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Manko H, Burton MG, Mély Y, Godet J. Spectral Phasor Applied to Spectrally-Resolved Single Molecule Localization Microscopy. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400101. [PMID: 38563617 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Spectrally-resolved single-molecule localization microscopy (srSMLM) has emerged as a powerful tool for exploring the spectral properties of single emitters in localization microscopy. By simultaneously capturing the spatial positions and spectroscopic signatures of individual fluorescent molecules, srSMLM opens up the possibility of investigating an additional dimension in super-resolution imaging. However, appropriate and dedicated tools are required to fully capitalize on the spectral dimension. Here, we propose the application of the spectral phasor analysis as an effective method for summarizing and analyzing the spectral information obtained from srSMLM experiments. The spectral phasor condenses the complete spectrum of a single emitter into a two-dimensional space, preserving key spectral characteristics for single-molecule spectral exploration. We demonstrate the effectiveness of spectral phasor in efficiently classifying single Nile Red fluorescence emissions from largely overlapping cyanine fluorescence signals in dual-color PAINT experiments. Additionally, we employed spectral phasor with srSMLM to reveal subtle alterations occurring in the membrane of Gram-positive Enterococcus hirae in response to gramicidin exposure, a membrane-perturbing antibiotic treatment. Spectral phasor provides a robust, model-free analytic tool for the detailed analysis of the spectral component of srSMLM, enhancing the capabilities of multi-color spectrally-resolved single-molecule imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Manko
- Laboratoire de BioImagerie et Pathologies, UMR CNRS 7021, ITI InnoVec, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Matthew G Burton
- Laboratoire de BioImagerie et Pathologies, UMR CNRS 7021, ITI InnoVec, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yves Mély
- Laboratoire de BioImagerie et Pathologies, UMR CNRS 7021, ITI InnoVec, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Julien Godet
- Laboratoire iCube, UMR CNRS 7357, Equipe IMAGeS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Groupe Méthodes Recherche Clinique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de trasbourg, France
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Korade Z, Anderson A, Balog M, Tallman KA, Porter NA, Mirnics K. Chronic Aripiprazole and Trazodone Polypharmacy Effects on Systemic and Brain Cholesterol Biosynthesis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1321. [PMID: 37759721 PMCID: PMC10526910 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The concurrent use of several medications is a common practice in the treatment of complex psychiatric conditions. One such commonly used combination is aripiprazole (ARI), an antipsychotic, and trazodone (TRZ), an antidepressant. In addition to their effects on dopamine and serotonin systems, both of these compounds are inhibitors of the 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) enzyme. To evaluate the systemic and nervous system distribution of ARI and TRZ and their effects on cholesterol biosynthesis, adult mice were treated with both ARI and TRZ for 21 days. The parent drugs, their metabolites, and sterols were analyzed in the brain and various organs of mice using LC-MS/MS. The analyses revealed that ARI, TRZ, and their metabolites were readily detectable in the brain and organs, leading to changes in the sterol profile. The levels of medications, their metabolites, and sterols differed across tissues with notable sex differences. Female mice showed higher turnover of ARI and more cholesterol clearance in the brain, with several post-lanosterol intermediates significantly altered. In addition to interfering with sterol biosynthesis, ARI and TRZ exposure led to decreased ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1) and increased DHCR7 protein expression in the cortex. Changes in sterol profile have been also identified in the spleen, liver, and serum, underscoring the systemic effect of ARI and TRZ on sterol biosynthesis. Long-term use of concurrent ARI and TRZ warrants further studies to fully evaluate the lasting consequences of altered sterol biosynthesis on the whole body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeljka Korade
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Allison Anderson
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA;
| | - Marta Balog
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Keri A. Tallman
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA; (K.A.T.); (N.A.P.)
| | - Ned A. Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA; (K.A.T.); (N.A.P.)
