1
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Hasan M, Peshkov AA, Shah SAA, Belyaev A, Lim CK, Wang S, Peshkov VA. Silver(I) triflate-catalyzed post-Ugi synthesis of pyrazolodiazepines. Beilstein J Org Chem 2025; 21:915-925. [PMID: 40357120 PMCID: PMC12067096 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.21.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2025] [Accepted: 04/23/2025] [Indexed: 05/15/2025] Open
Abstract
A silver(I) triflate-catalyzed post-Ugi assembly of novel pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepine scaffolds is reported offering high yields (up to 98%) under mild conditions. The synthetic sequence involves the Ugi four-component reaction (U4CR) of pyrazole-3-carbaldehydes, primary amines, 3-substituted propiolic acids, and isocyanides, followed by a silver(I) triflate-catalyzed intramolecular heteroannulation of the resulting pyrazole-tethered propargylamides occurring in a 7-endo-dig fashion. The approach is scalable and tolerates a diverse range of substitution patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hasan
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Anatoly A Peshkov
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Syed Anis Ali Shah
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Andrey Belyaev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Chang-Keun Lim
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Shunyi Wang
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Vsevolod A Peshkov
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
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2
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Oudi A, Esmaeili AA, Habibi A. One-pot three-component synthesis of azaspirononatriene derivatives. Sci Rep 2025; 15:15174. [PMID: 40307286 PMCID: PMC12043965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-97860-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2025] [Indexed: 05/02/2025] Open
Abstract
The present investigation has introduced a new class of isocyanide/acetylene-based multicomponent reactions (IAMCRs). These are a robust technique for efficiently synthesizing intricate spiro architectures through a zwitterionic adduct. The coupling reaction between the "in situ" generated dipoles of the isocyanide-acetylenic ester adducts and 3-alkyl-4-arylidene-isoxazol-5(4H)-one derivative presents a highly effective synthetic pathway for obtaining novel 1-oxo-2-oxa-3-azaspiro[4.4]nona-3,6,8-triene heterocycles. The broad range of substrates, standard experimental conditions, straightforward procedure, and impressive yields make our catalyst-free three-component approach highly practical and green, as it remarkably offers step-, time- and cost-effectiveness based on the green metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Oudi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Esmaeili
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Azizollah Habibi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Anastasiou PK, Fragkiadakis M, Thomaidi M, Froudas KG, Neochoritis CG. Navigating Unexplored Territories of the Interrupted Ugi and Passerini Reactions toward Peptidomimetics. Org Lett 2025; 27:1829-1834. [PMID: 39960633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c04810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2025]
Abstract
Interrupted reactions redirect established processes, often resulting in unexpected and novel outcomes. By employing a building block containing both acidic and oxo functionalities tethered to the same carbon, we uncovered interrupted variants of the Ugi and Passerini reactions. More than 20 derivatives with a peptide-like framework have been synthesized, demonstrating the broad scope and versatility of these reactions. Additional studies explored the use of various nucleophiles and postmodifications to expand even more the chemical diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Thomaidi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Greece
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4
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Amire N, Almagambetova KM, Turlykul A, Taishybay A, Nuroldayeva G, Belyaev A, Peshkov AA, Utepbergenov D, Peshkov VA. Triflic acid-promoted post-Ugi condensation for the assembly of 2,6-diarylmorpholin-3-ones. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:9379-9387. [PMID: 39479940 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob01270d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2024]
Abstract
We report a two-step one-pot synthesis of the 2,6-diarylmorpholin-3-one core based on the Ugi reaction of 2-oxoaldehyde with 2-hydroxycarboxylic acid, a primary amine and tert-butyl isocyanide followed by a triflic acid-promoted intramolecular condensation accompanied by the loss of the isocyanide-originated amide moiety. The overall transformation proceeds with complete retention of stereoconfiguration at the 2-hydroxycarboxylic acid-derived chiral center, allowing the target morpholin-3-ones to be obtained in an enantiopure form. Subsequent double bond hydrogenation and amide reduction allow the degree of unsaturation to be reduced, providing a convenient entry to the cis-2,6-diphenylmorpholine motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyaz Amire
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Kamila M Almagambetova
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Assel Turlykul
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Aidyn Taishybay
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Gulzat Nuroldayeva
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Andrey Belyaev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Anatoly A Peshkov
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Darkhan Utepbergenov
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Vsevolod A Peshkov
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
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5
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Janeiro AM, González-Bakker A, Padrón JM, Marques CS. Accessing Promising Passerini Adducts in Anticancer Drug Design. Molecules 2024; 29:5538. [PMID: 39683703 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29235538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2024] [Revised: 11/19/2024] [Accepted: 11/21/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The 3-component Passerini reaction (3CPR), discovered little more than 100 years ago, has been demonstrated in the last few decades to be a valuable tool for accessing structural diversity and complexity, essential topics to consider in drug discovery programs. Focusing on accessing a fine-tuned family of α-acyloxyamide-oxindole hybrids, we underline herein our latest insights regarding the use of this mild reaction approach to obtain promising anticancer agents. Cheap and commercially available isatin was used as starting material. The library of α-acyloxyamide-oxindole hybrids was tested against six human solid-tumor cell lines; among them, non-small cell lung carcinoma, cervical and colon adenocarcinoma, and breast and pancreas cancer. The most potent compound displayed GI50 values in the range of 1.3-21 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Janeiro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Aday González-Bakker
