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Muñoz R, Alvarez-Hernandez A, Ibarra IS, Guevara-Lara A, Rodriguez JA. Evaluation of digoxin-boronate ester formation through in-capillary derivatisation-large volume sample stacking-capillary zone electrophoresis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024. [PMID: 38804529 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00463a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Determination of digoxin through in-capillary derivatisation based on the formation of o-tolyl- and 2-naphthyl-anionic boronate esters in combination with large volume sample stacking-capillary electrophoresis is proposed. The derivatisation reaction was performed at basic pH values to obtain compounds with a charge and chromophore group during the stacking process. After stacking, the species were separated and detected at 225 nm using p-nitrophenol as an internal standard. Stacking and derivatisation parameters such as pre-concentration time, preconcentration voltage and injection time (relation between the analyte and the derivatisation agent) were evaluated using a Box-Behnken design. Under optimal conditions, the proposed method exhibits a linear range of 1.08-50.00 μM with a limit of detection of 0.36 μM; additionally, adequate repeatability and reproducibility was obtained (%RSD ≤ 5.0%). The methodology was validated by comparing it to an HPLC-UV established methodology and was successfully applied for the determination of digoxin in pharmaceutical tablets and blood serum samples, showing a positive performance for these matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raybel Muñoz
- Area Academica de Quimica, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carr. Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico.
| | - Alejandro Alvarez-Hernandez
- Area Academica de Quimica, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carr. Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico.
| | - Israel S Ibarra
- Area Academica de Quimica, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carr. Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico.
| | - Alfredo Guevara-Lara
- Area Academica de Quimica, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carr. Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico.
| | - Jose A Rodriguez
- Area Academica de Quimica, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carr. Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico.
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Zhou M, Boulos JC, Klauck SM, Efferth T. The cardiac glycoside ZINC253504760 induces parthanatos-type cell death and G2/M arrest via downregulation of MEK1/2 phosphorylation in leukemia cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:2971-2997. [PMID: 37322258 PMCID: PMC10693532 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-023-09813-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Overcoming multidrug resistance (MDR) represents a major obstacle in cancer chemotherapy. Cardiac glycosides (CGs) are efficient in the treatment of heart failure and recently emerged in a new role in the treatment of cancer. ZINC253504760, a synthetic cardenolide that is structurally similar to well-known GCs, digitoxin and digoxin, has not been investigated yet. This study aims to investigate the cytotoxicity of ZINC253504760 on MDR cell lines and its molecular mode of action for cancer treatment. Four drug-resistant cell lines (P-glycoprotein-, ABCB5-, and EGFR-overexpressing cells, and TP53-knockout cells) did not show cross-resistance to ZINC253504760 except BCRP-overexpressing cells. Transcriptomic profiling indicated that cell death and survival as well as cell cycle (G2/M damage) were the top cellular functions affected by ZINC253504760 in CCRF-CEM cells, while CDK1 was linked with the downregulation of MEK and ERK. With flow cytometry, ZINC253504760 induced G2/M phase arrest. Interestingly, ZINC253504760 induced a novel state-of-the-art mode of cell death (parthanatos) through PARP and PAR overexpression as shown by western blotting, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) translocation by immunofluorescence, DNA damage by comet assay, and mitochondrial membrane potential collapse by flow cytometry. These results were ROS-independent. Furthermore, ZINC253504760 is an ATP-competitive MEK inhibitor evidenced by its interaction with the MEK phosphorylation site as shown by molecular docking in silico and binding to recombinant MEK by microscale thermophoresis in vitro. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to describe a cardenolide that induces parthanatos in leukemia cells, which may help to improve efforts to overcome drug resistance in cancer. A cardiac glycoside compound ZINC253504760 displayed cytotoxicity against different multidrug-resistant cell lines. ZINC253504760 exhibited cytotoxicity in CCRF-CEM leukemia cells by predominantly inducing a new mode of cell death (parthanatos). ZINC253504760 downregulated MEK1/2 phosphorylation and further affected ERK activation, which induced G2/M phase arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University-Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joelle C Boulos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University-Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine M Klauck
