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Liu SJ, Zhao Q, Liu XC, Gamble AB, Huang W, Yang QQ, Han B. Bioactive atropisomers: Unraveling design strategies and synthetic routes for drug discovery. Med Res Rev 2024. [PMID: 38515232 DOI: 10.1002/med.22037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Atropisomerism, an expression of axial chirality caused by limited bond rotation, is a prominent aspect within the field of medicinal chemistry. It has been shown that atropisomers of a wide range of compounds, including established FDA-approved drugs and experimental molecules, display markedly different biological activities. The time-dependent reversal of chirality in atropisomers poses complexity and obstacles in the process of drug discovery and development. Nonetheless, recent progress in understanding atropisomerism and enhanced characterization methods have greatly assisted medicinal chemists in the effective development of atropisomeric drug molecules. This article provides a comprehensive review of their special design thoughts, synthetic routes, and biological activities, serving as a reference for the synthesis and biological evaluation of bioactive atropisomers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Jiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Allan B Gamble
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian-Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Thönnißen V, Westphäling J, Atodiresei IL, Patureau FW. Atroposelective Chan-Evans-Lam Amination. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304378. [PMID: 38179829 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The synthetic control of atropoisomerism along C-N bonds is a major challenge, and methods that allow C-N atroposelective bond formation are rare. This is a problem because each atropoisomer can feature starkly differentiated biological properties. Yet, among the three most practical and applicable classical amination methods available: 1) the Cu-catalyzed Ullmann-Goldberg reaction, 2) the Pd-catalyzed Buchwald-Hartwig reaction, and 3) the Cu-catalyzed Chan-Evans-Lam reaction, none has truly been rendered atroposelective at the newly formed C-N bond. The first ever Chan-Evans-Lam atroposelective amination is herein described with a simple copper catalyst and newly designed PyrOx chiral ligand. This method should find important applications in asymmetric synthesis, in particular for medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinzenz Thönnißen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Johannes Westphäling
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Iuliana L Atodiresei
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frederic W Patureau
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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3
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Yu Y, Gu D, Cai L, Yang H, Sheng R. Development of small-molecule inhibitors that target PI3Kβ. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103854. [PMID: 38070704 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) β, a subtype of class I PI3Ks, has an essential role in PTEN-deficient tumors and links to thrombosis, male fertility, and Fragile X syndrome. PI3Kβ-specific targeting therapy could be an efficacious treatment for diseases highly dependent on PI3Kβ, while mitigating the severe toxicity of pan-PI3K inhibitors. Achieving selectivity can be accomplished through three primary strategies, namely, binding to the induced lipophilic pocket, targeting the unique amino acid residue of PI3Kβ, or using atropisomerism to lock conformation. In this review, we focus on advances in the development of these β-isoform-selective PI3K inhibitors, providing potential guidance for the further development of novel clinical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhen Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Dongyan Gu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Lvtao Cai
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000, PR China
| | - Haodong Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000, PR China
| | - Rong Sheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000, PR China.
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4
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Feng J, Lu CJ, Liu RR. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Atropisomers Featuring an Aza Axis. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2537-2554. [PMID: 37694726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusAtropisomers bearing a rotation-restricted axis are common structural units in natural products, chiral ligands, and drugs; thus, the prevalence of asymmetric synthesis has increased in recent decades. Research into atropisomers featuring an N-containing axis (N-X atropisomers) remains in its infancy compared with the well-developed C-C atropisomer analogue. Notably, N-X atropisomers could offer divergent scaffolds, which are extremely important in bioactive molecules. The asymmetric synthesis of N-X atropisomers is recognized as both appealing and challenging. Recently, we devoted our efforts to the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of N-X atropisomers, benzimidazole-aryl N-C atropisomers, indole-aryl N-C atropisomers, hydrogen-bond-assisted N-C atropisomers, pyrrole-pyrrole N-N atropisomers, pyrrole-indole N-N atropisomers, and indole-indole N-N atropisomers. To obtain the N-C atropisomers, an asymmetric Buchwald-Hartwig reaction of amidines or enamines was employed. Using a Pd(OAc)2/(S)-BINAP or Pd(OAc)2/(S)-Xyl-BINAP catalyst system, benzimidazole-aryl N-C atropisomers and indole-aryl N-C atropisomers were readily obtained. To address the issue of the reduced stability of the diarylamine axis, a six-membered intramolecular N-H-O hydrogen bond was introduced into the N-C atropisomer scaffold. A tandem N-arylation/oxidation process was used for the chiral phosphoric acid (CPA)-catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of N-aryl quinone atropisomers. For N-N atropisomers, a copper-mediated asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylation/arylation reaction was developed. The desymmetrization process was completed successfully via a Cu(OTf)2/chiral bisoxazoline or (CuOTf)·Tol/bis(phosphine) dioxide system, thereby achieving the first catalytic asymmetric synthesis of N/N bipyrrole atropisomers. Asymmetric Buchwald-Hartwig amination of enamines was utilized to provide N-N bisindole atropisomers with excellent stereogenic control. This was the first asymmetric synthesis of N-N atropisomers featuring a bisindole structural scaffold using the de novo indole construction strategy. The asymmetric N-N heterobiaryl atropisomer synthesis was substantially facilitated using palladium-catalyzed transient directing group (TDG)-mediated C-H functionalization. Atropisomeric alkenylation, allylation, or alkynylation was accomplished using the Pd(OAc)2/l-tert-leucine system. Herein, we summarize our work on the palladium-, copper-, and CPA-catalyzed asymmetric syntheses of N-C and N-N atropisomers. Furthermore, the application of our work in the synthesis of bioactive molecule analogues and axially chiral ligands is demonstrated. Subsequently, the stability of the chiral N-containing axis is briefly discussed in terms of single crystals and obtained rotational barriers. Finally, an outlook on the asymmetric N-X atropisomer synthesis is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chuan-Jun Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ren-Rong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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Lu CJ, Xu Q, Feng J, Liu