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We report herein the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of new antioxidant and neuroprotective multitarget directed ligands (MTDLs) able to block Ca2+ channels. New dialkyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate MTDLs 3a–t, resulting from the juxtaposition of nimodipine, a Ca2+ channel antagonist, and rasagiline, a known MAO inhibitor, have been obtained from appropriate and commercially available precursors using a Hantzsch reaction. Pertinent biological analysis has prompted us to identify the MTDL 3,5-dimethyl-2,6–dimethyl–4-[4-(prop–2–yn–1-yloxy)phenyl]-1,4-dihydro- pyridine- 3,5-dicarboxylate (3a), as an attractive antioxidant (1.75 TE), Ca2+ channel antagonist (46.95% at 10 μM), showing significant neuroprotection (38%) against H2O2 at 10 μM, being considered thus a hit-compound for further investigation in our search for anti-Alzheimer’s disease agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Pachòn Angona
- Neurosciences Intégratives et Cliniques EA 481, Pôle de Chimie Organique et Thérapeutique, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR Santé, 19, rue Ambroise Paré, F-25000 Besançon, France; (I.P.A.); (S.D.); (B.R.)
| | - Solene Daniel
- Neurosciences Intégratives et Cliniques EA 481, Pôle de Chimie Organique et Thérapeutique, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR Santé, 19, rue Ambroise Paré, F-25000 Besançon, France; (I.P.A.); (S.D.); (B.R.)
| | - Helene Martin
- PEPITE EA4267, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Cellulaire, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France; (H.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Alexandre Bonet
- PEPITE EA4267, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Cellulaire, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France; (H.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Artur Wnorowski
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. W. Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.W.); (M.M.); (K.J.)
| | - Maciej Maj
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. W. Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.W.); (M.M.); (K.J.)
| | - Krzysztof Jóźwiak
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. W. Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.W.); (M.M.); (K.J.)
| | - Tiago Barros Silva
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 1021/1055, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (T.B.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Bernard Refouvelet
- Neurosciences Intégratives et Cliniques EA 481, Pôle de Chimie Organique et Thérapeutique, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR Santé, 19, rue Ambroise Paré, F-25000 Besançon, France; (I.P.A.); (S.D.); (B.R.)
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 1021/1055, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (T.B.S.); (F.B.)
| | - José Marco-Contelles
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (IQOG, CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.-C.); (L.I.)
| | - Lhassane Ismaili
- Neurosciences Intégratives et Cliniques EA 481, Pôle de Chimie Organique et Thérapeutique, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR Santé, 19, rue Ambroise Paré, F-25000 Besançon, France; (I.P.A.); (S.D.); (B.R.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.-C.); (L.I.)
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Zhang X, Guo X, Kang X, Yang H, Guo W, Guan L, Wu H, Du L. Surface Functionalization of Pegylated Gold Nanoparticles with Antioxidants Suppresses Nanoparticle-Induced Oxidative Stress and Neurotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1195-1205. [PMID: 32125152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Because of their biocompatibility and biosafety, pegylated Au NPs (Au@PEG), as a nanodrug-carrier, have been widely applied in different biomedical applications, including imaging and drug delivery systems. Under such conditions, the biosafety of Au@PEG has attracted tremendous attention. However, only a small number of studies focused on the neurotoxicity of Au@PEG used as drug delivery carriers not to mention reducing the neurotoxicity of Au@PEG. To address this issue, the adverse effects of Au@PEG on human neuroblastoma SHSY5Y cells were first investigated. The results showed that 4.5 nm Au@PEG significantly induced cell apoptosis through upregulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and disordering the mitochondrial membrane potential. To further evaluate whether the neurotoxicity of Au@PEG could be improved through conjugating antioxidants on the surface of Au@PEG, Trolox (a vitamin E analogue)-functionalized Au@PEG (Au@Trolox) was synthesized. The results showed that the neurotoxicity of Au@PEG on SHSY5Y cells could be significantly improved by Au@Trolox. Next, mice were subjected to administration of 4.5 nm Au@PEG and Au@Trolox for 3 months. An increase of oxidative stress and a decrease in the activity of key antioxidant enzymes including glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were observed after long-term injection of Au@PEG. More importantly, both the apoptosis of neurons and the activation of astrocytes were observed in the hippocampus of mice injected with Au@PEG. In contrast, the adverse effects of Au@PEG could be improved when injected with Au@Trolox. In short, the present study provided new insights into the toxicity evaluation of nanoparticles and would help to better understand and prevent the neurotoxicity of nanomaterials used in pharmaceutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xueling Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxuan Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, P. R. China
| | - Hui Yang
- Immunology Department, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Weiyi Guo
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Lingmei Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hai Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Libo Du
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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Xie J, Liang R, Wang Y, Huang J, Cao X, Niu B. Progress in Target Drug Molecules for Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:4-36. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191203113745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that 4 widespread in the elderly.
The etiology of AD is complicated, and its pathogenesis is still unclear. Although there are many
researches on anti-AD drugs, they are limited to reverse relief symptoms and cannot treat diseases.
Therefore, the development of high-efficiency anti-AD drugs with no side effects has become an urgent
need. Based on the published literature, this paper summarizes the main targets of AD and their drugs,
and focuses on the research and development progress of these drugs in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayang Xie
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ruirui Liang
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yajiang Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Junyi Huang
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xin Cao
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Niu
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
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50
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an enormous healthcare challenge, and 50 million people are currently suffering from it. There are several pathophysiological mechanisms involved, but cholinesterase inhibitors remained the major target from the last 2-3 decades. Among four available therapeutics (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, and memantine), three of them are cholinesterase inhibitors. Herein, we describe the role of acetylcholine sterase (AChE) and related hypothesis in AD along with the pharmacological and chemical aspects of the available cholinesterase inhibitors. This chapter discusses the development of several congeners and hybrids of available cholinesterase inhibitors along with their binding patterns in enzyme active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyoosh Sharma
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Manish Kumar Tripathi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Sushant Kumar Shrivastava
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India.
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