- Division of Cancer Genome Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), National Center for Tumor Disease (NCT), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University-Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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Ren Y, Kaweesa EN, Tian L, Wu S, Sydara K, Xayvue M, Moore CE, Soejarto DD, Cheng X, Yu J, Burdette JE, Kinghorn AD. The Cytotoxic Cardiac Glycoside (-)-Cryptanoside A from the Stems of Cryptolepis dubia and Its Molecular Targets. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:1411-1419. [PMID: 37216676 PMCID: PMC10331789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A cardiac glycoside epoxide, (-)-cryptanoside A (1), was isolated from the stems of Cryptolepis dubia collected in Laos, for which the complete structure was confirmed by analysis of its spectroscopic and single-crystal X-ray diffraction data, using copper radiation at a low temperature. This cardiac glycoside epoxide exhibited potent cytotoxicity against several human cancer cell lines tested, including HT-29 colon, MDA-MB-231 breast, OVCAR3 and OVCAR5 ovarian cancer, and MDA-MB-435 melanoma cells, with the IC50 values found to be in the range 0.1-0.5 μM, which is comparable with that observed for digoxin. However, it exhibited less potent activity (IC50 1.1 μM) against FT194 benign/nonmalignant human fallopian tube secretory epithelial cells when compared with digoxin (IC50 0.16 μM), indicating its more selective activity toward human cancer versus benign/nonmalignant cells. (-)-Cryptanoside A (1) also inhibited Na+/K+-ATPase activity and increased the expression of Akt and the p65 subunit of NF-κB but did not show any effects on the expression of PI3K. A molecular docking profile showed that (-)-cryptanoside A (1) binds to Na+/K+-ATPase, and thus 1 may directly target Na+/K+-ATPase to mediate its cancer cell cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Ren
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Elizabeth N. Kaweesa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Lei Tian
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Sijin Wu
- Shenzhen Jingtai Technology Co., Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kongmany Sydara
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Mouachanh Xayvue
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Curtis E. Moore
- X-ray Crystallography Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Djaja D. Soejarto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
- Science and Education, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605, United States
| | - Xiaolin Cheng
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Jianhua Yu
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Joanna E. Burdette
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - A. Douglas Kinghorn
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
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Zhang C, Yang HY, Gao L, Bai MZ, Fu WK, Huang CF, Mi NN, Ma HD, Lu YW, Jiang NZ, Tian L, Cai T, Lin YY, Zheng XX, Gao K, Chen JJ, Meng WB. Lanatoside C decelerates proliferation and induces apoptosis through inhibition of STAT3 and ROS-mediated mitochondrial membrane potential transformation in cholangiocarcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1098915. [PMID: 37397486 PMCID: PMC10308052 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1098915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The incidence of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) has increased worldwide in recent years. Given the poor prognosis associated with the current management approach of CCA, new therapeutic agents are warranted to improve the prognosis of this patient population. Methods: In this study, we extracted five cardiac glycosides (CGs) from natural plants: digoxin, lanatoside A, lanatoside C, lanatoside B, and gitoxin. Follow-up experiments were performed to assess the effect of these five extracts on cholangiocarcinoma cells and compounds with the best efficacy were selected. Lanatoside C (Lan C) was selected as the most potent natural extract for subsequent experiments. We explored the potential mechanism underlying the anticancer activity of Lan C on cholangiocarcinoma cells by flow cytometry, western blot, immunofluorescence, transcriptomics sequencing, network pharmacology and in vivo experiments. Results: We found that Lan C time-dependently inhibited the growth and induced apoptosis of HuCCT-1 and TFK-1 cholangiocarcinoma cells. Besides Lan C increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in cholangiocarcinoma cells, decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and resulted in apoptosis. Besides, Lan C downregulated the protein expression of STAT3, leading to decreased expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl, increased expression of Bax, activation of caspase-3, and initiation of apoptosis. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) pretreatment reversed the effect of Lan C. In vivo, we found that Lan C inhibited the growth of cholangiocarcinoma xenografts without toxic effects on normal cells. Tumor immunohistochemistry showed that nude mice transplanted with human cholangiocarcinoma cells treated with Lan C exhibited decreased STAT3 expression and increased caspase-9 and caspase-3 expression in tumors, consistent with the in vitro results. Conclusion: In summary, our results substantiates that cardiac glycosides have strong anti-CCA effects. Interestingly the biological activity of Lan C provides a new anticancer candidate for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hong-Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Long Gao
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ming-Zhen Bai
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wen-Kang Fu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Chong-Fei Huang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ning-Ning Mi
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hai-Dong Ma
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ya-Wen Lu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ning-Zu Jiang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Liang Tian
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Teng Cai
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yan-Yan Lin
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xing-Xing Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Kun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wen-Bo Meng