RR. The Asymmetric Buchwald-Hartwig Amination Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216863. [PMID: 36535894 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the Buchwald-Hartwig reaction has emerged as a powerful tool for forging C-N bonds, and has been vital to the pharmaceuticals, materials, and catalysis fields. However, asymmetric Buchwald-Hartwig amination reactions for constructing centered chirality, planar chirality, and axial chirality remain in their infancy owing to limited substrate scope and laggard ligand design. The recent surge in interest in the synthesis of C-N/N-N atropisomers, has witnessed a renaissance in asymmetric Buchwald-Hartwig amination chemistry as the first practical protocol for the preparation of C-N atropisomers. This review highlights reported asymmetric Buchwald-Hartwig amination protocols and provides a brief overview of their chemical practicality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Jun Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qi Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jia Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ren-Rong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao, 266071, China
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Thönnißen V, Atodiresei IL, Patureau FW. Atroposelective Nenitzescu Indole Synthesis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300279. [PMID: 36725685 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, compounds bearing a stereogenic C-N axis have gained significant attention in fields ranging from ligand to drug design. Yet, the atroposelective synthesis of these molecules remains a considerable challenge. In contrast to recent methods using more advanced chiral catalysts, a very simply accessed Jacobsen-type chromium(III)-salen complex was used here as a chiral enantiopure Lewis acid catalyst for a highly atroposelective Nenitzescu indole synthesis. Mild reaction conditions afforded various 5-hydroxybenzo[g]indoles in up to 97 % yield. Moreover, through a simple work-up, very high enantiomeric excesses of up to 99 % could be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinzenz Thönnißen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Iuliana L Atodiresei
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frederic W Patureau
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Patel S, Sandha K, Waingankar A, Jain P, Abhyankar A. Atropisomerism transforming anti-cancer drug discovery. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 101:138-157. [PMID: 36254625 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atropisomerism is a stereochemical phenomenon that describes how groups are arranged in space as a result of their impeded rotation around a single bond. It is one of the frequently underappreciated conformational kinds of chirality. A significant role for atropisomers in drug discovery and development has been established via substantial study on the characteristics of molecules exhibiting this form of chirality. According to studies on the target selectivity of anti-cancer drugs, it was identified that atropisomers of specific compounds could be examined to modulate the selectivity of promiscuous inhibitors, which are a key target in cancer therapy. Conversely, it was discovered that these deliberate rigidifications of possible molecules along an axis of chirality gave an abundant possibility of acquiring more tailored anti-cancer action. Atropisomerism plays a significant role in altering pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and thereby the success of any proposed drug candidate. It is thus necessary to anticipate the impact of stereogenic centres in such compounds on cancer drug development. Hence, herein we review atropisomeric anti-cancer moieties which have been investigated based on their target proteins, origin and isomerism. The insights offered herein would be extremely useful in anti-cancer drug design, pave way for new avenues to development promising potent agents to combat this life-threatening disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Patel
- SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Khushi Sandha
- SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Prachi Jain
- SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
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Wang Z, Meng L, Liu X, Zhang L, Yu Z, Wu G. Recent progress toward developing axial chirality bioactive compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
Atropisomerism is a conformational chirality that occurs when there is hindered rotation about a σ-bond. While atropisomerism is exemplified by biaryls, it is observed in many other pharmaceutically relevant scaffolds including heterobiaryls, benzamides, diarylamines, and anilides. As bond rotation leads to racemization, atropisomers span the gamut of stereochemical stability. LaPlante has classified atropisomers based on their half-life of racemization at 37 °C: class 1 (t1/2 < 60 s), class 2 (60 s < t1/2 < 4.5 years), and class 3 (t1/2 > 4.5 years). In general, class-3 atropisomers are considered to be suitable for drug development. There are currently four FDA-approved drugs that exist as stable atropisomers, and many others are in clinical trials or have recently appeared in the drug discovery literature. Class-1 atropisomers are more prevalent, with ∼30% of recent FDA-approved small molecules possessing at least one class-1 axis. While class-1 atropisomers do not possess the requisite stereochemical stability to meet the classical definition of atropisomerism, they often bind a given target in a specific set of chiral conformations.Over the past decade, our laboratory has embarked on a research program aimed at leveraging atropisomerism as a design feature to improve the target selectivity of promiscuous lead compounds. Our studies initially focused on introducing class-3 atropisomerism into promiscuous kinase inhibitors, resulting in a proof of principle in which the different atropisomers of a compound can have different selectivity profiles with potentially improved target selectivity. This inspired a careful analysis of the binding conformations of diverse ligands bound to different target proteins, resulting in the realization that the sampled dihedral conformations about a prospective atropisomeric axis played a key role in target binding and that preorganizing the prospective atropisomeric axis into a desired target's preferred conformational range can lead to large gains in target selectivity.As atropisomerism is becoming more prevalent in modern drug discovery, there is an increasing need for strategies for atropisomerically pure samples of pharmaceutical compounds. This has led us and other groups to develop catalytic atroposelective methodologies toward pharmaceutically privileged scaffolds. Our laboratory has contributed examples of atroposelective methodologies toward heterobiaryl systems while also exploring the chirality of less-studied atropisomers such as diarylamines and related scaffolds.This Account will detail recent encounters with atropisomerism in medicinal chemistry and how atropisomerism has transitioned from a "lurking menace" into a leverageable design strategy in order to modulate various properties of biologically active small molecules. This Account will also discuss recent advances in atroposelective synthesis, with a focus on methodologies toward pharmaceutically privileged scaffolds. We predict that a better understanding of the effects of conformational restriction about a prospective atropisomeric axis on target binding will empower chemists to rapidly "program" the selectivity of a lead molecule toward a desired target.
