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Mishra VK, Khanna A, Tiwari G, Tyagi R, Sagar R. Recent developments on the synthesis of biologically active glycohybrids. Bioorg Chem 2024; 145:107172. [PMID: 38340475 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The exploration of hybridization emerges as a potent tool in advancing drug discovery research, with a significant emphasis on carbohydrate-containing hybrid scaffolds. Evidence indicates that linking carbohydrate molecules to privileged bioactive scaffolds enhances the bioactivity of drug molecules. This synergy results in a diverse range of activities, making carbohydrate scaffolds pivotal for synthesizing compound libraries with significant functional and structural diversity. Beyond their synthesis utility, these scaffolds offer applications in screening bioactive molecules, presenting alternative avenues for drug development. This comprehensive review spanning 2015 to 2023 focuses on synthesized glycohybrid molecules, revealing their bioactivity in areas such as anti-microbial, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory activities, enzyme inhibition and pesticides. Numerous novel glycohybrids surpass positive control drugs in biological activity. This focused study not only highlights the diverse bioactivities of glycohybrids but also underscores their promising role in innovative drug development strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005
| | - Ashish Khanna
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005
| | - Ghanshyam Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005
| | - Rajdeep Tyagi
- Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, 110067 New Delhi
| | - Ram Sagar
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005; Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, 110067 New Delhi.
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Cardullo N, Floresta G, Rescifina A, Muccilli V, Tringali C. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of chlorogenic acid amides as potential hypoglycemic agents and their synergistic effect with acarbose. Bioorg Chem 2021; 117:105458. [PMID: 34736132 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease considered one of the most severe global health emergencies. Chlorogenic acid (1) has been shown to delay intestinal glucose absorption by inhibiting the activity of α-glucosidase (α-Glu) and α-amylase (α-Amy). In the present work, eleven chlorogenic acid amides have been synthesized and evaluated for their antioxidant properties (as DPPH and ORAC) and inhibition activity towards the two enzymes and, with the aim to obtain dual-action antidiabetic agents. The two most promising hypoglycemic compounds, bearing a tertiary amine function on an alkyl chain (8) and a benzothiazole scaffold (11), showed IC50 values lower than that of (1) (45.5 µM α-Glu; 105.2 µM α-Amy). Amides 8 and 11 were by far more potent α-Glu inhibitors than the antidiabetic drug acarbose (IC50 = 268.4 µM) and about twice less active toward α-Amy than acarbose (IC50 = 34.4 µM). Kinetics experiments on amides 8 and 11 indicated these compounds as mixed-type inhibitors of α-Glu with K'i values of 13.3 and 6.3 µM, respectively. The amylase inhibition occurred with a competitive mechanism in the presence of 8 (Ki = 79.7 µM) and with a mixed-type mechanism with 11 (Ki = 19.1 µM; K'i = 93.6 µM). Molecular docking analyses supported these results, highlighting the presence of additional binding sites in both enzymes. Fluorescence experiments confirmed the grater affinity of amides 8 and 11 towards the two enzymes respect to (1). Moreover, a significant enhancement in acarbose efficacy was observed when inhibition assays were performed adding acarbose and amide 11. The above outcomes pinpointed the benzothiazole-based amide 11 as a promising candidate for further studies on type 2 diabetes treatment, both alone or combined with acarbose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Cardullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, Catania 95125, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Floresta
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Antonio Rescifina
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, Catania 95125, Italy.
| | - Vera Muccilli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, Catania 95125, Italy.
| | - Corrado Tringali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, Catania 95125, Italy.
