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Kehry M, Klopper W, Holzer C. Robust relativistic many-body Green's function based approaches for assessing core ionized and excited states. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:044116. [PMID: 37522402 DOI: 10.1063/5.0160265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A two-component contour deformation (CD) based GW method that employs frequency sampling to drastically reduce the computational effort when assessing quasiparticle states far away from the Fermi level is outlined. Compared to the canonical CD-GW method, computational scaling is reduced by an order of magnitude without sacrificing accuracy. This allows for an efficient calculation of core ionization energies. The improved computational efficiency is used to provide benchmarks for core ionized states, comparing the performance of 15 density functional approximations as Kohn-Sham starting points for GW calculations on a set of 65 core ionization energies of 32 small molecules. Contrary to valence states, GW calculations on core states prefer functionals with only a moderate amount of Hartree-Fock exchange. Moreover, modern ab initio local hybrid functionals are also shown to provide excellent generalized Kohn-Sham references for core GW calculations. Furthermore, the core-valence separated Bethe-Salpeter equation (CVS-BSE) is outlined. CVS-BSE is a convenient tool to probe core excited states. The latter is tested on a set of 40 core excitations of eight small inorganic molecules. Results from the CVS-BSE method for excitation energies and the corresponding absorption cross sections are found to be in excellent agreement with those of reference damped response BSE calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Kehry
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christof Holzer
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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2
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Jay RM, Kunnus K, Wernet P, Gaffney KJ. Capturing Atom-Specific Electronic Structural Dynamics of Transition-Metal Complexes with Ultrafast Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2022; 73:187-208. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-082820-020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The atomic specificity of X-ray spectroscopies provides a distinct perspective on molecular electronic structure. For 3 d metal coordination and organometallic complexes, the combination of metal- and ligand-specific X-ray spectroscopies directly interrogates metal–ligand covalency—the hybridization of metal and ligand electronic states. Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS), the X-ray analog of resonance Raman scattering, provides access to all classes of valence excited states in transition-metal complexes, making it a particularly powerful means of characterizing the valence electronic structure of 3 d metal complexes. Recent advances in X-ray free-electron laser sources have enabled RIXS to be extended to the ultrafast time domain. We review RIXS studies of two archetypical photochemical processes: charge-transfer excitation in ferricyanide and ligand photodissociation in iron pentacarbonyl. These studies demonstrate femtosecond-resolution RIXS can directly characterize the time-evolving electronic structure, including the evolution of the metal–ligand covalency. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 73 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M. Jay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;,
| | - Kristjan Kunnus
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;,
| | - Kelly J. Gaffney
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and Stanford University, Menlo Park, California, USA
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3
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Schubert K, Guo M, Atak K, Dörner S, Bülow C, von Issendorff B, Klumpp S, Lau JT, Miedema PS, Schlathölter T, Techert S, Timm M, Wang X, Zamudio-Bayer V, Schwob L, Bari S. The electronic structure and deexcitation pathways of an isolated metalloporphyrin ion resolved by metal L-edge spectroscopy. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3966-3976. [PMID: 34163667 PMCID: PMC8179464 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06591a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The local electronic structure of the metal-active site and the deexcitation pathways of metalloporphyrins are crucial for numerous applications but difficult to access by commonly employed techniques. Here, we applied near-edge X-ray absorption mass spectrometry and quantum-mechanical restricted active space calculations to investigate the electronic structure of the metal-active site of the isolated cobalt(iii) protoporphyrin IX cation (CoPPIX+) and its deexcitation pathways upon resonant absorption at the cobalt L-edge. The experiments were carried out in the gas phase, thus allowing for control over the chemical state and molecular environment of the metalloporphyrin. The obtained mass spectra reveal that resonant excitations of CoPPIX+ at the cobalt L3-edge lead predominantly to the formation of the intact radical dication and doubly charged fragments through losses of charged and neutral side chains from the macrocycle. The comparison between experiment and theory shows that CoPPIX+ is in a 3A2g triplet ground state and that competing excitations to metal-centred non-bonding and antibonding σ* molecular orbitals lead to distinct deexcitation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Schubert
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Meiyuan Guo
- Division of Chemical Physics, Chemical Center, Lund University SE-221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Kaan Atak
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Simon Dörner
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Christine Bülow
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Bernd von Issendorff