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Perreault S, Chandrasekhar J, Patel L. Atropisomerism in Drug Discovery: A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective Inspired by Atropisomeric Class I PI3K Inhibitors. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:2581-2593. [PMID: 36069734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Atropisomerism is a type of axial chirality resulting from hindered rotation about a σ bond that gives rise to nonsuperimposable stereoisomers (termed "atropisomers"). The inversion of chirality of an atropisomeric axis is a time- and temperature-dependent dynamic process occurring by simple bond rotation. For this reason, the rotational energy barrier (ΔErot) and the interconversion rate between an atropisomeric pair of biologically active molecules are important parameters to consider in drug discovery.Many compounds with atropisomeric axes advance into development every year. The vast majority of them have low rotational energy barriers (ΔErot lower than 20 kcal/mol), meaning they are rapidly equilibrating conformers and considered achiral (class 1 atropisomers). Compounds in class 2 (ΔErot = 20 to 30 kcal/mol) can be challenging to develop given that the stereochemical integrity of the atropisomeric axes can be compromised over time. It has been recommended that small molecule drug candidates containing one or more atropisomeric axes with rotational energy barriers greater than 30 kcal/mol (class 3 atropisomers) should be developed as single atropisomers.In medicinal chemistry, a σ bond with restricted rotation is engineered into a bioactive molecule primarily to limit its number of accessible conformations, thereby minimizing entropic and/or enthalpic energy penalties associated with biological target binding. In addition to enhanced pharmacology, potential positive outcomes of introducing atropisomerism include improved physicochemical properties and superior pharmacokinetics/ADME profiles. The application of atropisomerism in medicinal chemistry has become increasingly enabled due to recent advances in synthesis, purification, and analysis, as described in this special issue and recent review articles.Herein, we discuss two case studies from our own work in which restricting rotation about axes of atropisomerism led to significant improvements in pharmacological, physicochemical, and ADME properties for different series of PI3K inhibitors. In the first instance, a restricted axis of rotation was designed to mitigate an acid-mediated hydrolytic degradation pathway observed in a series of PI3Kδ inhibitors. The conformational constraint disrupts conjugation between a quinazolinone and a pyridine, leading to improved chemical stability under acidic conditions. In the second case study, introduction of a restricted axis of rotation between two heteroaromatic systems in a series of PI3Kβ inhibitors generated pairs of atropisomeric compounds with significantly different biological activities. Advanced profiling also demonstrated clear substrate stereospecificity in regard to metabolism by aldehyde oxidase. Gratifyingly, the eutomer (more active atropisomer) shows significantly less susceptibility for oxidative metabolism relative to the distomer (less active atropisomer). The improvements in potency, selectivity, chemical stability, and metabolic stability discussed in this manuscript are all directly related to the concept of atropisomerism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Perreault
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 199 E Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | | | - Leena Patel
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 199 E Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
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11
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Chen H, Zhu T, Sun L, Xiang L, Han H, Luo X, Chen D. Investigation of atropisomeric transformation of a novel PDE4 inhibitor with tetrahydroisoquinoline-based amide group and its primary study of binding to HSA. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 221:115056. [PMID: 36150299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study a kinetic and thermodynamic atropisomeric transformation due to a hindered rotation around the tetrahydroisoquinoline-based amide group was investigated. Quantum chemistry calculations were applied to investigate the transformation under the gas phase and several solvents with different polarity, and then evaluated by dynamic HPLC determination. It was found that the transformation rate of constants and the half-life time varied under the influence of solvent polarity and temperature and the energies of rotational barrier were determined ranging between 87 and 92 kJ∙mol-1. A primary binding study with HSA confirmed a rapid interconversion under the simulated physiological conditions. It is therefore suggested to take this atropisomeric compound as a racemic mixture for its future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Chen
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Rd. Zuchongzhi, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tingfei Zhu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Rd. Zuchongzhi, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ling Sun
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Rd. Zuchongzhi, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Lili Xiang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Rd. Zuchongzhi, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Haiyun Han
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Rd. Zuchongzhi, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xiaomin Luo
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Rd. Zuchongzhi, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Dongying Chen
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Rd. Zuchongzhi, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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12
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Yang YD, Yang BB, Li L. A nonneglectable stereochemical factor in drug development: Atropisomerism. Chirality 2022; 34:1355-1370. [PMID: 35904531 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Chirality is one of the key factors affecting the medicinal efficacy of compounds. In addition to central chirality, sterically hindered chiral axes commonly appear in drugs and the resulting chirality is known as atropisomerism. With developments in medicinal chemistry, atropisomerism has attracted increasing attention. This review discusses the classification, biological activity, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and side effects of atropisomers, and can serve as a reference in the research and development of potential chiral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Dong Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bei-Bei Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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13