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Cardullo N, Muccilli V, Pulvirenti L, Tringali C. Natural Isoflavones and Semisynthetic Derivatives as Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitors. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:654-665. [PMID: 33646787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, now widespread all over the world, is frequently associated with some chronic diseases. Thus, there is a growing interest in the prevention and treatment of obesity. To date, the only antiobesity drug is orlistat, a natural product-derived pancreatic lipase (PL) inhibitor with some undesired side effects. In the last decades, many natural compounds or derivatives have been evaluated as potential PL inhibitors, and natural polyphenols are among the most promising for possible exploitation as antiobesity agents. However, few studies have been devoted to isoflavones. In this work, we report a study on the PL inhibitory properties of a small library of semisynthetic isoflavone derivatives together with the natural leads daidzein (1), genistein (2), and formononetin (3). In vitro lipase inhibition assay showed that 2 is the most promising PL inhibitor. Among synthetic isoflavones, the hydroxylated and brominated derivatives were more potent than their natural leads. Detailed studies through fluorescence measurements and kinetics of lipase inhibition showed that 2 and the bromoderivatives 10 and 11 have the greatest affinity for PL. Docking studies corroborated these findings highlighting the interactions between isoflavones and the enzyme, confirming that hydroxylation and bromination are useful modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Cardullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Vera Muccilli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Luana Pulvirenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Corrado Tringali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Cardullo N, Muccilli V, Cunsolo V, Tringali C. Mass Spectrometry and 1H-NMR Study of Schinopsis lorentzii (Quebracho) Tannins as a Source of Hypoglycemic and Antioxidant Principles. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143257. [PMID: 32708865 PMCID: PMC7397293 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ethyl acetate extract of the commercial tannin Tan’Activ QS-SOL (from Schinopsis lorentzii wood), employed for the production of red wine, was subjected to chromatography on Sephadex LH-20, providing nine fractions (A-1–A-9), which were estimated for total phenols content (GAE), antioxidant activity (DPPH, ORAC), and hypoglycemic activity (α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition). All the fractions were analyzed by means of HPLC/ESI-MS/MS and 1H-NMR to identify the principal active constituents. Fractions A-1 and A-3 showed the highest antioxidant activity and gallic acid (1), pyrogallol (3), eriodictyol (6), catechin (12), and taxifolin (30) were identified as the major constituents. The highest α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activity was observed in fractions A-7–A-9 containing condensed (9′, 15, 18, 19, 23, and 27) hydrolysable tannins (13 and 32) as well as esters of quinic acid with different units of gallic acid (5, 11, 11′, 14, and 22). This last class of gallic acid esters are here reported for the first time as α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitors.
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Ahmadi R, Ebrahimzadeh MA. Resveratrol - A comprehensive review of recent advances in anticancer drug design and development. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 200:112356. [PMID: 32485531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol is a natural polyphenolic stilbene isolated from various plants, foods and beverages with a broad spectrum of biological and pharmacological properties through modulating diverse targets and signaling pathways. Particularly, it has attracted a great deal of attention as a promising and multitarget anticancer agent due to its potential use in chemoprevention and chemotherapy of various tumors. However, unfavorable pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics profile such as poor bioavailability restricted its applications. Therefore, medicinal chemists have synthesized a lot of novel derivatives and analogues of resveratrol using different modification strategies to overcome these limitations and improve anticancer efficacy. Herein, we reviewed the design, synthesis, structure-activity relationship and mechanism of the most potent and privileged resveratrol-based compounds that showed promising anticancer activities in the last five years. We classified these compounds into the ten different categories based on their chemical structure similarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ahmadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Jeong SY, Kim M, Park EK, Kim JS, Hahn D, Bae JS. Inhibitory Functions of Novel Compounds from Dioscorea batatas Decne Peel on HMGB1-mediated Septic Responses. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-019-0382-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Cardullo N, Barresi V, Muccilli V, Spampinato G, D’Amico M, Condorelli DF, Tringali C. Synthesis of Bisphenol Neolignans Inspired by Honokiol as Antiproliferative Agents. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030733. [PMID: 32046220 PMCID: PMC7037512 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Honokiol (2) is a natural bisphenol neolignan showing a variety of biological properties, including antitumor activity. Some studies pointed out 2 as a potential anticancer agent in view of its antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activity towards tumor cells. As a further contribution to these studies, we report here the synthesis of a small library of bisphenol neolignans inspired by honokiol and the evaluation of their antiproliferative activity. The natural lead was hence subjected to simple chemical modifications to obtain the derivatives 3–9; further neolignans (12a-c, 13a-c, 14a-c, and 15a) were synthesized employing the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction, thus obtaining bisphenols with a substitution pattern different from honokiol. These compounds and the natural lead were subjected to antiproliferative assay towards HCT-116, HT-29, and PC3 tumor cell lines. Six of the neolignans show GI50 values lower than those of 2 towards all cell lines. Compounds 14a, 14c, and 15a are the most effective antiproliferative agents, with GI50 in the range of 3.6–19.1 µM, in some cases it is lower than those of the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil. Flow cytometry experiments performed on these neolignans showed that the inhibition of proliferation is mainly due to an apoptotic process. These results indicate that the structural modification of honokiol may open the way to obtaining antitumor neolignans more potent than the natural lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Cardullo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (N.C.); Tel.: +39-095-7385025 (C.T.)