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Stephan Klumpp
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - J Tobias Lau
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie 12489 Berlin Germany
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | | | - Thomas Schlathölter
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Simone Techert
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY 22607 Hamburg Germany
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Martin Timm
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Xin Wang
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Vicente Zamudio-Bayer
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Lucas Schwob
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Sadia Bari
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY 22607 Hamburg Germany
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4
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Jay RM, Vaz da Cruz V, Eckert S, Fondell M, Mitzner R, Föhlisch A. Probing Solute-Solvent Interactions of Transition Metal Complexes Using L-Edge Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:5636-5645. [PMID: 32532156 PMCID: PMC7357850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In order to tailor solution-phase chemical reactions involving transition metal complexes, it is critical to understand how their valence electronic charge distributions are affected by the solution environment. Here, solute-solvent interactions of a solvatochromic mixed-ligand iron complex were investigated using X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the transition metal L2,3-edge. Due to the selectivity of the corresponding core excitations to the iron 3d orbitals, the method grants direct access to the valence electronic structure around the iron center and its response to interactions with the solvent environment. A linear increase of the total L2,3-edge absorption cross section as a function of the solvent Lewis acidity is revealed. The effect is caused by relative changes in different metal-ligand-bonding channels, which preserve local charge densities while increasing the density of unoccupied states around the iron center. These conclusions are corroborated by a combination of molecular dynamics and spectrum simulations based on time-dependent density functional theory. The simulations reproduce the spectral trends observed in the X-ray but also optical absorption experiments. Our results underscore the importance of solute-solvent interactions when aiming for an accurate description of the valence electronic structure of solvated transition metal complexes and demonstrate how L2,3-edge absorption spectroscopy can aid in understanding the impact of the solution environment on intramolecular covalency and the electronic charge distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M Jay
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Vinícius Vaz da Cruz
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mattis Fondell
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rolf Mitzner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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5
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Späth A. Additive Nano-Lithography with Focused Soft X-rays: Basics, Challenges, and Opportunities. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E834. [PMID: 31801198 PMCID: PMC6953100 DOI: 10.3390/mi10120834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Focused soft X-ray beam induced deposition (FXBID) is a novel technique for direct-write nanofabrication of metallic nanostructures from metal organic precursor gases. It combines the established concepts of focused electron beam induced processing (FEBIP) and X-ray lithography (XRL). The present setup is based on a scanning transmission X-ray microscope (STXM) equipped with a gas flow cell to provide metal organic precursor molecules towards the intended deposition zone. Fundamentals of X-ray microscopy instrumentation and X-ray radiation chemistry relevant for FXBID development are presented in a comprehensive form. Recently published proof-of-concept studies on initial experiments on FXBID nanolithography are reviewed for an overview on current progress and proposed advances of nanofabrication performance. Potential applications and advantages of FXBID are discussed with respect to competing electron/ion based techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Späth
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Physical Chemistry II, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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6
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Jay RM, Eckert S, Vaz da Cruz V, Fondell M, Mitzner R, Föhlisch A. Kovalenzgetriebene Erhaltung lokaler Ladungsdichten in einem durch Metall‐Ligand‐Ladungstransfer angeregten Eisenphotosensibilisator. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M. Jay
- Institut für Physik und AstronomieUniversität Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25 Potsdam Deutschland
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Institut für Physik und AstronomieUniversität Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25 Potsdam Deutschland
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy Max Born Strasse 2A 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Vinícius Vaz da Cruz
- Institut für Physik und AstronomieUniversität Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25 Potsdam Deutschland
| | - Mattis Fondell
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation ResearchHelmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Albert-Einstein-Str. 15 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Rolf Mitzner
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation ResearchHelmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Albert-Einstein-Str. 15 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Institut für Physik und AstronomieUniversität Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25 Potsdam Deutschland