| | - Karoly Mirnics
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA;
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Chattopadhyay A, Sharma A. Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome: A pathophysiological manifestation of the Bloch hypothesis. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1120373. [PMID: 36714259 PMCID: PMC9878332 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1120373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of cholesterol, an essential component of higher eukaryotic membranes, was worked out by Konrad Bloch (and Feodor Lynen) in the 1960s and they received the Nobel Prize around that time in recognition of their pioneering contributions. An elegant consequence of this was a hypothesis proposed by Konrad Bloch (the Bloch hypothesis) which suggests that each subsequent intermediate in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway is superior in supporting membrane function in higher eukaryotes relative to its precursor. In this review, we discuss an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder, known as Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), associated with a defect in the Kandutsch-Russell pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis that results in accumulation of the immediate precursor of cholesterol in its biosynthetic pathway (7-dehydrocholesterol) and an altered cholesterol to total sterol ratio. Patients suffering from SLOS have several developmental, behavioral and cognitive abnormalities for which no drug is available yet. We characterize SLOS as a manifestation of the Bloch hypothesis and review its molecular etiology and current treatment. We further discuss defective Hedgehog signaling in SLOS and focus on the role of the serotonin1A receptor, a representative neurotransmitter receptor belonging to the GPCR family, in SLOS. Notably, ligand binding activity and cellular signaling of serotonin1A receptors are impaired in SLOS-like condition. Importantly, cellular localization and intracellular trafficking of the serotonin1A receptor (which constitute an important determinant of a GPCR cellular function) are compromised in SLOS. We highlight some of the recent developments and emerging concepts in SLOS pathobiology and suggest that novel therapies based on trafficking defects of target receptors could provide new insight into treatment of SLOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitabha Chattopadhyay
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India,*Correspondence: Amitabha Chattopadhyay,
| | - Ashwani Sharma
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
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Perez-Salas U, Porcar L, Garg S, Ayee MAA, Levitan I. Effective Parameters Controlling Sterol Transfer: A Time-Resolved Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Study. J Membr Biol 2022; 255:423-435. [PMID: 35467109 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Though cholesterol is the most prevalent and essential sterol in mammalian cellular membranes, its precursors, post-synthesis cholesterol products, as well as its oxidized derivatives play many other important physiological roles. Using a non-invasive in situ technique, time-resolved small angle neutron scattering, we report on the rate of membrane desorption and corresponding activation energy for this process for a series of sterol precursors and post-synthesis cholesterol products that vary from cholesterol by the number and position of double bonds in B ring of cholesterol's steroid core. In addition, we report on sterols that have oxidation modifications in ring A and ring B of the steroid core. We find that sterols that differ in position or the number of double bonds in ring B have similar time and energy characteristics, while oxysterols have faster transfer rates and lower activation energies than cholesterol in a manner generally consistent with known sterol characteristics, like Log P, the n-octanol/water partitioning coefficient. We find, however, that membrane/water partitioning which is dependent on lipid-sterol interactions is a better predictor, shown by the correlation of the sterols' tilt modulus with both the desorption rates and activation energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Perez-Salas
- Physics Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
| | - Lionel Porcar
- Institut Laue Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Sumit Garg
- Physics Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Manuela A A Ayee
- Department of Engineering, Dordt University, Sioux Center, IA, USA
| | - Irena Levitan
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
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Allen LB, Mirnics K. Metoprolol Inhibits Developmental Brain Sterol Biosynthesis in Mice. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1211. [PMID: 36139049 PMCID: PMC9496459 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo sterol synthesis is a critical homeostatic mechanism in the brain that begins during early embryonic development and continues throughout life. Multiple medications have sterol-biosynthesis-inhibiting side effects, with potentially detrimental effects on brain health. Using LC-MS/MS, we investigated the effects of six commonly used beta-blockers on brain sterol biosynthesis in vitro using cell lines. Two beta-blockers, metoprolol (MTP) and nebivolol, showed extreme elevations of the highly oxidizable cholesterol precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) in vitro across multiple cell lines. We followed up on the MTP findings using a maternal exposure model in mice. We found that 7-DHC was significantly elevated in all maternal brain regions analyzed as well as in the heart, liver and brain of the maternally exposed offspring. Since DHCR7-inhibiting/7-DHC elevating compounds can be considered teratogens, these findings suggest that MTP utilization during pregnancy might be detrimental for the development of offspring, and alternative beta-blockers should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke B. Allen
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Károly Mirnics
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Sarkar P, Chattopadhyay A. Membrane Dipole Potential: An Emerging Approach to Explore Membrane Organization and Function. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:4415-4430. [PMID: 35696090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c02476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biological membranes are complex organized molecular assemblies of lipids and proteins that provide cells and membrane-bound intracellular organelles their individual identities by morphological compartmentalization. Membrane dipole potential originates from the electrostatic potential difference within the membrane due to the nonrandom arrangement (orientation) of amphiphile and solvent (water) dipoles at the membrane interface. In this Feature Article, we will focus on the measurement of dipole potential using electrochromic fluorescent probes and highlight interesting applications. In addition, we will focus on ratiometric fluorescence microscopic imaging technique to measure dipole potential in cellular membranes, a technique that can be used to address novel problems in cell biology which are otherwise difficult to address using available approaches. We envision that membrane dipole potential could turn out to be a convenient tool in exploring the complex interplay between membrane lipids and proteins and could provide novel insights in membrane organization and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parijat Sarkar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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Haldar S. Delving into Membrane Heterogeneity Utilizing Fluorescence Lifetime Distribution Analysis. J Membr Biol 2022; 255:553-561. [PMID: 35486159 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00235-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipid bilayer membranes are indispensable parts of cellular architecture. One of the integral properties of bilayer membranes is the environmental heterogeneity over a wide range of spatiotemporal scales. The environmental heterogeneity is a manifestation of the dynamic and compositional anisotropy in the plane of the membrane as well as along the bilayer normal. Fluorescence lifetime distribution analysis provides a spectroscopic tool to quantitatively characterize such heterogeneities. The review discusses recent applications of fluorescence lifetime distribution analysis utilizing the maximum entropy method to characterize horizontal and vertical heterogeneities in membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Haldar
- Division of Virus Research and Therapeutics, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India.