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Feng X, Li J, Li H, Chen X, Liu D, Li R. Bioactive C21 Steroidal Glycosides from Euphorbia kansui Promoted HepG2 Cell Apoptosis via the Degradation of ATP1A1 and Inhibited Macrophage Polarization under Co-Cultivation. Molecules 2023; 28:2830. [PMID: 36985801 PMCID: PMC10058894 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Euphorbia kansui is clinically used for the treatment of esophageal cancer, lung cancer, cancerous melanoma, asthma, pleural disorders, ascites, and pertussis, among other conditions. In this study, 12 steroids were obtained and identified from E. kansui, and cynsaccatol L (5), which showed the best effects in terms of inhibiting the proliferation of HepG2 cells and the immune regulation of macrophages. Furthermore, 5 induced typical apoptotic characteristics in HepG2 cells, such as morphological changes and the caspase cascade, as well as inducing autophagy-dependent apoptosis via mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. The antitumor mechanism of 5 might be related to promoting the endocytosis and degradation of ATP1A1 protein and then down-regulating the downstream AKT and ERK signaling pathways. Furthermore, the antiproliferation effect of 5 in co-cultivation with macrophages was investigated, which showed that 5 promoted the apoptosis of HepG2 cells by modulating the release of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IFN-γ; regulating the M2-subtype polarization of macrophages; promoting the phagocytosis of macrophages. In conclusion, 5 exerted anti-proliferative effects by promoting the degradation of ATP1A1 and inhibiting the ATP1A1-AKT/ERK signaling pathway in HepG2. Furthermore, it regulated macrophage function in co-cultivation, thereby further exerting adjuvant anti-HepG2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Feng
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Faculty of basic Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jianchun Li
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xuanqin Chen
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Rongtao Li
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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Aria H, Rezaei M. Immunogenic cell death inducer peptides: A new approach for cancer therapy, current status and future perspectives. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114503. [PMID: 36921539 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD) is a type of cell death that kills tumor cells by stimulating the adaptive immune response against other tumor cells. ICD depends on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the secretion of Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMP) by the dying tumor cell. DAMPs recruit innate immune cells such as Dendritic Cells (DC), triggering a cancer-specific immune response such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to eliminate remaining cancer cells. ICD is accompanied by several hallmarks in dying cells, such as surface translocation of ER chaperones, calreticulin (CALR), and extracellular secretion of DAMPs such as high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Therapeutic peptides can kill bacteria and tumor cells thus affecting the immune system. They have high specificity and affinity for their targets, small size, appropriate cell membrane penetration, short half-life, and simple production processes. Peptides are interesting agents for immunomodulation since they may overcome the limitations of other therapeutics. Thus, the development of peptides affecting the TME and active antitumoral immunity has been actively pursued. On the other hand, several peptides have been recently identified to trigger ICD and anti-cancer responses. In the present review, we review previous studies on peptide-induced ICD, their mechanism, their targets, and markers. They include anti-microbial peptides (AMPs), cationic or mitochondrial targeting, checkpoint inhibitors, antiapoptotic inhibitors, and "don't eat me" inhibitor peptides. Also, peptides will be investigated potentially inducing ICD that is divided into ER stressors, ATPase inhibitors, and anti-microbial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Aria
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Marzieh Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Liu W, Zhang H, Wan H, Hou J, Lee D, Xu J, Guo Y. Anti-inflammatory withanolides from the aerial parts of Physalis minima. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 202:113301. [PMID: 35780926 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Eight undescribed and two known withanolides were obtained from the aerial parts of Physalis minima. The structures of these compounds were defined by spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data analysis. Physminin E was elucidated to be a rare 13,14-seco-withanolide. Inhibitory effects of these compounds on nitric oxide (NO) production were evaluated by using LPS-activated RAW264.7 macrophages, and physminin C was shown to be the most active with an IC50 value of 3.5 μM. The further mechanistic analysis of NO inhibition was performed by molecular docking and Western blotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxu Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiantong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongho Lee
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanqiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Cajazeiro DC, Toledo PPM, de Sousa NF, Scotti MT, Reimão JQ. Drug Repurposing Based on Protozoan Proteome: In Vitro Evaluation of In Silico Screened Compounds against Toxoplasma gondii. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081634. [PMID: 36015260 PMCID: PMC9414507 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan that infects up to a third of the world’s population. This parasite can cause serious problems, especially if a woman is infected during pregnancy, when toxoplasmosis can cause miscarriage, or serious complications to the baby, or in an immunocompromised person, when the infection can possibly affect the patient’s eyes or brain. To identify potential drug candidates that could counter toxoplasmosis, we selected 13 compounds which were pre-screened in silico based on the proteome of T. gondii to be evaluated in vitro against the parasite in a cell-based assay. Among the selected compounds, three demonstrated in vitro anti-T. gondii activity in the nanomolar range (almitrine, bortezomib, and fludarabine), and ten compounds demonstrated anti-T. gondii activity in the micromolar range (digitoxin, digoxin, doxorubicin, fusidic acid, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin, mycophenolic acid, ribavirin, trimethoprim, and valproic acid). Almitrine demonstrated a Selectivity Index (provided by the ratio between the Half Cytotoxic Concentration against human foreskin fibroblasts and the Half Effective Concentration against T. gondii tachyzoites) that was higher than 47, whilst being considered a lead compound against T. gondii. Almitrine showed interactions with the Na+/K+ ATPase transporter for Homo sapiens and Mus musculus, indicating a possible mechanism of action of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Chaves Cajazeiro