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation ResearchHelmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Albert-Einstein-Str. 15 12489 Berlin Deutschland
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7
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Jay RM, Eckert S, Vaz da Cruz V, Fondell M, Mitzner R, Föhlisch A. Covalency-Driven Preservation of Local Charge Densities in a Metal-to-Ligand Charge-Transfer Excited Iron Photosensitizer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10742-10746. [PMID: 31145507 PMCID: PMC6771958 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Covalency is found to even out charge separation after photo‐oxidation of the metal center in the metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer state of an iron photosensitizer. The σ‐donation ability of the ligands compensates for the loss of iron 3d electronic charge, thereby upholding the initial metal charge density and preserving the local noble‐gas configuration. These findings are enabled through element‐specific and orbital‐selective time‐resolved X‐ray absorption spectroscopy at the iron L‐edge. Thus, valence orbital populations around the central metal are directly accessible. In conjunction with density functional theory we conclude that the picture of a localized charge‐separation is inadequate. However, the unpaired spin density provides a suitable representation of the electron–hole pair associated with the electron‐transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M Jay
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25, Potsdam, Germany.,Current address: Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max Born Strasse 2A, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vinícius Vaz da Cruz
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mattis Fondell
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rolf Mitzner
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25, Potsdam, Germany.,Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Carlotto S, Finetti P, de Simone M, Coreno M, Casella G, Sambi M, Casarin M. Comparative Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Fe L 2,3-Edges X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy in Three Highly Popular, Low-Spin Organoiron Complexes: [Fe(CO) 5], [(η 5-C 5H 5)Fe(CO)(μ-CO)] 2, and [(η 5-C 5H 5) 2Fe]. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:5844-5857. [PMID: 30998004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The occupied and unoccupied electronic structures of three highly popular, closed shell organoiron complexes ([Fe(CO)5], [(η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)(μ-CO)]2, and [(η5-C5H5)2Fe]) have been theoretically investigated by taking advantage of density functional theory (DFT) calculations coupled to the isolobal analogy ( Elian et al. Inorg. Chem. 1976 , 15 , 1148 ). The adopted approach allowed us to look into the relative role played by the ligand → Fe donation and the Fe → ligand back-donation in title molecules, as well as to investigate how CO- (terminal or bridging) and [(η5-C5H5)]--based π* orbitals compete when these two ligands are simultaneously present as in [(η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)(μ-CO)]2. Insights into the nature and the strength of the bonding between Fe and the C donor atoms have been gained by exploiting the Nalewajski-Mrozek bond multiplicity index ( Nalewajski et al. Int. J. Quantum Chem. 1994 , 51 , 187 ), which have been found especially sensitive even to tiny bond distance variations. The bonding picture emerging from ground state DFT results proved fruitful to guide the assignment of original, high-resolution, gas-phase L2,3-edges X-ray absorption spectra of the title molecules, which have been modeled by the two-component relativistic time-dependent DFT including spin orbit coupling and correlation effects and taking advantage of the full use of symmetry. Assignments alternative to those reported in the literature for both [Fe(CO)5] and [(η5-C5H5)2Fe] are herein proposed. Despite the high popularity of the investigated molecules, the complementary use of symmetry, orbital, and spectroscopy allowed us to further look into the metal-ligand symmetry-restricted-covalency and the differential-orbital covalency, which characterize them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Carlotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università degli Studi di Padova , Via Francesco Marzolo 1 , 35131 Padova , Italy
| | - Paola Finetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Metodi dell'Ingegneria , Università di Modena , Via Università 4 , 41121 Modena , Italy
| | | | | | - Girolamo Casella
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare , Università degli Studi di Palermo , Via Archirafi 22 , 90123 Palermo , Italy
| | - Mauro Sambi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università degli Studi di Padova , Via Francesco Marzolo 1 , 35131 Padova , Italy
| | - Maurizio Casarin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università degli Studi di Padova , Via Francesco Marzolo 1 , 35131 Padova , Italy.,CNR - ICMATE , Via Francesco Marzolo 1 , 35131 Padova , Italy
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9
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Jay RM, Eckert S, Fondell M, Miedema PS, Norell J, Pietzsch A, Quevedo W, Niskanen J, Kunnus K, Föhlisch A. The nature of frontier orbitals under systematic ligand exchange in (pseudo-)octahedral Fe(ii) complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:27745-27751. [PMID: 30211412 PMCID: PMC6240897 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04341h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The impact of ligand substitution on metal-ligand covalency and the valence excited state landscape is investigated using resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering.