| | - Vincenza Barresi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (V.B.); (G.S.); (M.D.); (D.F.C.)
| | - Vera Muccilli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Giorgia Spampinato
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (V.B.); (G.S.); (M.D.); (D.F.C.)
| | - Morgana D’Amico
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (V.B.); (G.S.); (M.D.); (D.F.C.)
| | - Daniele Filippo Condorelli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (V.B.); (G.S.); (M.D.); (D.F.C.)
| | - Corrado Tringali
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (N.C.); Tel.: +39-095-7385025 (C.T.)
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Wu Q, Tang S, Zhang L, Xiao J, Luo Q, Chen Y, Zhou M, Feng N, Wang C. The inhibitory effect of the catechin structure on advanced glycation end product formation in alcoholic media. Food Funct 2020; 11:5396-5408. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02887k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Catechin has a good inhibitory effect on advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation in alcoholic media, which is generated by Maillard reaction is closely related to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics
- Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology
- Hubei University of Technology
| | - Shimiao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics
- Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology
- Hubei University of Technology
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei
- P.R. China
| | - Jinsong Xiao
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives
- Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU)
- Beijing 100048
- China
| | - Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics
- Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology
- Hubei University of Technology
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics
- Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology
- Hubei University of Technology
| | - Mengzhou Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics
- Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology
- Hubei University of Technology
| | - Nianjie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics
- Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology
- Hubei University of Technology
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics
- Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology
- Hubei University of Technology
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C-glucosidic ellagitannins and galloylated glucoses as potential functional food ingredients with anti-diabetic properties: a study of α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition. Food Chem 2019; 313:126099. [PMID: 31927321 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.126099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, which can be counteracted by inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase, both involved in the carbohydrate metabolism. Fourteen C-glucosidic ellagitannins and three galloylated glucoses were studied as potential α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitors. Most of the compounds were found to be moderate inhibitors of α-amylase, but potent inhibitors of α-glucosidase, showing low-micromolar IC50 values, far lower than that of the antidiabetic drug acarbose. This selectivity can be an advantage for their possible application as functional food ingredients with anti-diabetic properties because strong α-amylase inhibition generally causes undesired side effects. The best inhibitors were selected for further studies. Intrinsic fluorescence measurements confirmed their high affinity towards α-glucosidase, highlighting a static quenching mechanism. Circular dichroism measurements and kinetics of inhibition indicated that the most active C-glucosidic ellagitannin roburin D (RobD) is a competitive inhibitor, whereas α-pentagalloylglucose (α-PGG) acts as a mixed-type inhibitor.
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Ruddarraju RR, Kiran G, Murugulla AC, Maroju R, Prasad DK, Kumar BH, Bakshi V, Reddy NS. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of theophylline containing variant acetylene derivatives as α-amylase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2019; 92:103120. [PMID: 31525527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel pharmacophore with theophylline and acetylene moieties was constructed by using a fragment-based drug design and a series of twenty theophylline containing acetylene conjugates were designed and synthesized, and all the compounds were evaluated by enzyme-based in vitro α-amylase inhibition activity. The in vitro evaluation revealed that most of the compounds displayed good inhibitory activities, and among them nine analogs 13-15, 20, 21 and 24-27 were exhibited more or nearly as equipotent inhibitory activity with IC50 values 1.11 ± 0.07, 1.14 ± 0.17, 1.07 ± 0.01 and 1.21 ± 0.03, 1.33 ± 0.09, 1.17 ± 0.01, 1.05 ± 0.02, 1.61 ± 0.04, 1.02 ± 0.03 μM respectively, as compared with standard, acarbose 1.37 ± 0.26 μM. Further, molecular docking simulation studies were done to identify the interactions and binding mode of synthesized analogs at binding site of α-amylase enzyme (PBD ID: 4GQR). Among the synthesized analogs, two compounds 25 and 27 were selected on the basis of α-amylase inhibition activity and evaluated for in vivo anti-diabetic activity by High Fat Diet-Streptozotocin (HFD-STZ) model in normal rats. At the dose of 10 mg/kg, bw, po these compounds have significantly reduced Plasma Glucose level in rats as compared to pioglitazone. The anti-diabetic activity results showed that the animal treated with the compounds 25 and 27 could better reverse and control the progression of the disease compared to the standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhakrishnam Raju Ruddarraju
- Dr. MACS Bio-Pharma Pvt. Ltd, Factory: Plot-79/B&C, Pashamylaram, Patancheru, Medak (Dist) 502307, Telangana, India.