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, P.O. Box 456, 38200 La Laguna, Spain
| | - José M Padrón
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, P.O. Box 456, 38200 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Carolina S Marques
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Institute for Research and Advanced Studies, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho, 59, 7000-641 Évora, Portugal
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6
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Giustiniano M. Isonitrile Photochemistry: A Functional Group Class Coming in from the Cold. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402350. [PMID: 39286928 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Starting from a historical background that acknowledges isonitriles as a neglected class of compounds due to their unpleasant smell and hardly controlled reaction conditions with open shell species, the present concept article aims at highlighting the seeds of the modern isonitrile photochemistry. Representative essential transformations achieved via either UV light irradiation or radical initiators at high temperatures are brought into play to draw a parallel with the current literature relying on the exploitation of visible light photochemical methods. Such a comparison points out the potential of this enabling technology to further expand the scope of isonitrile chemistry and the unmet challenges which makes it a very stimulating field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariateresa Giustiniano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
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7
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Willems S, Detta E, Baldini L, Tietz D, Trabocchi A, Brunschweiger A. Diversifying DNA-Tagged Amines by Isocyanide Multicomponent Reactions for DNA-Encoded Library Synthesis. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:7719-7724. [PMID: 38405463 PMCID: PMC10882610 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
In DNA-encoded library synthesis, amine-substituted building blocks are prevalent. We explored isocyanide multicomponent reactions to diversify DNA-tagged amines and reported the Ugi-azide reaction with high yields and a good substrate scope. In addition, the Ugi-aza-Wittig reaction and the Ugi-4-center-3-component reaction, which used bifunctional carboxylic acids to provide lactams, were explored. Five-, six-, and seven-membered lactams were synthesized from solid support-coupled DNA-tagged amines and bifunctional building blocks, providing access to structurally diverse scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Willems
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund
University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Elena Detta
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund
University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Baldini
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Deniz Tietz
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund
University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrea Trabocchi
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Andreas Brunschweiger
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund
University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian
University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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8
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Banfi L, Lambruschini C. 100 years of isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions. Mol Divers 2024; 28:1-2. [PMID: 38206427 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10783-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Banfi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genova, Italy.
| | - Chiara Lambruschini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genova, Italy
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9
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Tandi M, Tripathi N, Gaur A, Gopal B, Sundriyal S. Curation and cheminformatics analysis of a Ugi-reaction derived library (URDL) of synthetically tractable small molecules for virtual screening application. Mol Divers 2024; 28:37-50. [PMID: 36574164 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10588-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Virtual screening (VS) is an important approach in drug discovery and relies on the availability of a virtual library of synthetically tractable molecules. Ugi reaction (UR) represents an important multi-component reaction (MCR) that reliably produces a peptidomimetic scaffold. Recent literature shows that a tactically assembled Ugi adduct can be subjected to further chemical modifications to yield a variety of rings and scaffolds, thus, renewing the interest in this old reaction. Given the reliability and efficiency of UR, we collated an UR derived library (URDL) of small molecules (total = 5773) for VS. The synthesis of the majority of URDL molecules may be carried out in 1-2 pots in a time and cost-effective manner. The detailed analysis of the average property and chemical space of URDL was also carried out using the open-source Datawarrior program. The comparison with FDA-approved oral drugs and inhibitors of protein-protein interactions (iPPIs) suggests URDL molecules are 'clean', drug-like, and conform to a structurally distinct space from the other two categories. The average physicochemical properties of compounds in the URDL library lie closer to iPPI molecules than oral drugs thus suggesting that the URDL resource can be applied to discover novel iPPI molecules. The URDL molecules consist of diverse ring systems, many of which have not been exploited yet for drug design. Thus, URDL represents a small virtual library of drug-like molecules with unexplored chemical space designed for VS. The structures of all molecules of URDL, oral drugs, and iPPI compounds are being made freely accessible as supplementary information for broader application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Tandi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Nancy Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Animesh Gaur
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | | | - Sandeep Sundriyal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, 333031, India.