- Laboratory of Preclinical Assays and Research of Alternative Sources of Innovative Therapy for Toxoplasmosis and Other Sicknesses (PARASITTOS), Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia Básica, Faculdade de Medicina de Jundiaí, Jundiaí 13202-550, Brazil
| | - Paula Pereira Marques Toledo
- Laboratory of Preclinical Assays and Research of Alternative Sources of Innovative Therapy for Toxoplasmosis and Other Sicknesses (PARASITTOS), Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia Básica, Faculdade de Medicina de Jundiaí, Jundiaí 13202-550, Brazil
| | - Natália Ferreira de Sousa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos (PgPNSB), Instituto de Pesquisa em Fármacos e Medicamentos (IPeFarM), Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus I, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Marcus Tullius Scotti
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos (PgPNSB), Instituto de Pesquisa em Fármacos e Medicamentos (IPeFarM), Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus I, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Quero Reimão
- Laboratory of Preclinical Assays and Research of Alternative Sources of Innovative Therapy for Toxoplasmosis and Other Sicknesses (PARASITTOS), Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia Básica, Faculdade de Medicina de Jundiaí, Jundiaí 13202-550, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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9
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Osman Mohammed RM, Huang Y, Guan X, Huang X, Deng S, Yang R, Li J, Li J. Cytotoxic cardiac glycosides from the root of Streblus asper. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 200:113239. [PMID: 35623471 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided separation of the root of Streblus asper led to the identification of six undescribed cardiac glycosides, including a rare cardiac glycoside dimer, along with twelve previously reported analogues. Their structures were determined on the basis of analyses of spectroscopic methods (1D and 2D-NMR spectroscopy), high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS), circular dichroism (CD), and comparison of their spectroscopic data with previously reported data. Regarding their cytotoxic activities, microculture tetrazolium assays showed that all isolated cardiac glycosides strongly inhibited MCC-803, T24, SKOV-3, HepG2, Wi-38, and A549 cancer cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 0.075 μM to 0.752 μM. One cardiac glycoside, a rare cardiac glycoside dimer, exhibited the strongest activity against the six cancer cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 0.075 μM to 0.214 μM. In addition, the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of cardiac glycosides were investigated. In summary, S. asper showed marked cytotoxicity to several cancer cell lines, which could be meaningful for discovering new anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab Mobark Osman Mohammed
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Cognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of AL-Neelain, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Xinlan Guan
- Peoples' Hospital of Pubei, Pubei, 535300, China
| | - Xishan Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Shengping Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Ruiyun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Jian Li
- Peoples' Hospital of Pubei, Pubei, 535300, China.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China.
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10
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Meneses-Sagrero SE, Rascón-Valenzuela LA, García-Ramos JC, Vilegas W, Arvizu-Flores AA, Sotelo-Mundo RR, Robles-Zepeda RE. Calotropin and corotoxigenin 3-O-glucopyranoside from the desert milkweed Asclepias subulata inhibit the Na +/K +-ATPase activity. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13524. [PMID: 35673388 PMCID: PMC9167584 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Na+/K+-ATPase is an essential transmembrane enzyme found in all mammalian cells with critical functions for cell ion homeostasis. The inhibition of this enzyme by several cardiotonic steroids (CTS) has been associated with the cytotoxic effect on cancer cell lines of phytochemicals such as ouabain and digitoxin. This study evaluated the inhibitory capacity of cardenolides calotropin and corotoxigenin 3-O-glucopyranoside (C3OG) from Asclepias subulata over the Na+/K+-ATPase activity in vitro and silico. The inhibitory assays showed that calotropin and C3OG decreased the Na+/K+-ATPase activity with IC50 values of 0.27 and 0.87 μM, respectively. Furthermore, the molecules presented an uncompetitive inhibition on Na+/K+-ATPase activity, with Ki values of 0.2 μM to calotropin and 0.5 μM to C3OG. Furthermore, the molecular modeling indicated that calotropin and C3OG might interact with the Thr797 and Gln111 residues, considered essential to the interaction with the Na+/K+-ATPase. Besides, these cardenolides can interact with amino acid residues such as Phe783, Leu125, and Ala323, to establish hydrophobic interactions on the binding site. Considering the results, these provide novel evidence about the mechanism of action of cardenolides from A. subulata, proposing that C3OG is a novel cardenolide that deserves further consideration for in vitro cellular antiproliferative assays and in vivo studies as an anticancer molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juan C. García-Ramos