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Sharma A, Kumar GA, Chattopadhyay A. Late endosomal/lysosomal accumulation of a neurotransmitter receptor in a cellular model of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Traffic 2021; 22:332-344. [PMID: 34418249 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a congenital and developmental malformation syndrome associated with defective cholesterol biosynthesis. It is characterized by accumulation of 7-dehydrocholesterol (the immediate biosynthetic precursor of cholesterol in the Kandutsch-Russell pathway) and an altered cholesterol to total sterol ratio. Because SLOS is associated with neurological malfunction, exploring the function and trafficking of neuronal receptors and their interaction with membrane lipids under these conditions assume significance. In this work, we generated a cellular model of SLOS in HEK-293 cells stably expressing the human serotonin1A receptor (an important neurotransmitter G-protein coupled receptor) using AY 9944, an inhibitor for the enzyme 3β-hydroxy-steroid-∆7 -reductase (7-DHCR). Using a quantitative flow cytometry based assay, we show that the plasma membrane population of serotonin1A receptors was considerably reduced under these conditions without any change in total cellular expression of the receptor. Interestingly, the receptors were trafficked to sterol-enriched LysoTracker positive compartments, which accumulated under these conditions. To the best of our knowledge, our results constitute one of the first reports demonstrating intracellular accumulation and misregulated traffic of a neurotransmitter GPCR in SLOS-like conditions. We believe these results assume relevance in our overall understanding of the molecular basis underlying the functional relevance of neurotransmitter receptors in SLOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Sharma
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - G Aditya Kumar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Amitabha Chattopadhyay
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
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Changhong K, Peng Y, Yuan Z, Cai J. Ginsenoside Rb1 protected PC12 cells from Aβ 25-35-induced cytotoxicity via PPARγ activation and cholesterol reduction. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 893:173835. [PMID: 33359145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidences suggest that amyloid β (Aβ)-peptide plays a key role in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) through aggregation and deposition into plaques in neuronal cells. Membrane components such as cholesterol and gangliosides not only enhance the production of amyloidogenic Aβ fragments, but also appear to strengthen Aβ-membrane interaction. Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) is a major active component of Panax, which is widely used to improve learning and memory. In the present study, whether ginsenoside Rb1 could protect pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells) from Aβ25-35-induced cytotoxicity including inhibiting cell growth, inducing apoptosis, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), destroying the cytoskeleton and bringing about membrane toxicity was investigated. Our results indicated that ginsenoside Rb1 could serve as an agonist of peroxisom proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and reduce the level of cholesterol in AD model cells. Reduction of the Aβ25-35-induced cytotoxicity by lowering cholesterol was evidenced by reduction of ROS production, lipid peroxidation, and protection of cytoskeleton and membrane surface rigidity. Most importantly, the viability of PC12 cells increased from 50.42 ± 5.51% for the AD group to 102.72 ± 4.34% for the 50 μM ginsenoside Rb1 group with cholesterol reduction. Our results suggested that ginsenoside Rb1 might function as an effective candidate to promote reverse cholesterol transport and lower ROS production, therefore providing a new insight into prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Changhong
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; YZ Health-tech Inc., Hengqin District, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhengqiang Yuan
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 51006, China.
| | - Jiye Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Structural Stringency and Optimal Nature of Cholesterol Requirement in the Function of the Serotonin1A Receptor. J Membr Biol 2020; 253:445-457. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-020-00138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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