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Rodríguez‐Salamanca P, Fernández R, Hornillos V, Lassaletta JM. Asymmetric Synthesis of Axially Chiral C-N Atropisomers. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104442. [PMID: 35191558 PMCID: PMC9314733 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecules with restricted rotation around a single bond or atropisomers are found in a wide number of natural products and bioactive molecules as well as in chiral ligands for asymmetric catalysis and smart materials. Although most of these compounds are biaryls and heterobiaryls displaying a C−C stereogenic axis, there is a growing interest in less common and more challenging axially chiral C−N atropisomers. This review offers an overview of the various methodologies available for their asymmetric synthesis. A brief introduction is initially given to contextualize these axially chiral skeletons, including a historical background and examples of natural products containing axially chiral C−N axes. The preparation of different families of C−N based atropisomers is then presented from anilides to chiral five‐ and six‐membered ring heterocycles. Special emphasis has been given to modern catalytic asymmetric strategies over the past decade for the synthesis of these chiral scaffolds. Applications of these methods to the preparation of natural products and biologically active molecules will be highlighted along the text.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rodríguez‐Salamanca
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-US) and Centro deInnovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)C/ Américo Vespucio, 4941092SevillaSpain
| | - Rosario Fernández
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad de Sevilla) and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) C/ Prof. García González, 141012SevillaSpain
| | - Valentín Hornillos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-US) and Centro deInnovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)C/ Américo Vespucio, 4941092SevillaSpain
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad de Sevilla) and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) C/ Prof. García González, 141012SevillaSpain
| | - José M. Lassaletta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-US) and Centro deInnovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)C/ Américo Vespucio, 4941092SevillaSpain
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14
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An QJ, Xia W, Ding WY, Liu HH, Xiang SH, Wang YB, Zhong G, Tan B. Nitrosobenzene-Enabled Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalyzed Enantioselective Construction of Atropisomeric N-Arylbenzimidazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24888-24893. [PMID: 34553823 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Described herein is an imidazole ring formation strategy for the synthesis of axially chiral N-arylbenzimidazoles by means of chiral phosphoric acid catalysis. Two sets of conditions were developed to transform two classes of 2-naphthylamine derivatives into structurally diverse N-arylbenzimidazole atropisomers with excellent chemo- and regioselectivity as well as high levels of enantiocontrol. It is worth reflecting on the unique roles played by the nitroso group in this domino reaction. It functions as a linchpin by first offering an electrophilic site (N) for the initial C-N bond formation while the resulting amine performs the nucleophilic addition to form the second C-N bond. Additionally, it could facilitate the final oxidative aromatization as an oxidant. The atropisomeric products could be conveniently elaborated to a series of axially chiral derivatives, enabling the exploitation of N-arylbenzimidazoles for their potential utilities in asymmetric catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Jin An
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wang Xia
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wei-Yi Ding
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Huan-Huan Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shao-Hua Xiang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yong-Bin Wang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guofu Zhong
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Bin Tan
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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15
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Wang Y, Xiang S, Tan B. Application in Drugs and Materials. AXIALLY CHIRAL COMPOUNDS 2021:297-315. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527825172.ch11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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16
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An Q, Xia W, Ding W, Liu H, Xiang S, Wang Y, Zhong G, Tan B. Nitrosobenzene‐Enabled Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalyzed Enantioselective Construction of Atropisomeric
N
‐Arylbenzimidazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian‐Jin An
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Wang Xia
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Wei‐Yi Ding
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Huan‐Huan Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Shao‐Hua Xiang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yong‐Bin Wang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Guofu Zhong
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 China
| | - Bin Tan
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
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17
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Vanhaesebroeck B, Perry MWD, Brown JR, André F, Okkenhaug K. PI3K inhibitors are finally coming of age. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:741-769. [PMID: 34127844 PMCID: PMC9297732 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Overactive phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) in cancer and immune dysregulation has spurred extensive efforts to develop therapeutic PI3K inhibitors. Although progress has been hampered by issues such as poor drug tolerance and drug resistance, several PI3K inhibitors have now received regulatory approval - the PI3Kα isoform-selective inhibitor alpelisib for the treatment of breast cancer and inhibitors mainly aimed at the leukocyte-enriched PI3Kδ in B cell malignancies. In addition to targeting cancer cell-intrinsic PI3K activity, emerging evidence highlights the potential of PI3K inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy. This Review summarizes key discoveries that aid the clinical translation of PI3Kα and PI3Kδ inhibitors, highlighting lessons learnt and future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew W D Perry
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jennifer R Brown
- CLL Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fabrice André
- Institut Gustave Roussy, INSERM U981, Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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18
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Wang J, Zhao C, Wang J. Recent Progress toward the Construction of Axially Chiral Molecules Catalyzed by an N-heterocyclic Carbene. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beiing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changgui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beiing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