| | - Gangarapu Kiran
- Department of Pharmacy, Anurag Group of Institutions, School of Pharmacy, Venkatapur, Ghatkesar, Medchal, Telangana 500 088, India.
| | - Adharvana Chari Murugulla
- Dr. MACS Bio-Pharma Pvt. Ltd, Factory: Plot-79/B&C, Pashamylaram, Patancheru, Medak (Dist) 502307, Telangana, India.
| | - Ravichandar Maroju
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad 500 075, Telangana, India
| | - Devarakonda Krishna Prasad
- Department of Pharmacy, Anurag Group of Institutions, School of Pharmacy, Venkatapur, Ghatkesar, Medchal, Telangana 500 088, India
| | - Boyina Hemanth Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, Anurag Group of Institutions, School of Pharmacy, Venkatapur, Ghatkesar, Medchal, Telangana 500 088, India
| | - Vasudha Bakshi
- Department of Pharmacy, Anurag Group of Institutions, School of Pharmacy, Venkatapur, Ghatkesar, Medchal, Telangana 500 088, India
| | - Nukala Shravya Reddy
- Department of Pharmacy, Anurag Group of Institutions, School of Pharmacy, Venkatapur, Ghatkesar, Medchal, Telangana 500 088, India
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Khan H, Amin S, Tewari D, Nabavi SM, Atanasov AG. Plant-derived Glycosides with α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity: Current Standing and Future Prospects. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2019; 19:391-401. [DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666181128104831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:The α-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20), a calcium-containing intestinal enzyme which is positioned in the cells which cover the intestinal microvilli brush border. The carbohydrates require metabolism by α-glucosidase before being absorbed into the small intestine, and as a result, this enzyme represents a significant drug target for the effective management of diabetes. There are few α- glucosidase inhibitors in the clinical practice that is challenged by several limitations. Thus, new effective and safe therapeutic agents in this class are required. In this regard, plant secondary metabolites are a very promising source to be investigated. Herein in this review, we have focused on the preclinical studies on various glycosides with in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.Methods:The literature available on various websites such as GoogleScholar, PubMed, Scopus. All the peer-reviewed articles were included without considering the impact factor.Results:The surveyed literature revealed marked inhibitory profile of various glycosides derived from plants, and some of them were extremely potent relatively to the standard, acarbose in preclinical trials and exhibited multiple targeted effects.Conclusion:Keeping in view the results, these glycosides are strong candidates for further, more detailed studies to ascertain their clinical potential and for effective contribution in effective management of diabetes, where multiple targets are required to address
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Surrya Amin
- Department of Botany, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University Bhimtal Campus Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atanas G. Atanasov
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland
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Cardullo N, Catinella G, Floresta G, Muccilli V, Rosselli S, Rescifina A, Bruno M, Tringali C. Synthesis of Rosmarinic Acid Amides as Antioxidative and Hypoglycemic Agents. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:573-582. [PMID: 30785286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an important metabolic disorder for which there is an urgent need for new antidiabetic drugs. α-Glucosidase inhibition is an established protocol for T2DM therapy. Because hyperglycemia causes oxidative tissue damage, the development of agents with both α-glucosidase inhibition and antioxidant activity from natural or natural-derived polyphenols such derivatives of rosmarinic acid (RA) represents an attractive therapeutic option. We report a study on amides 1-10 derived from RA and their evaluation for yeast α-glucosidase inhibition and antioxidant activity (DPPH and ORAC tests). All amides showed higher inhibitory activity than that of RA, were by far more potent than the antidiabetic drug acarbose, and proved to be effective antioxidants. A molecular docking study displayed significant binding interactions of RA amides with the active site of α-glucosidase. This in silico optimization study led to the design and synthesis of amides 9 (IC50 = 42.3 μM) and 10 (IC50 = 35.2 μM), showing the most potent α-glucosidase inhibition and good antioxidative properties. A kinetic study showed that 10 acts as a mixed type inhibitor.