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Wagner Vilegas
- Instituto de Biociências, São Paulo State University, Sao Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Rogerio R. Sotelo-Mundo
- Laboratorio de Estructura Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo AC, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
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11
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Yang HY, Chen YX, Luo S, He YL, Feng WJ, Sun Y, Chen JJ, Gao K. Cardiac glycosides from Digitalis lanata and their cytotoxic activities. RSC Adv 2022; 12:23240-23251. [PMID: 36090389 PMCID: PMC9380703 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04464a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac glycosides (CGs) are good candidates as drug leads in the treatment of cancer because of their structural diversities and potent biological activities. In this study, fifteen CGs including three new ones (1–3) were isolated from Digitalis lanata Ehrh. Their structures were elucidated by HRESIMS, NMR spectroscopic methods, including homonuclear and heteronuclear coupling constant analysis, and acid-catalyzed hydrolysis and derivatization analysis of the sugar chain. The cytotoxic activities of these CGs were evaluated against three human cancer cell lines (A549, HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines), and all of them showed strong activities at nanomolar scale. The flow cytometric analysis indicated that compound 1 induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Transcriptome analysis revealed a panel of possible targets for compound 1. RT-PCR and western blot experiments showed that 1 significantly inhibited the expression of vasohibin-2 (VASH2). Moreover, compound 1 restrained angiogenesis in a concentration-dependent manner in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. Cardiac glycosides (CGs) are good candidates as drug leads in the treatment of cancer because of their structural diversities and potent biological activities.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Xiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Shangwen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Lin He
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
- Research Institute, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jiao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
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12
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Ren Y, Wu S, Chen S, Burdette JE, Cheng X, Kinghorn AD. Interaction of (+)-Strebloside and Its Derivatives with Na +/K +-ATPase and Other Targets. Molecules 2021; 26:5675. [PMID: 34577146 PMCID: PMC8467840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Docking profiles for (+)-strebloside, a cytotoxic cardiac glycoside identified from Streblus asper, and some of its derivatives and Na+/K+-ATPase have been investigated. In addition, binding between (+)-strebloside and its aglycone, strophanthidin, and several of their other molecular targets, including FIH-1, HDAC, KEAP1 and MDM2 (negative regulators of Nrf2 and p53, respectively), NF-κB, and PI3K and Akt1, have been inspected and compared with those for digoxin and its aglycone, digoxigenin. The results showed that (+)-strebloside, digoxin, and their aglycones bind to KEAP1 and MDM2, while (+)-strebloside, strophanthidin, and digoxigenin dock to the active pocket of PI3K, and (+)-strebloside and digoxin interact with FIH-1. Thus, these cardiac glycosides could directly target HIF-1, Nrf2, and p53 protein-protein interactions, Na+/K+-ATPase, and PI3K to mediate their antitumor activity. Overall, (+)-strebloside seems more promising than digoxin for the development of potential anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Ren
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (Y.R.); (S.W.); (S.C.)
| | - Sijin Wu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (Y.R.); (S.W.); (S.C.)
| | - Sijie Chen
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (Y.R.); (S.W.); (S.C.)
| | - Joanna E. Burdette
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Xiaolin Cheng
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (Y.R.); (S.W.); (S.C.)
| | - A. Douglas Kinghorn
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (Y.R.); (S.W.); (S.C.)
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13
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Structural Insights into the Interactions of Digoxin and Na +/K +-ATPase and Other Targets for the Inhibition of Cancer Cell Proliferation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123672. [PMID: 34208576 PMCID: PMC8234910 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside long used to treat congestive heart failure and found recently to show antitumor potential. The hydroxy groups connected at the C-12, C-14, and C-3′a positions; the C-17 unsaturated lactone unit; the conformation of the steroid core; and the C-3 saccharide moiety have been demonstrated as being important for digoxin’s cytotoxicity and interactions with Na+/K+-ATPase. The docking profiles for digoxin and several derivatives and Na+/K+-ATPase were investigated; an additional small Asn130 side pocket was revealed, which could be useful in the design of novel digoxin-like antitumor agents. In addition, the docking scores for digoxin and its derivatives were found to correlate with their cytotoxicity, indicating a potential use of these values in the prediction of the cancer cell cytotoxicity of other cardiac glycosides. Moreover, in these docking studies, digoxin was found to bind to FIH-1 and NF-κB but not HDAC, IAP, and PI3K, suggesting that this cardiac glycoside directly targets FIH-1, Na+/K+-ATPase, and NF-κB to mediate its antitumor potential. Differentially, digoxigenin, the aglycon of digoxin, binds to HDAC and PI3K, but not FIH-1, IAP, Na+/K+-ATPase, and NF-κB, indicating that this compound may target tumor autophagy and metabolism to mediate its antitumor propensity.