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19
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Zhang P, Wang XM, Xu Q, Guo CQ, Wang P, Lu CJ, Liu RR. Enantioselective Synthesis of Atropisomeric Biaryls by Pd-Catalyzed Asymmetric Buchwald-Hartwig Amination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21718-21722. [PMID: 34374189 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
N-C Biaryl atropisomers are prevalent in natural products and bioactive drug molecules. However, the enantioselective synthesis of such molecules has not developed significantly. Particularly, the enantioselective synthesis of N-C biaryl atropisomers by stereoselective metal-catalyzed aryl amination remains unprecedented. Herein, a Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling strategy is presented for the synthesis of N-C axially chiral biaryl molecules. A broad spectrum of N-C axially chiral compounds was obtained with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee) and good yields (up to 98 %). The practicality of this reaction was validated in the synthesis of useful biological molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qi Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chang-Qiu Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chuan-Jun Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ren-Rong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
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20
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Zhang P, Wang X, Xu Q, Guo C, Wang P, Lu C, Liu R. Enantioselective Synthesis of Atropisomeric Biaryls by Pd‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Buchwald–Hartwig Amination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qingdao University Ningxia Road 308# Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Xiao‐Mei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qingdao University Ningxia Road 308# Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Qi Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qingdao University Ningxia Road 308# Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Chang‐Qiu Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qingdao University Ningxia Road 308# Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qingdao University Ningxia Road 308# Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Chuan‐Jun Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qingdao University Ningxia Road 308# Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Ren‐Rong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qingdao University Ningxia Road 308# Qingdao 266071 China
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21
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Yang H, Li Q, Su M, Luo F, Liu Y, Wang D, Fan Y. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel 6-(pyridin-3-yl) quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives as potential anticancer agents via PI3K inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 46:116346. [PMID: 34403956 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway is demonstrated in most of human malignant tumors via regulation of proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Therefore, drug discovery and development of targeting the PI3K/Akt pathway has attracted great interest of researchers in the development of anticancer drugs. In this study, fifteen 6-(pyridin-3-yl) quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives were designed and synthesized. Anticancer activities of the synthetic compounds were evaluated and the potential mechanisms were explored. Several compounds showed certain proliferation inhibitory activity against the tested cancer cells including human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) HCC827, human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y and hepatocellular carcinoma LM3 cells. Among them, compound 7i and 7m showed the best inhibitory activity against all the cancer cell lines and more active against HCC827 cells with IC50 values of 1.12 μM and 1.20 μM, respectively. In addition, 7i and 7m showed lower inhibitory activity against H7702 cells (human normal liver cells) with IC50 values of 8.66 μM and 10.89 μM, respectively, nearly 8-fold lower than that in HCC827 cells. These results suggested that compounds 7i and 7m had certain selectivity to tumor cells, compared to human normal cells. Further biological studies indicated 7i induced G2/M phase arrests and cell apoptosis of HCC827 cells via PI3K/Akt and caspase dependent pathway. Together, these novel 6-(pyridin-3-yl) quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives such as compound 7i and 7m might be lead compounds for development of potential anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huarong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550002, PR China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, PR China
| | - Mingzhi Su
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, PR China
| | - Fang Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, PR China
| | - Yahua Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550002, PR China.
| | - Daoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, PR China.
| | - Yanhua Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, PR China.
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22
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Low Temperature Dynamic Chromatography for the Separation of the Interconverting Conformational Enantiomers of the Benzodiazepines Clonazolam, Flubromazolam, Diclazepam and Flurazepam. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13061012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are an important class of psychoactive drugs with hypnotic-sedative, myorelaxant, anxiolytic and anticonvulsant properties due to interaction with the GABAa receptor in the central nervous system of mammals. BZDs are interesting both in clinical and forensic toxicology for their pharmacological characteristics and potential of abuse. The presence of a non-planar diazepine ring generates chiral conformational stereoisomers, even in the absence of stereogenic centers. A conformational enrichment of BZD at the binding sites has been reported in the literature, thus making interesting a stereodynamic screening of a wide range of BZDs. Herein, we report the investigation of three stereolabile 1,4-benzodiazepine included in the class of “designer benzodiazepines” (e.g., diclazepam, a chloro-derivative of diazepam, and two triazolo-benzodiazepines, flubromazolam and clonazolam) and a commercially available BZD known as flurazepam, in order to study the kinetic of the “ring-flip” process that allows two conformational enantiomers to interconvert at high rate at room temperature. A combination of low temperature enantioselective dynamic chromatography on chiral stationary phase and computer simulations of the experimental chromatograms allowed us to measure activation energies of enantiomerization (ΔG‡) lower than 18.5 kcal/mol. The differences between compounds have been correlated to the pattern of substitutions on the 1,4-benzodiazepinic core.