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Chen Y, Tang S, Chen Y, Zhang R, Zhou M, Wang C, Feng N, Wu Q. Structure-activity relationship of procyanidins on advanced glycation end products formation and corresponding mechanisms. Food Chem 2019; 272:679-687. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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15
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Bao LL, Liu ZQ. Hybrid of Resveratrol and Glucosamine: An Approach To Enhance Antioxidant Effect against DNA Oxidation. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:936-944. [PMID: 30106278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol exhibits various pharmacological activities, which are dependent upon phenolic hydroxyl groups. In this work, glucosamine, lipoic acid, or adamantanamine moiety was applied for attaching to ortho-position of hydroxyl group in resorcinol moiety of resveratrol (known as position-2). Antioxidant effects of the obtained hybrids were characterized using DNA oxidative systems mediated by •OH, Cu2+/glutathione (GSH), and 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropanehydrochloride) (AAPH), respectively. The glucosyl-appended imine and amine at position-2 of resveratrol were found to show higher inhibitory effects than other resveratrol derivatives against AAPH-induced DNA oxidation. The antioxidative effect was quantitatively expressed by stoichiometric factor ( n, the number of radical-propagation terminated by one molecule of antioxidant). The stoichiometric factors of glucosyl-appended imine and amine of resveratrol increased to 4.74 (for imine) and 4.97 (for amine), respectively, higher than that of resveratrol (3.70) and glucoside of resveratrol (3.49). It was thereby concluded that the combination of resveratrol with glucosamine at position-2 represented a novel pathway for modifying resveratrol structure in the protection of DNA against peroxyl radical-mediated oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Liang Bao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Jilin University , Changchun 130021 , China
| | - Zai-Qun Liu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Jilin University , Changchun 130021 , China
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16
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Cardullo N, Muccilli V, Saletti R, Giovando S, Tringali C. A mass spectrometry and 1H NMR study of hypoglycemic and antioxidant principles from a Castanea sativa tannin employed in oenology. Food Chem 2018; 268:585-593. [PMID: 30064801 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.06.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The ethanol extract of the commercial tannin Tan'Activ C, (from Castanea sativa wood), employed in oenology, was subjected to chromatography on XAD-16 affording fractions X1-X5, evaluated for total phenols content (GAE), antioxidant activity (DPPH, ORAC), and hypoglycemic activity (α-glucosidase inhibition). Fraction X3 showed GAE, radical scavenging activity, and α-glucosidase inhibition higher than those of the Castanea sativa extract, and was subjected to chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 to obtain fractions S1-S7, analyzed by HPLC/ESI-MS/MS and 1H NMR to identify the main active constituents. In fractions with higher antioxidant activity, gallic acid (4), grandinin (5), valoneic acid dilactone (9), 1,2,3-tri-O-galloyl-β-glucose (14), 3,4,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-glucose (15) and galloyl derivative of valoneic acid dilactone (21) were identified as the major constituents. The highest hypoglycemic activity was found in fractions S6 and especially S7; the major constituents of these fractions are valoneic acid dilactone (9), three tetragalloyl glucose isomers (16-18) and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-glucose (23), previously reported as α-glucosidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Cardullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Vera Muccilli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Rosaria Saletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Samuele Giovando
- Centro Ricerche per la Chimica Fine Srl, Via Torre, 12080 San Michele Mondovì (CN), Italy.