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14
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de Oliveira GC, Rocha SC, da Silva Lopes MA, Paixão N, Alves SLG, Pessoa MTC, Noël F, Quintas LEM, Barbosa LA, Villar JAFP, Cortes VF. Implications of Synthetic Modifications of the Cardiotonic Steroid Lactone Ring on Cytotoxicity. J Membr Biol 2021; 254:487-497. [PMID: 34128090 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-021-00186-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Na,K-ATPase (NKA) and cardiotonic steroids (CTS) have shown potent cytotoxic and anticancer effects. Here, we have synthesized a series of CTS digoxin derivatives (γ-benzylidene) with substitutions in the lactone ring and evaluated the cytotoxicity caused by digoxin derivatives in tumor and non-tumor cells lines, as well as their effects on NKA. The cytotoxicity assay was determined in HeLa, A549, and WI-26 VA4 after they were treated for 48 h with increased concentrations of CTS. The effects of CTS on NKA activity and immunoblotting of α1 and β1 isoforms were evaluated at IC50 concentrations in A549 cell membrane. NKA activity from mouse brain cortex was also measured. The majority of CTS exhibited low cytotoxicity in tumor and non-tumor cells, presenting IC50 values at micromolar concentrations, while digoxin showed cytotoxicity at nanomolar concentrations. BD-15 presented the lowest IC50 value (8 µM) in A549 and reduced its NKA activity in 28%. In contrast, BD-7 was the compound that most inhibited NKA (56% inhibition) and presented high IC50 value for A549. In mouse cortex, only BD-15 modulated the enzyme activity in a concentration-dependent inhibition curve. These results demonstrate that the cytotoxicity of these compounds is not related to NKA inhibition. The substitutions in the lactone ring of digoxin led to an increase in the cytotoxic concentration in tumor cells, which may not be interesting for cancer, but it has the advantage of increasing the therapeutic margin of these molecules when compared to classic CTS, and can be used safely in research for other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele Capanema de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Av Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Bairro Chanadour, Divinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Sayonarah Carvalho Rocha
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Av Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Bairro Chanadour, Divinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Miliane Alves da Silva Lopes
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Bioquímica e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av Carlos Chagas, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Natasha Paixão
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Bioquímica e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av Carlos Chagas, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Silmara Lúcia Grego Alves
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica e Nanoestruturas, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Av Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Bairro Chanadour, Divinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio Corrêa Pessoa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Av Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Bairro Chanadour, Divinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil.,Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - François Noël
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Bioquímica e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av Carlos Chagas, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo M Quintas
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Bioquímica e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av Carlos Chagas, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Leandro Augusto Barbosa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Av Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Bairro Chanadour, Divinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - José Augusto Ferreira Perez Villar
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica e Nanoestruturas, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Av Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Bairro Chanadour, Divinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Faria Cortes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Av Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Bairro Chanadour, Divinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil.
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15
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Quo vadis Cardiac Glycoside Research? Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050344. [PMID: 34064873 PMCID: PMC8151307 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac glycosides (CGs), toxins well-known for numerous human and cattle poisoning, are natural compounds, the biosynthesis of which occurs in various plants and animals as a self-protective mechanism to prevent grazing and predation. Interestingly, some insect species can take advantage of the CG’s toxicity and by absorbing them, they are also protected from predation. The mechanism of action of CG’s toxicity is inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase (the sodium-potassium pump, NKA), which disrupts the ionic homeostasis leading to elevated Ca2+ concentration resulting in cell death. Thus, NKA serves as a molecular target for CGs (although it is not the only one) and even though CGs are toxic for humans and some animals, they can also be used as remedies for various diseases, such as cardiovascular ones, and possibly cancer. Although the anticancer mechanism of CGs has not been fully elucidated, yet, it is thought to be connected with the second role of NKA being a receptor that can induce several cell signaling cascades and even serve as a growth factor and, thus, inhibit cancer cell proliferation at low nontoxic concentrations. These growth inhibitory effects are often observed only in cancer cells, thereby, offering a possibility for CGs to be repositioned for cancer treatment serving not only as chemotherapeutic agents but also as immunogenic cell death triggers. Therefore, here, we report on CG’s chemical structures, production optimization, and biological activity with possible use in cancer therapy, as well as, discuss their antiviral potential which was discovered quite recently. Special attention has been devoted to digitoxin, digoxin, and ouabain.