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23
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Jin J, Huang X, Xu J, Li T, Peng X, Zhu X, Zhang J, Jin Z, Chi YR. Carbene-Catalyzed Atroposelective Annulation and Desymmetrization of Urazoles. Org Lett 2021; 23:3991-3996. [PMID: 33979174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An NHC-catalyzed atroposelective reaction between ynals and urazoles is disclosed. The reaction establishes a chiral C-N axis via an atroposelective [3 + 2] annulation/desymmetrization process. Our reaction allows efficient access to axially chiral and heteroatom-rich urazole derivatives with potential applications in bioactive molecules and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- International Joint Research Center for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaolin Peng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhichao Jin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China.,Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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24
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Peryea T, Southall N, Miller M, Katzel D, Anderson N, Neyra J, Stemann S, Nguyễn ÐT, Amugoda D, Newatia A, Ghazzaoui R, Johanson E, Diederik H, Callahan L, Switzer F. Global Substance Registration System: consistent scientific descriptions for substances related to health. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:D1179-D1185. [PMID: 33137173 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) have collaborated to publish rigorous scientific descriptions of substances relevant to regulated products. The FDA has adopted the global ISO 11238 data standard for the identification of substances in medicinal products and has populated a database to organize the agency's regulatory submissions and marketed products data. NCATS has worked with FDA to develop the Global Substance Registration System (GSRS) and produce a non-proprietary version of the database for public benefit. In 2019, more than half of all new drugs in clinical development were proteins, nucleic acid therapeutics, polymer products, structurally diverse natural products or cellular therapies. While multiple databases of small molecule chemical structures are available, this resource is unique in its application of regulatory standards for the identification of medicinal substances and its robust support for other substances in addition to small molecules. This public, manually curated dataset provides unique ingredient identifiers (UNIIs) and detailed descriptions for over 100 000 substances that are particularly relevant to medicine and translational research. The dataset can be accessed and queried at https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/app/substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Peryea
- Office of the Commissioner, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.,Informatics, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Noel Southall
- Informatics, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mitch Miller
- Informatics, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel Katzel
- Informatics, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Niko Anderson
- Informatics, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jorge Neyra
- Informatics, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sarah Stemann
- Informatics, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ðắc-Trung Nguyễn
- Informatics, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dammika Amugoda
- Informatics, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Archana Newatia
- Office of the Commissioner, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Ramez Ghazzaoui
- Office of the Commissioner, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Elaine Johanson
- Office of the Commissioner, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Herman Diederik
- College ter Beoordeling van Geneesmiddelen, 3531 AH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Larry Callahan
- Office of the Commissioner, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Frank Switzer
- Office of the Commissioner, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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25
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Leveraging conformational control about a potential atropisomeric axis as a strategy in medical chemistry. Future Med Chem 2021; 13:443-446. [PMID: 33472413 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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26
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Farran D, Vanthuyne N, Bossa G, Belot V, Albalat M, Jean M, Roussel C. Slight structural modulation around a pivotal bond: high impact on enantiomeric stability. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03178c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on an atropisomeric scaffold, structural modifications around chiral axis allowed to establish structure-rotational barrier relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Farran
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Giulia Bossa
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Vincent Belot
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Muriel Albalat
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Marion Jean
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Christian Roussel
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
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27
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Xiang HY, Wang X, Chen YH, Zhang X, Tan C, Wang Y, Su Y, Gao ZW, Chen XY, Xiong B, Gao ZB, Chen Y, Ding J, Meng LH, Yang CH. Identification of methyl (5-(6-((4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-4-morpholinopyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)carbamate (CYH33) as an orally bioavailable, highly potent, PI3K alpha inhibitor for the treatment of advanced solid tumors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 209:112913. [PMID: 33109399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In various human cancers, PI3Ks pathway is ubiquitously dysregulated and thus become a promising anti-cancer target. To discover new potent and selective PI3K inhibitors as potential anticancer drugs, new pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazines were designed, leading to the discovery of compound 37 (CYH33), a selective PI3Kα inhibitor (IC50 = 5.9 nM, β/α, δ/α,γ/α = 101-, 13-, 38-fold). Western blot analysis confirmed that compound 37 could inhibit phosphorylation of AKT in human cancer cells to modulate the cellular PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. And further evaluation in vivo against SKOV-3 xenograft models demonstrated that a dose-dependent antitumor efficacy was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yue Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Yan-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Cun Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Yi Su
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Zhi-Wei Gao
- Center for Drug Metabolism Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yan Chen
- Center for Drug Metabolism Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Bing Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Zhao-Bing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Yi Chen
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Jian Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China; Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China; Shanghai HaiHe Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Shanghai, 201203, PR China.
| | - Ling-Hua Meng
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China.
| | - Chun-Hao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China.