| | - Corrado Tringali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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17
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Khan H, Marya, Amin S, Kamal MA, Patel S. Flavonoids as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: Current therapeutic standing and future prospects. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 101:860-870. [PMID: 29635895 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a serine hydrolase, is primarily responsible for the termination of signal transmission in the cholinergic system, owing to its outstanding hydrolyzing potential. Its substrate acetylcholine (ACh), is a neurotransmitter of the cholinergic system, with a predominant effect on motor neurons involved in memory formation. So, by decreasing the activity of this enzyme by employment of specific inhibitors, a number of motor neuron disorders such as myasthenia gravis, glaucoma, Lewy body dementia, and Alzheimer's disease, among others, can be treated. However, the current-available AChE inhibitors have several limitations in terms of efficacy, therapeutic range, and safety. SCOPE AND APPROACH Primarily due to the non-compliance of current therapies, new, effective and safe inhibitors are being searched for, especially those which act through multiple receptor sites, but do not elicit undesirable effects. In this regard, the evaluation of phytochemicals such as flavonoids, can be a rational approach. The therapeutic potential of flavonoids has already been recognized agaisnt several ailments. This review deals with various plant-derived flavonoids, their preclinical potential as AChE inhibitors, in established assays, possible mechanisms of action, and structural activity relationship (SAR). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Subsequently, a number of plant-derived flavonoids with outstanding efficacy and potency as AChE inhibitors, the mechanistic, their safety profiles, and pharmacokinetic attributes have been discussed. Through derivatization of these reported flavonoids, some limitation in efficacy or pharmacokinetic parameters can be addressed. The selected flavonoids ought to be tested in clinical studies to discover new neuro-therapeutic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
| | - Marya
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Surriya Amin
- Department of Botany, Islamia College Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia; Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
| | - Seema Patel
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
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18
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Valentina P, Ilango K, Chander S, Murugesan S. Design, synthesis and α-amylase inhibitory activity of novel chromone derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2017; 74:158-165. [PMID: 28802166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin is one of the naturally occurring polyphenol flavonoid predominantly known for antidiabetic activity. In the present study, by considering the structural requirements, twenty two novel chromone derivatives (5-26) as α-amylase inhibitor were designed and subsequently in silico evaluated for drug likeness behavior. Designed compounds were synthesized, characterized by spectral analysis and finally evaluated for the inhibition of α-amylase activity by in vitro assay. Tested compounds exhibited significant to weak activity with IC50 range of 12-125µM. Among the tested compounds, analogues 5, 8, 12, 13, 15, 17 and 22 exhibited significant human α-amylase inhibitory activity with IC50 values <25µM, which can be further explored as anti-hyperglycemic agents. Putative binding mode of the significant and least active α-amylase inhibitors with the target enzyme was also explored by the docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthiban Valentina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jaya College Pharmacy, Thirninravur, Chennai 602 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kaliappan Ilango
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Kancheepuram (Dt), Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Subhash Chander
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani 333031. Rajasthan, India
| | - Sankaranarayanan Murugesan
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani 333031. Rajasthan, India
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19
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Kumar Ponnapalli K, Kumar Adak A, Das A, Song JS, Wu SH, Sun CM, Lin CC. trans
-Stilbene C
-Glycosides: Synthesis by a Microwave-Assisted Heck Reaction and Evaluation of the SGLT-2 Inhibitory Activity. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Avijit Kumar Adak
- Department of Chemistry; National Tsing Hua University; 101 Kuang-Fu Road Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Anindya Das
- Department of Chemistry; National Tsing Hua University; 101 Kuang-Fu Road Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Jen-Shin Song
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research; National Health Research Institute, Zhunan; Miaoli Taiwan
| | - Szu-Huei Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research; National Health Research Institute, Zhunan; Miaoli Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ming Sun
- Department of Applied Chemistry; National Chiao Tung University; Science Building 2, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Chun-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry; National Tsing Hua University; 101 Kuang-Fu Road Hsinchu Taiwan
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20
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Pulvirenti L, Muccilli V, Cardullo N, Spatafora C, Tringali C. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Dimeric Neolignans Inspired by Magnolol. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:1648-1657. [PMID: 28497968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A chemoenzymatic synthesis of a small library of dimeric neolignans inspired by magnolol (1) is reported. The 2-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX)-mediated regioselective ortho-hydroxylation of magnolol is described, affording the bisphenols 6 and 7. Further magnolol analogues (12, 13, 15-17, 19-23) were obtained from eugenol (3), tyrosol (4), and homovanillic alcohol (5), through horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-mediated oxidative coupling and regioselective ortho-hydroxylation or ortho-demethylation in the presence of IBX, followed by reductive treatment with Na2S2O4. A chemoselective protection/deprotection of the alcoholic group of 4 and 5 was carried out by lipase-mediated acetylation/deacetylation. The dimeric neolignans, together with 1 and honokiol (2), were evaluated as inhibitors of yeast α-glucosidase, in view of their possible utilization and optimization as antidiabetic drugs. The synthetic analogues of magnolol showed a strong inhibitory activity with IC50 values in the range 0.15-4.1 μM, much lower than those of honokiol and the reference compounds quercetin and acarbose. In particular, a very potent inhibitory activity, with an IC50 of 0.15 μM, was observed for 1,1'-dityrosol-8,8'-diacetate (15), and comparable inhibitory activities were also shown by bisphenols 6 (0.49 μM), 13 (0.50 μM), and 22 (0.86 μM). A kinetic study showed that 15 acts as a competitive inhibitor, with a Ki value of 0.86 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Pulvirenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania , Viale A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Vera Muccilli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania , Viale A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Nunzio Cardullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania , Viale A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Carmela Spatafora