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16
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Škubník J, Pavlíčková V, Rimpelová S. Cardiac Glycosides as Immune System Modulators. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050659. [PMID: 33947098 PMCID: PMC8146282 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac glycosides (CGs) are natural steroid compounds occurring both in plants and animals. They are known for long as cardiotonic agents commonly used for various cardiac diseases due to inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) pumping activity and modulating heart muscle contractility. However, recent studies show that the portfolio of diseases potentially treatable with CGs is much broader. Currently, CGs are mostly studied as anticancer agents. Their antiproliferative properties are based on the induction of multiple signaling pathways in an NKA signalosome complex. In addition, they are strongly connected to immunogenic cell death, a complex mechanism of induction of anticancer immune response. Moreover, CGs exert various immunomodulatory effects, the foremost of which are connected with suppressing the activity of T-helper cells or modulating transcription of many immune response genes by inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B. The resulting modulations of cytokine and chemokine levels and changes in immune cell ratios could be potentially useful in treating sundry autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. This review aims to summarize current knowledge in the field of immunomodulatory properties of CGs and emphasize the large area of potential clinical use of these compounds.
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17
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Bejček J, Spiwok V, Kmoníčková E, Rimpelová S. Na +/K +-ATPase Revisited: On Its Mechanism of Action, Role in Cancer, and Activity Modulation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071905. [PMID: 33800655 PMCID: PMC8061769 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of Na+ and K+ gradients across the cell plasma membrane is an essential process for mammalian cell survival. An enzyme responsible for this process, sodium-potassium ATPase (NKA), has been currently extensively studied as a potential anticancer target, especially in lung cancer and glioblastoma. To date, many NKA inhibitors, mainly of natural origin from the family of cardiac steroids (CSs), have been reported and extensively studied. Interestingly, upon CS binding to NKA at nontoxic doses, the role of NKA as a receptor is activated and intracellular signaling is triggered, upon which cancer cell death occurs, which lies in the expression of different NKA isoforms than in healthy cells. Two major CSs, digoxin and digitoxin, originally used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, are also being tested for another indication—cancer. Such drug repositioning has a big advantage in smoother approval processes. Besides this, novel CS derivatives with improved performance are being developed and evaluated in combination therapy. This article deals with the NKA structure, mechanism of action, activity modulation, and its most important inhibitors, some of which could serve not only as a powerful tool to combat cancer, but also help to decipher the so-far poorly understood NKA regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Bejček
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Vojtěch Spiwok
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Eva Kmoníčková
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Plzeňská 311, 150 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Silvie Rimpelová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (V.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-220-444-360
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18
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Chou JC, Li JH, Chen CC, Chen CW, Lin H, Wang PS. Inhibitory Effects of Digoxin and Digitoxin on Cell Growth in Human Ovarian Cancer Cell Line SKOV-3. Integr Cancer Ther 2021; 20:15347354211002662. [PMID: 33736483 PMCID: PMC7983234 DOI: 10.1177/15347354211002662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cardiac glycosides (CGs) possess a chemical structure similar to steroids,
and are inhibitors of the sodium potassium pump. An anti-tumor effect of CGs
in breast and prostate cancers has been reported, but the effect of CGs on
ovarian cancer is still unclear. Aims: In this study, the effects of CGs on proliferation, cytotoxicity and cell
cycle of ovarian cancer cell line (SKOV-3) have been investigated. Procedure: The cell proliferation and cytotoxicity were detected by MTT assay and LDH
activity assay, respectively. CGs, at concentrations higher than IC50,
decreased cell proliferation and showed increased cytotoxicity toward SKOV-3
cells. The colony-formation ability was reduced after treatment with digoxin
and digitoxin for 10 days. Furthermore, we explored the effect of digoxin
and digitoxin on the distribution of cell cycle by flow cytometry. Results: Results revealed that both digoxin and digitoxin led to cell cycle arrest in
G0/G1 phase with 24 or 48 hours, but the arrest of
G0/G1 phase was not observed at 72 hours. We
evaluated the percentage of hypodiploid cell population as an index of the
cellular fragments through flow cytometry. The data indicated that cellular
fragments were significantly increased by treating with digitoxin at the
concentrations of IC50 and 10−6 M for 72 hours. Conclusion: Taken together, these data suggest that CGs decreased cell proliferation and
increased cytotoxicity through cell cycle arrest at the
G0/G1 phase. CGs have anti-tumor effect in SKOV-3
cells and might be a potential therapeutic drug for ovarian cancer. Since
this study is a preliminary investigation of CGs on SKOV-3 cells, more
experiments might be performed in the future. Furthermore, more ovarian
cancer cell lines might also be employed in the future studies to confirm
the effect of CGs in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jou-Chun Chou
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung
| | - Jie-Hau Li
- Department of Physiology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei
| | - Chih-Chieh Chen
- Department of Physiology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei.,Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung
| | - Chien-Wei Chen
- College of Human Development and Health, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei
| | - Ho Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung