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28
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Scharinger F, Márk Pálvölgyi Á, Zeindlhofer V, Schnürch M, Schröder C, Bica‐Schröder K. Counterion Enhanced Organocatalysis: A Novel Approach for the Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Enones. ChemCatChem 2020; 12:3776-3782. [PMID: 32999691 PMCID: PMC7507862 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel strategy for organocatalytic transfer hydrogenations relying on an ion-paired catalyst of natural l-amino acids as main source of chirality in combination with racemic, atropisomeric phosphoric acids as counteranion. The combination of a chiral cation with a structurally flexible anion resulted in a novel chiral framework for asymmetric transfer hydrogenations with enhanced selectivity through synergistic effects. The optimized catalytic system, in combination with a Hantzsch ester as hydrogen source for biomimetic transfer hydrogenation, enabled high enantioselectivity and excellent yields for a series of α,β-unsaturated cyclohexenones under mild conditions. Moreover, owing to the use of readily available and chiral pool-derived building blocks, it could be prepared in a straightforward and significantly cheaper way compared to the current state of the art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Scharinger
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU WienGetreidemarkt 9/1631060WienAustria
| | - Ádám Márk Pálvölgyi
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU WienGetreidemarkt 9/1631060WienAustria
| | - Veronika Zeindlhofer
- Department of Computational Biological ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Str. 171090WienAustria
| | - Michael Schnürch
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU WienGetreidemarkt 9/1631060WienAustria
| | - Christian Schröder
- Department of Computational Biological ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Str. 171090WienAustria
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29
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Perreault S, Arjmand F, Chandrasekhar J, Hao J, Keegan KS, Koditek D, Lepist EI, Matson CK, McGrath ME, Patel L, Sedillo K, Therrien J, Till NA, Tomkinson A, Treiberg J, Zherebina Y, Phillips G. Discovery of an Atropisomeric PI3Kβ Selective Inhibitor through Optimization of the Hinge Binding Motif. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1236-1243. [PMID: 32551006 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of PI3Kβ selective inhibitors derived from a novel 4-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)quinoline chemotype has been rationally designed. Crucial to achieving the desired selectivity over the other class I PI3K isoforms, including the challenging δ-isoform, was the identification of a subset of substituted pyridine hinge binders. This work led to the discovery of (P)-14, a highly selective and orally bioavailable PI3Kβ inhibitor displaying an excellent pharmacokinetic profile in addition to great cellular potency in various PTEN-deficient tumor cell lines. Results from a dog toxicology study revealing structure-related, off-target ocular toxicity are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Perreault
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Fatima Arjmand
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | | | - Jia Hao
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Kathleen S. Keegan
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - David Koditek
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Eve-Irene Lepist
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Clinton K. Matson
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Mary E. McGrath
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Leena Patel
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Kassandra Sedillo
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Joseph Therrien
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Till
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Adrian Tomkinson
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jennifer Treiberg
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Yelena Zherebina
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Gary Phillips
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
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30
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Frey J, Malekafzali A, Delso I, Choppin S, Colobert F, Wencel-Delord J. Enantioselective Synthesis of N-C Axially Chiral Compounds by Cu-Catalyzed Atroposelective Aryl Amination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8844-8848. [PMID: 32157781 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
N-C axially chiral compounds have emerged recently as appealing motifs for drug design. However, the enantioselective synthesis of such molecules is still poorly developed and surprisingly no metal-catalyzed atroposelective N-arylations have been described. Herein, we disclose an unprecedented Cu-catalyzed atroposelective N-C coupling that proceeds at room temperature. Such mild reaction conditions, which are a crucial parameter for atropostability of the newly generated products, are operative thanks to the use of hypervalent iodine reagents as a highly reactive coupling partners. A large panel of the N-C axially chiral compounds was afforded with very high enantioselectivity (up to >99 % ee) and good yields (up to 76 %). Post-modifications of thus accessed atropisomeric compounds allows further expansion of the diversity of these appealing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Frey
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université de Strasbourg/Université de Haute Alsace, ECPM, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alaleh Malekafzali
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université de Strasbourg/Université de Haute Alsace, ECPM, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Isabel Delso
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université de Strasbourg/Université de Haute Alsace, ECPM, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sabine Choppin
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université de Strasbourg/Université de Haute Alsace, ECPM, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Françoise Colobert
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université de Strasbourg/Université de Haute Alsace, ECPM, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Joanna Wencel-Delord
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université de Strasbourg/Université de Haute Alsace, ECPM, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg, France
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31
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Enantioselective Synthesis of N–C Axially Chiral Compounds by Cu‐Catalyzed Atroposelective Aryl Amination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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32
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Mancinelli M, Bencivenni G, Pecorari D, Mazzanti A. Stereochemistry and Recent Applications of Axially Chiral Organic Molecules. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Mancinelli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” University of Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Giorgio Bencivenni
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” University of Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Daniel Pecorari
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” University of Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Andrea Mazzanti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” University of Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
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33
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Ballard A, Narduolo S, Ahmed HO, Keymer NI, Asaad N, Cosgrove DA, Buurma NJ, Leach AG. Racemisation in Chemistry and Biology. Chemistry 2020; 26:3661-3687. [PMID: 31709642 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The two enantiomers of a compound often have profoundly different biological properties and thus their liability to racemisation in aqueous solutions is an important piece of information. The authors reviewed the available data concerning the process of racemisation in vivo, in the presence of biological molecules (e.g., racemase enzymes, serum albumin, cofactors and derivatives) and under purely chemical but aqueous conditions (acid, base and other aqueous systems). Mechanistic studies are described critically in light of reported kinetic data. The types of experimental measurement that can be used to effectively determine rate constants of racemisation in various conditions are discussed and the data they provide is summarised. The proposed origins of enzymatic racemisation are presented and suggest ways to promote the process that are different from processes taking place in bulk water. Experimental and computational studies that provide understanding and quantitative predictions of racemisation risk are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ballard
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Stefania Narduolo