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania , Viale A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Corrado Tringali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania , Viale A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
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21
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De Filippis B, Ammazzalorso A, Fantacuzzi M, Giampietro L, Maccallini C, Amoroso R. Anticancer Activity of Stilbene-Based Derivatives. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:558-570. [PMID: 28266812 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stilbene is an abundant structural scaffold in nature, and stilbene-based compounds have been widely reported for their biological activity. Notably, (E)-resveratrol and its natural stilbene-containing derivatives have been extensively investigated as cardioprotective, potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer agents. Starting from its potent chemotherapeutic activity against a wide variety of cancers, the stilbene scaffold has been subject to synthetic manipulations with the aim of obtaining new analogues with improved anticancer activity and better bioavailability. Within the last decade, the majority of new synthetic stilbene derivatives have demonstrated significant anticancer activity against a large number of cancer cell lines, depending on the type and position of substituents on the stilbene skeleton. This review focuses on the structure-activity relationship of the key compounds containing a stilbene scaffold and describes how the structural modifications affect their anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara De Filippis
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio", via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ammazzalorso
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio", via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marialuigia Fantacuzzi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio", via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Letizia Giampietro
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio", via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Cristina Maccallini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio", via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Rosa Amoroso
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio", via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
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22
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Jian W, He D, Song S. Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Modeling Studies of New Oxadiazole-Stilbene Hybrids against Phytopathogenic Fungi. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31045. [PMID: 27530962 PMCID: PMC4987640 DOI: 10.1038/srep31045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural stilbenes (especially resveratrol) play important roles in plant protection by acting as both constitutive and inducible defenses. However, their exogenous applications on crops as fungicidal agents are challenged by their oxidative degradation and limited availability. In this study, a new class of resveratrol-inspired oxadiazole-stilbene hybrids was synthesized via Wittig-Horner reaction. Bioassay results indicated that some of the compounds exhibited potent fungicidal activity against Botrytis cinerea in vitro. Among these stilbene hybrids, compounds 11 showed promising inhibitory activity with the EC50 value of 144.6 μg/mL, which was superior to that of resveratrol (315.6 μg/mL). Remarkably, the considerably abnormal mycelial morphology was observed in the presence of compound 11. The inhibitory profile was further proposed by homology modeling and molecular docking studies, which showed the possible interaction of resveratrol and oxadiazole-stilbene hybrids with the cytochrome P450-dependent sterol 14α-demethylase from B. cinerea (BcCYP51) for the first time. Taken together, these results would provide new insights into the fungicidal mechanism of stilbenes, as well as an important clue for biology-oriented synthesis of stilbene hybrids with improved bioactivity against plant pathogenic fungi in crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Jian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Daohang He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyun Song
- State Key Lab of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
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23
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Muccilli V, Cardullo N, Spatafora C, Cunsolo V, Tringali C. α-Glucosidase inhibition and antioxidant activity of an oenological commercial tannin. Extraction, fractionation and analysis by HPLC/ESI-MS/MS and (1)H NMR. Food Chem 2016; 215:50-60. [PMID: 27542449 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Two batches of the oenological tannin Tan'Activ R, (toasted oak wood - Quercus robur), were extracted with ethanol. A fractionation on XAD-16 afforded four fractions for each extract. Extracts and fractions were evaluated for antioxidant activity (DPPH), polyphenol content (GAE) and yeast α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Comparable results were obtained for both columns, fractions X1B and X2B showing the highest antioxidant activity. Fractions X1C and X2C notably inhibited α-glucosidase, with IC50=9.89 and 8.05μg/mL, respectively. Fractions were subjected to HPLC/ESI-MS/MS and (1)H NMR analysis. The main phenolic constituents of both X1B and X2B were a monogalloylglucose isomer (1), a HHDP-glucose isomer (2), castalin (3) gallic acid (4), vescalagin (5), and grandinin (or its isomer roburin E, 6). X1C and X2C showed a complex composition, including non-phenolic constituents. Fractionation of X2C gave a subfraction, with enhanced α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50=6.15μg/mL), with castalagin (7) as the main constituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Muccilli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Nunzio Cardullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Carmela Spatafora
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Cunsolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Corrado Tringali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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