| | - Paulus S Wang
- Department of Physiology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei.,Medical Center of Aging Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung.,Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei
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19
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Singh A, Singh DK, Kharwar RN, White JF, Gond SK. Fungal Endophytes as Efficient Sources of Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Their Prospective Applications in Natural Product Drug Discovery: Insights, Avenues, and Challenges. Microorganisms 2021; 9:197. [PMID: 33477910 PMCID: PMC7833388 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal endophytes are well-established sources of biologically active natural compounds with many producing pharmacologically valuable specific plant-derived products. This review details typical plant-derived medicinal compounds of several classes, including alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, glycosides, lignans, phenylpropanoids, quinones, saponins, terpenoids, and xanthones that are produced by endophytic fungi. This review covers the studies carried out since the first report of taxol biosynthesis by endophytic Taxomyces andreanae in 1993 up to mid-2020. The article also highlights the prospects of endophyte-dependent biosynthesis of such plant-derived pharmacologically active compounds and the bottlenecks in the commercialization of this novel approach in the area of drug discovery. After recent updates in the field of 'omics' and 'one strain many compounds' (OSMAC) approach, fungal endophytes have emerged as strong unconventional source of such prized products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Singh
- Department of Botany, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India;
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Dheeraj K. Singh
- Department of Botany, Harish Chandra Post Graduate College, Varanasi 221001, India
| | - Ravindra N. Kharwar
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - James F. White
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Surendra K. Gond
- Department of Botany, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India;
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20
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Juang YP, Liang PH. Biological and Pharmacological Effects of Synthetic Saponins. Molecules 2020; 25:E4974. [PMID: 33121124 PMCID: PMC7663351 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Saponins are amphiphilic molecules consisting of carbohydrate and either triterpenoid or steroid aglycone moieties and are noted for their multiple biological activities-Fungicidal, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects have all been observed. Saponins from natural sources have long been used in herbal and traditional medicines; however, the isolation of complexed saponins from nature is difficult and laborious, due to the scarce amount and structure heterogeneity. Chemical synthesis is considered a powerful tool to expand the structural diversity of saponin, leading to the discovery of promising compounds. This review focuses on recent developments in the structure optimization and biological evaluation of synthetic triterpenoid and steroid saponin derivatives. By summarizing the structure-activity relationship (SAR) results, we hope to provide the direction for future development of saponin-based bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pi-Hui Liang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
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21
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Patocka J, Nepovimova E, Wu W, Kuca K. Digoxin: Pharmacology and toxicology-A review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 79:103400. [PMID: 32464466 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside used as drug in case of heart problems, including congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation or flutter, and certain cardiac arrhythmias. It has a very narrow therapeutic window of the medication. Digoxin is toxic substance with well known cardiotoxic effect. In this work, pharmacology and toxicology of digoxin are summarized; Its pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, available acute toxicity data (different species, different administration routes) are summarized in this article. Moreover, its treatment side effect and human poisonings are thoroughly discussed. Finally, appropriate therapy regimen is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Patocka
- Faculty of Health and Social Studies, Department of Radiology and Toxicology, University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Wenda Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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22
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Cardiac glycosides with target at direct and indirect interactions with nuclear receptors. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:110106. [PMID: 32248001 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac glycosides are compounds isolated from plants and animals and have been known since ancient times. These compounds inhibit the activity of the sodium potassium pump in eukaryotic cells. Cardiac glycosides were used as drugs in heart ailments to increase myocardial contraction force and, at the same time, to lower frequency of this contraction. An increasing number of studies have indicated that the biological effects of these compounds are not limited to inhibition of sodium-potassium pump activity. Furthermore, an increasing number of data have shown that they are synthesized in tissues of mammals, where they may act as a new class of steroid hormones or other hormones by mimicry to modulate various signaling pathways and influence whole organisms. Thus, we discuss the interactions of cardiac glycosides with the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors activated by low-weight molecular ligands (including hormones) that regulate many functions of cells and organisms. Cardiac glycosides of endogenous and exogenous origin by interacting with nuclear receptors can affect the processes regulated by these transcription factors, including hormonal management, immune system, body defense, and carcinogenesis. They can also be treated as initial structures for combinatorial chemistry to produce new compounds (including drugs) with the desired properties.
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