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10
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Chatziorfanou E, Romero AR, Chouchane L, Dömling A. Crystal Clear: Decoding Isocyanide Intermolecular Interactions through Crystallography. J Org Chem 2024; 89:957-974. [PMID: 38175810 PMCID: PMC10804414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The isocyanide group is the chameleon among the functional groups in organic chemistry. Unlike other multiatom functional groups, where the electrophilic and nucleophilic moieties are typically separated, isocyanides combine both functionalities in the terminal carbon. This unique feature can be rationalized using the frontier orbital concept and has significant implications for its intermolecular interactions and the reactivity of the functional group. In this study, we perform a Cambridge Crystallographic Database-supported analysis of isocyanide intramolecular interactions to investigate the intramolecular interactions of isocyanides in the solid state, excluding isocyanide-metal complexes. We discuss examples of different interaction classes, including the isocyanide as a hydrogen bond acceptor (RNC···HX), halogen bonding (RNC···X), and interactions involving the isocyanide and carbon atoms (RNC···C). The latter interaction serves as an intriguing illustration of a Bürgi-Dunitz trajectory and represents a crucial experimental detail in the well-known multicomponent reactions such as the Ugi- and Passerini-type mechanisms. Understanding the spectrum of intramolecular interactions that isocyanides can undergo holds significant implications in fields such as medicinal chemistry, materials science, and asymmetric catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Chatziorfanou
- Innovative
Chemistry Group, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine,
Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry and Czech Advanced Technology and
Research Institute, Palacky University in
Olomouc, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Atilio Reyes Romero
- Genetic
Intelligence Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, P.O.
Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York 10021, United States
- Department
of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York 10021, United States
| | - Lotfi Chouchane
- Genetic
Intelligence Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, P.O.
Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York 10021, United States
- Department
of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York 10021, United States
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Innovative
Chemistry Group, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine,
Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry and Czech Advanced Technology and
Research Institute, Palacky University in
Olomouc, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
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11
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Graziano G, Stefanachi A, Contino M, Prieto-Díaz R, Ligresti A, Kumar P, Scilimati A, Sotelo E, Leonetti F. Multicomponent Reaction-Assisted Drug Discovery: A Time- and Cost-Effective Green Approach Speeding Up Identification and Optimization of Anticancer Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6581. [PMID: 37047554 PMCID: PMC10095429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have emerged as a powerful strategy in synthetic organic chemistry due to their widespread applications in drug discovery and development. MCRs are flexible transformations in which three or more substrates react to form structurally complex products with high atomic efficiency. They are being increasingly appreciated as a highly exploratory and evolutionary tool by the medicinal chemistry community, opening the door to more sustainable, cost-effective and rapid synthesis of biologically active molecules. In recent years, MCR-based synthetic strategies have found extensive application in the field of drug discovery, and several anticancer drugs have been synthesized through MCRs. In this review, we present an overview of representative and recent literature examples documenting different approaches and applications of MCRs in the development of new anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Graziano
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CiQUS), Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angela Stefanachi
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Marialessandra Contino
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Rubén Prieto-Díaz
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CiQUS), Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alessia Ligresti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Poulami Kumar
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Scilimati
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Eddy Sotelo
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CiQUS), Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francesco Leonetti
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy
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12
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Mohlala RL, Coyanis EM. The vital use of isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions (MCR) in chemical synthesis. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2022-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Multicomponent (MCRs) reactions are classified as one-pot reaction where more than two starting materials are employed to form a single product that contains the building blocks of the starting components. MCRs are considered a convenient approach in synthetic chemistry and have many advantages over the traditional one or two-component reaction, by reducing the number of sequential multiple steps required and often producing better yields. This chapter dissects the use of isocyanide-based MCRs and the elegant chemistry that they offer to build useful scaffolds in the chemical synthetic field. In addition MCRs are considered as one of the recognisable options for increasing “greenness” during the synthesis of pharmaceutical and industrial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reagan Lehlogonolo Mohlala
- Advanced Material Division , Mintek Inc , 200 Malibongwe Street, Randburg, 2194 , Randburg , Gauteng , 2125 , South Africa
- Chemistry , Mintek Inc , Randburg , South Africa
| | - Elena Mabel Coyanis
- Advanced Material Division , Mintek Inc , 200 Malibongwe Street, Randburg, 2194 , Randburg , Gauteng , 2125 , South Africa
- Chemistry , Mintek Inc , Randburg , South Africa
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13
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Hooshmand SE, Zhang W. Ugi Four-Component Reactions Using Alternative Reactants. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041642. [PMID: 36838630 PMCID: PMC9961709 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ugi four-component reaction (Ugi-4CR) undoubtedly is the most prominent multicomponent reaction (MCRs) that has sparked organic chemists' interest in the field. It has been widely used in the synthesis of diverse heterocycle molecules such as potential drugs, natural product analogs, pseudo peptides, macrocycles, and functional materials. The Ugi-4CRs involve the use of an amine, an aldehyde or ketone, an isocyanide, and a carboxylic acid to produce an α-acetamido carboxamide derivative, which has significantly advanced the field of isocyanide-based MCRs. The so-called intermediate nitrilium ion could be trapped by a nucleophile such as azide, N-hydroxyphthalimide, thiol, saccharin, phenol, water, and hydrogen sulfide instead of the original carboxylic acid to allow for a wide variety of Ugi-type reactions to occur.β In addition to isocyanide, there are alternative reagents for the other three components: amine, isocyanide, and aldehyde or ketone. All these alternative components render the Ugi reaction an aptly diversity-oriented synthesis of a myriad of biologically active molecules and complex scaffolds. Consequently, this review will delve deeper into alternative components used in the Ugi MCRs, particularly over the past ten years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Emad Hooshmand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, Tehran 1993893973, Iran
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-287-6147
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