Understanding and controlling properties of transition metal complexes is a crucial step towards tailoring materials for sustainable energy applications. In a systematic approach, we use resonant inelastic X-ray scattering to study the influence of ligand substitution on the valence electronic structure around an aqueous iron(ii) center. Exchanging cyanide with 2-2′-bipyridine ligands reshapes frontier orbitals in a way that reduces metal 3d charge delocalization onto the ligands. This net decrease of metal–ligand covalency results in lower metal-centered excited state energies in agreement with previously reported excited state dynamics. Furthermore, traces of solvent-effects were found indicating a varying interaction strength of the solvent with ligands of different character. Our results demonstrate how ligand exchange can be exploited to shape frontier orbitals of transition metal complexes in solution-phase chemistry; insights upon which future efforts can built when tailoring the functionality of photoactive systems for light-harvesting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M Jay
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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10
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Kubin M, Guo M, Kroll T, Löchel H, Källman E, Baker ML, Mitzner R, Gul S, Kern J, Föhlisch A, Erko A, Bergmann U, Yachandra V, Yano J, Lundberg M, Wernet P. Probing the oxidation state of transition metal complexes: a case study on how charge and spin densities determine Mn L-edge X-ray absorption energies. Chem Sci 2018; 9:6813-6829. [PMID: 30310614 PMCID: PMC6115617 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc00550h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metals in inorganic systems and metalloproteins can occur in different oxidation states, which makes them ideal redox-active catalysts. To gain a mechanistic understanding of the catalytic reactions, knowledge of the oxidation state of the active metals, ideally in operando, is therefore critical. L-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a powerful technique that is frequently used to infer the oxidation state via a distinct blue shift of L-edge absorption energies with increasing oxidation state. A unified description accounting for quantum-chemical notions whereupon oxidation does not occur locally on the metal but on the whole molecule and the basic understanding that L-edge XAS probes the electronic structure locally at the metal has been missing to date. Here we quantify how charge and spin densities change at the metal and throughout the molecule for both redox and core-excitation processes. We explain the origin of the L-edge XAS shift between the high-spin complexes MnII(acac)2 and MnIII(acac)3 as representative model systems and use ab initio theory to uncouple effects of oxidation-state changes from geometric effects. The shift reflects an increased electron affinity of MnIII in the core-excited states compared to the ground state due to a contraction of the Mn 3d shell upon core-excitation with accompanied changes in the classical Coulomb interactions. This new picture quantifies how the metal-centered core hole probes changes in formal oxidation state and encloses and substantiates earlier explanations. The approach is broadly applicable to mechanistic studies of redox-catalytic reactions in molecular systems where charge and spin localization/delocalization determine reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kubin
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15 , 12489 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Meiyuan Guo
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Sweden .
| | - Thomas Kroll
- SSRL , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , USA
| | - Heike Löchel
- Institute for Nanometre Optics and Technology , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Erik Källman
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Sweden .
| | - Michael L Baker
- The School of Chemistry , The University of Manchester at Harwell , Didcot , OX11 OFA , UK
| | - Rolf Mitzner
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15 , 12489 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Sheraz Gul
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA
| | - Jan Kern
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA
- LCLS , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , USA
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15 , 12489 Berlin , Germany .
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie , Universität Potsdam , Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Alexei Erko
- Institute for Nanometre Optics and Technology , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Uwe Bergmann
- Stanford PULSE Institute , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , USA
| | - Vittal Yachandra
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA
| | - Junko Yano
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA
| | - Marcus Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Sweden .
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15 , 12489 Berlin , Germany .
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Zhang K, Girolami GS, Vura-Weis J. Improved charge transfer multiplet method to simulate M- and L-edge X-ray absorption spectra of metal-centered excited states. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:1600-1608. [PMID: 30179201 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518009517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Charge transfer multiplet (CTM) theory is a computationally undemanding and highly mature method for simulating the soft X-ray spectra of first-row transition metal complexes. However, CTM theory has seldom been applied to the simulation of excited-state spectra. In this article, the CTM4XAS software package is extended to simulate M2,3- and L2,3-edge spectra for the excited states of first-row transition metals and also interpret CTM eigenfunctions in terms of Russell-Saunders term symbols. These new programs are used to reinterpret the recently reported excited-state M2,3-edge difference spectra of photogenerated ferrocenium cations and to propose alternative assignments for the electronic state of these cations responsible for the spectroscopic features. These new programs were also used to model the L2,3-edge spectra of FeII compounds during nuclear relaxation following photoinduced spin crossover and to propose spectroscopic signatures for their vibrationally hot states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Gregory S Girolami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Josh Vura-Weis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Jay RM, Norell J, Eckert S, Hantschmann M, Beye M, Kennedy B, Quevedo W, Schlotter WF, Dakovski GL, Minitti MP, Hoffmann MC, Mitra A, Moeller SP, Nordlund D, Zhang W, Liang HW, Kunnus K, Kubiček K, Techert SA, Lundberg M, Wernet P, Gaffney K, Odelius M, Föhlisch A. Disentangling Transient Charge Density and Metal-Ligand Covalency in Photoexcited Ferricyanide with Femtosecond Resonant Inelastic Soft X-ray Scattering. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3538-3543. [PMID: 29888918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Soft X-ray spectroscopies are ideal probes of the local valence electronic structure of photocatalytically active metal sites. Here, we apply the selectivity of time-resolved resonant inelastic X-ray scattering at the iron L-edge to the transient charge distribution of an optically excited charge-transfer state in aqueous ferricyanide. Through comparison to steady-state spectra and quantum chemical calculations, the coupled effects of valence-shell closing and ligand-hole creation are experimentally and theoretically disentangled and described in terms of orbital occupancy, metal-ligand covalency, and ligand field splitting, thereby extending established steady-state concepts to the excited-state domain. π-Back-donation is found to be mainly determined by the metal site occupation, whereas the ligand hole instead influences σ-donation. Our results demonstrate how ultrafast resonant inelastic X-ray scattering can help characterize local charge distributions around catalytic metal centers in short-lived charge-transfer excited states, as a step toward future rationalization and tailoring of photocatalytic capabilities of transition-metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M Jay