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Hiwa O Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.,Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Nathaniel I Keymer
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Nabil Asaad
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
| | | | - Niklaas J Buurma
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Andrew G Leach
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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34
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Manevski N, King L, Pitt WR, Lecomte F, Toselli F. Metabolism by Aldehyde Oxidase: Drug Design and Complementary Approaches to Challenges in Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2019; 62:10955-10994. [PMID: 31385704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AO) catalyzes oxidations of azaheterocycles and aldehydes, amide hydrolysis, and diverse reductions. AO substrates are rare among marketed drugs, and many candidates failed due to poor pharmacokinetics, interspecies differences, and adverse effects. As most issues arise from complex and poorly understood AO biology, an effective solution is to stop or decrease AO metabolism. This perspective focuses on rational drug design approaches to modulate AO-mediated metabolism in drug discovery. AO biological aspects are also covered, as they are complementary to chemical design and important when selecting the experimental system for risk assessment. The authors' recommendation is an early consideration of AO-mediated metabolism supported by computational and in vitro experimental methods but not an automatic avoidance of AO structural flags, many of which are versatile and valuable building blocks. Preferably, consideration of AO-mediated metabolism should be part of the multiparametric drug optimization process, with the goal to improve overall drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Manevski
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - Lloyd King
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - William R Pitt
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - Fabien Lecomte
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Toselli
- UCB BioPharma , Chemin du Foriest 1 , 1420 Braine-l'Alleud , Belgium
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35
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Abstract
In this paper, theories on anisotropic crystal growth and crystallization of atropisomers are reviewed and a model for anisotropic crystal growth from solution containing slow inter-converting conformers is presented. The model applies to systems with growth-dominated crystallization from solutions and assumes that only one conformation participates in the solute integration step and is present in the crystal lattice. Other conformers, defined as the wrong conformers, must convert to the right conformer before they can assemble to the crystal lattice. The model presents a simple implicit method for evaluating the growth inhibition effect by the wrong conformers. The crystal growth model applies to anisotropic growth in two main directions, namely a slow-growing face and a fast-growing face and requires the knowledge of solute crystal face integration coefficients in both directions. A parameter estimation algorithm was derived to extract those coefficients from data about temporal concentration and crystal size during crystallization and was designed to have a short run time, while providing a high-resolution estimation. The model predicts a size-dependent growth rate and simulations indicated that for a given seed size and solvent system and for an isothermal anti-solvent addition crystallization, the seed loading and the supersaturation at seeding are the main factors impacting the final aspect ratio. The model predicts a decrease of the growth inhibition effect by the wrong conformer with increasing temperature, likely due to faster equilibration between conformers and/or a decrease of the population of the wrong conformer, if of low energy, at elevated temperatures. Finally, the model predicts that solute surface integration becomes the rate-limiting mechanism for high solute integration activation energies, resulting in no impact of the WC on the overall crystal growth process.
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36
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Hirsch DR, Metrano AJ, Stone EA, Storch G, Miller SJ, Murelli RP. Troponoid Atropisomerism: Studies on the Configurational Stability of Tropone-Amide Chiral Axes. Org Lett 2019; 21:2412-2415. [PMID: 30869521 PMCID: PMC6504963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Configurationally stable, atropisomeric motifs are an important structural element in a number of molecules, including chiral ligands, catalysts, and molecular devices. Thus, understanding features that stabilize chiral axes is of fundamental interest throughout the chemical sciences. The following details the high rotational barriers about the Ar-C(O) bond of tropone amides, which significantly exceed those of analogous benzamides. These studies are supported by both experimental and computational rotational barrier measurements. We also report the resolution of an axially chiral α-hydroxytropolone amide into its individual atropisomers, and demonstrate its configurational stability at physiological pH and temperatures over 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle R. Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- PhD Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016 United States
| | - Anthony J. Metrano
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Golo Storch
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Scott J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Ryan P. Murelli
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- PhD Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016 United States
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37
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Bresnick AR, Backer JM. PI3Kβ-A Versatile Transducer for GPCR, RTK, and Small GTPase Signaling. Endocrinology 2019; 160:536-555. [PMID: 30601996 PMCID: PMC6375709 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) family includes eight distinct catalytic subunits and seven regulatory subunits. Only two PI3Ks are directly regulated downstream from G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): the class I enzymes PI3Kβ and PI3Kγ. Both enzymes produce phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisposphate in vivo and are regulated by both heterotrimeric G proteins and small GTPases from the Ras or Rho families. However, PI3Kβ is also regulated by direct interactions with receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and their tyrosine phosphorylated substrates, and similar to the class II and III PI3Ks, it binds activated Rab5. The unusually complex regulation of PI3Kβ by small and trimeric G proteins and RTKs leads to a rich landscape of signaling responses at the cellular and organismic levels. This review focuses first on the regulation of PI3Kβ activity in vitro and in cells, and then summarizes the biology of PI3Kβ signaling in distinct tissues and in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne R Bresnick
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Correspondence: Anne R. Bresnick, PhD, or Jonathan M. Backer, MD, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461. E-mail: or
| | - Jonathan M Backer
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Correspondence: Anne R. Bresnick, PhD, or Jonathan M. Backer, MD, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461. E-mail: or
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38
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Miller MS, Thompson PE, Gabelli SB. Structural Determinants of Isoform Selectivity in PI3K Inhibitors. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9030082. [PMID: 30813656 PMCID: PMC6468644 DOI: 10.3390/biom9030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are important therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer, thrombosis, and inflammatory and immune diseases. The four highly homologous Class I isoforms, PI3K, PI3K, PI3K and PI3K have unique, non-redundant physiological roles and as such, isoform selectivity has been a key consideration driving inhibitor design and development. In this review, we discuss the structural biology of PI3Ks and how our growing knowledge of structure has influenced the medicinal chemistry of PI3K inhibitors. We present an analysis of the available structure-selectivity-activity relationship data to highlight key insights into how the various regions of the PI3K binding site influence isoform selectivity. The picture that emerges is one that is far from simple and emphasizes the complex nature of protein-inhibitor binding, involving protein flexibility, energetics, water networks and interactions with non-conserved residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Miller
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Philip E Thompson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Sandra B Gabelli
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Departments of Medicine, Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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