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Walbrun ZS, Hoban ÁR, Paulson AY, Wiegand TJ, Collison CJ, Wong CY. Morphology-Dependent Excited-State Dynamics of Squaraine Thin Films during Thermal Annealing. J Phys Chem Lett 2025; 16:4456-4462. [PMID: 40279183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5c00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2025]
Abstract
Thermal annealing is a widely used technique to enhance organic photovoltaic (OPV) efficiencies in bulk heterojunction devices. Combining annealing studies and spectroscopic measurements with theoretical modeling provides a more complete understanding of how aggregation influences energy transfer, an essential factor for photovoltaic performance. Here, we use in situ absorbance and single-shot transient absorption (SSTA) spectroscopy to characterize the electronic structure and excited-state dynamics of squaraine molecules embedded in an inert polymer matrix during thermal annealing. Analysis with a Hamiltonian based on the essential-states model reveals a stepwise transformation from disordered to ordered species, with energy transfer occurring preferentially from aggregates with larger interplanar spacing to more tightly packed aggregates. This study demonstrates how annealing-dependent changes in charge transfer coupling drive energy transfer dynamics in heterogeneous films. This work establishes a broadly applicable methodology for engineering solution-processed materials for applications in OPVs, field-effect transistors, and next-generation optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Walbrun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Áine R Hoban
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Alyssa Y Paulson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Tyler J Wiegand
- Department of Chemistry, Rochester Institute of Technology, College of Science, 84 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
| | - Christopher J Collison
- Department of Chemistry, Rochester Institute of Technology, College of Science, 84 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
| | - Cathy Y Wong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
- Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
- Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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Kundu BK, Han G, Sun Y. Derivatized Benzothiazoles as Two-Photon-Absorbing Organic Photosensitizers Active under Near Infrared Light Irradiation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3535-3542. [PMID: 36731120 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Homogeneous organic photocatalysis typically requires molecular photosensitizers absorbing in the ultraviolet-visible (UV/vis) region, because UV/vis photons possess the sufficient energy to excite those one-photon-absorbing photosensitizers to the desired excited states. However, UV/vis light irradiation has many potential limitations, especially for large-scale applications, such as low penetration through reaction media, competing absorption by substrates and co-catalysts, and incompatibility with substrates bearing light-sensitive functionalities. In fact, these drawbacks can be effectively avoided if near infrared (NIR) photons can be utilized to drive the target reactions. Herein, we report two benzothiazole-derived compounds as novel two-photon-absorbing (TPA) organic photosensitizers, which can function under NIR light irradiation using inexpensive LED as the light source. We demonstrate that by judicially modulating the donor-π-acceptor-π-donor-conjugated structure containing a bibenzothiazole core and imine bridges, excellent two-photon absorption capability in the NIR region can be achieved, approaching 2000 GM at 850 nm. Together with large quantum yields (∼0.5), these benzothiazole-derived TPA organic photosensitizers exhibit excellent performance in driving various O2-involved organic reactions upon irradiation at 850 nm, showing great penetration depth, superior to that upon blue light irradiation. A suite of photophysical and computational studies were performed to shed light on the underlying electronic states responsible for the observed TPA capability. Overall, this work highlights the promise of developing Ru/Ir-free organic photosensitizers operative in the NIR region by taking advantage of the two-photon absorption mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidyut Kumar Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Guanqun Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Yujie Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
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Slobodinyuk DG, Slobodinyuk AI, Strelnikov VN, Shklyaeva EV, Abashev GG. Effect of the Position and Amount of the Electron‐Donating Groups in Substituted 2,4,6‐Triphenylpyrimidines on their Thermal, Optical and Electrochemical Properties. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daria G. Slobodinyuk
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences 3 Ac. Korolev Str. Perm 614130 Russia
| | - Alexey I. Slobodinyuk
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences 3 Ac. Korolev Str. Perm 614130 Russia
- Department of Chemical Engineering Perm National Research Polytechnic University Perm 614990 Russia
| | - Vladimir N. Strelnikov
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences 3 Ac. Korolev Str. Perm 614130 Russia
| | - Elena V. Shklyaeva
- Department of Organic Chemistry Perm State University 15 Bukirev Str. Perm 614990 Russia
| | - Georgy G. Abashev
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences 3 Ac. Korolev Str. Perm 614130 Russia
- Department of Organic Chemistry Perm State University 15 Bukirev Str. Perm 614990 Russia
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Poisson J, Polgar AM, Fromel M, Pester CW, Hudson ZM. Preparation of Patterned and Multilayer Thin Films for Organic Electronics via Oxygen‐Tolerant SI‐PET‐RAFT. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jade Poisson
- Department of Chemistry The University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Alexander M. Polgar
- Department of Chemistry The University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Michele Fromel
- Department of Chemical Engineering Department of Chemistry Department of Materials Science and Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Christian W. Pester
- Department of Chemical Engineering Department of Chemistry Department of Materials Science and Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Zachary M. Hudson
- Department of Chemistry The University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
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Poisson J, Polgar AM, Fromel M, Pester CW, Hudson ZM. Preparation of Patterned and Multilayer Thin Films for Organic Electronics via Oxygen-Tolerant SI-PET-RAFT. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19988-19996. [PMID: 34337845 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An oxygen-tolerant approach is described for preparing surface-tethered polymer films of organic semiconductors directly from electrode substrates using polymer brush photolithography. A photoinduced electron transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) approach was used to prepare multiblock polymer architectures with the structures of multi-layer organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), including electron-transport, emissive, and hole-transport layers. The preparation of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and thermally assisted fluorescence (TAF) trilayer OLED architectures are described. By using direct photomasking as well as a digital micromirror device, we also show that the surface-initiated (SI)-PET-RAFT approach allows for enhanced control over layer thickness, and spatial resolution in polymer brush patterning at low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Poisson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Alexander M Polgar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Michele Fromel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Christian W Pester
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Zachary M Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Mondal R, Braun JD, Sidhu BK, Nevonen DE, Nemykin VN, Herbert DE. Catalytic Synthesis of Donor-Acceptor-Donor (D-A-D) and Donor-Acceptor-Acceptor (D-A-A) Pyrimidine-Ferrocenes via Acceptorless Dehydrogenative Coupling: Synthesis, Structures, and Electronic Communication. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and the Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jason D. Braun
- Department of Chemistry and the Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Baldeep K. Sidhu
- Department of Chemistry and the Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Dustin E. Nevonen
- Department of Chemistry and the Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry and the Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - David E. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and the Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
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Synthesis, crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface, DFT calculations, Z-scan and nonlinear optical studies of novel flourinated hexahydropyrimidine. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mondal R, Lozada IB, Stotska O, Herbert DE. Catalytic Synthesis of Luminescent Pyrimidines via Acceptor-less Dehydrogenative Coupling. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13747-13756. [PMID: 33095015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A simple catalytic synthesis of luminescent pyrimidines from benzamidines and alcohols is reported. These one-pot, acceptor-less dehydrogenative coupling reactions are catalyzed by a ruthenium hydrido chloride complex (1), supported by a chelating P^N ligand (L1) bearing a benzannulated phenanthridine donor arm. The pyrimidines thus produced are emissive in solution, with photoluminescence quantum yields reaching 72%. Details of the catalytic synthesis and characterization of the pyrimidines in both solution and the solid state are reported, along with computational modeling of the emissive excited states of representative examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and the Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Issiah B Lozada
- Department of Chemistry and the Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Olha Stotska
- Department of Chemistry and the Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - David E Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and the Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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