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie , Universität Potsdam , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Jesper Norell
- Department of Physics , Stockholm University , Albanova University Center , 10691 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie , Universität Potsdam , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Markus Hantschmann
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Martin Beye
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
- DESY Photon Science , 22607 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Brian Kennedy
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Wilson Quevedo
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Ankush Mitra
- LCLS, SLAC , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | | | - Dennis Nordlund
- PULSE Institute , SLAC , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- PULSE Institute , SLAC , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Huiyang W Liang
- PULSE Institute , SLAC , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Kristjan Kunnus
- PULSE Institute , SLAC , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | | | - Simone A Techert
- DESY Photon Science , 22607 Hamburg , Germany
- Institute for X-ray Physics , Göttingen University , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Marcus Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry - Ȧngström Laboratory , Uppsala University , 75121 Uppsala , Sweden
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy , Università di Siena , 53100 Siena , Italy
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Kelly Gaffney
- PULSE Institute , SLAC , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Michael Odelius
- Department of Physics , Stockholm University , Albanova University Center , 10691 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie , Universität Potsdam , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
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Ismail I, Guillemin R, Marchenko T, Travnikova O, Ablett JM, Rueff JP, Piancastelli MN, Simon M, Journel L. Experimental setup for the study of resonant inelastic X-ray scattering of organometallic complexes in gas phase. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:063107. [PMID: 29960531 DOI: 10.1063/1.5021536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new setup has been designed and built to study organometallic complexes in gas phase at the third-generation Synchrotron radiation sources. This setup consists of a new homemade computer-controlled gas cell that allows us to sublimate solid samples by accurately controlling the temperature. This cell has been developed to be a part of the high-resolution X-ray emission spectrometer permanently installed at the GALAXIES beamline of the French National Synchrotron Facility SOLEIL. To illustrate the capabilities of the setup, the cell has been successfully used to record high-resolution Kα emission spectra of gas-phase ferrocene Fe(C5H5)2 and to characterize their dependence with the excitation energy. This will allow to extend resonant X-ray emission to different organometallic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ismail
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7614, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, 75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - R Guillemin
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7614, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, 75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - T Marchenko
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7614, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, 75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - O Travnikova
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7614, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, 75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - J M Ablett
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, l'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - J-P Rueff
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7614, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, 75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - M-N Piancastelli
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7614, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, 75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - M Simon
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7614, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, 75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - L Journel
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7614, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, 75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Fondell M, Eckert S, Jay RM, Weniger C, Quevedo W, Niskanen J, Kennedy B, Sorgenfrei F, Schick D, Giangrisostomi E, Ovsyannikov R, Adamczyk K, Huse N, Wernet P, Mitzner R, Föhlisch A. Time-resolved soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy in transmission mode on liquids at MHz repetition rates. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:054902. [PMID: 28852689 PMCID: PMC5555770 DOI: 10.1063/1.4993755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a setup combining a liquid flatjet sample delivery and a MHz laser system for time-resolved soft X-ray absorption measurements of liquid samples at the high brilliance undulator beamline UE52-SGM at Bessy II yielding unprecedented statistics in this spectral range. We demonstrate that the efficient detection of transient absorption changes in transmission mode enables the identification of photoexcited species in dilute samples. With iron(II)-trisbipyridine in aqueous solution as a benchmark system, we present absorption measurements at various edges in the soft X-ray regime. In combination with the wavelength tunability of the laser system, the set-up opens up opportunities to study the photochemistry of many systems at low concentrations, relevant to materials sciences, chemistry, and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattis Fondell
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Raphael M Jay
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian Weniger
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilson Quevedo
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Niskanen
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Brian Kennedy
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Sorgenfrei
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Daniel Schick
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Erika Giangrisostomi
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruslan Ovsyannikov
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Adamczyk
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nils Huse
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rolf Mitzner
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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