1
|
Kofod N, Henrichsen MJ, Sørensen TJ. Mapping the distribution of electronic states within the 5D 4 and 7F 6 levels of Tb 3+ complexes with optical spectroscopy. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:4461-4470. [PMID: 38372338 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03657j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The Tb(III) ion has the most intense luminescence of the trivalent lanthanide(III) ions. In contrast to Eu(III), where the two levels only include a single state, the high number of electronic states in the ground (7F6) and emitting (5D4) levels makes detailed interpretations of the electronic structure-the crystal field-difficult. Here, luminescence emission and excitation spectra of Tb(III) complexes with 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA, [Tb(DOTA)(H2O)]-), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, [Tb(EDTA)(H2O)3]-) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA, [Tb(DTPA)(H2O)]2-) as well as the Tb(III) aqua ion ([Tb(H2O)9]3+) were recorded at room temperature and in frozen solution. Using these data the electronic structure of the 5D4 multiplets of Tb(III) was mapped by considering the transitions to the singly degenerate 7F0 state. A detailed spectroscopic investigation was performed and it was found that the 5D4 multiplet could accurately be described as a single band for [Tb(H2O)9]3+, [Tb(DOTA)(H2O)]- and [Tb(EDTA)(H2O)3]-. In contrast, for [Tb(DTPA)(H2O)]2- two bands were needed. These results demonstrated the ability of describing the electronic structure of the emitting 5D4 multiplet using emission spectra. This offers an avenue for investigating the relationship between molecular structure and luminescent properties in detailed photophysical studies of Tb(III) ion complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaj Kofod
- Department of Chemistry & Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 København Ø, Denmark.
| | - Margrete Juel Henrichsen
- Department of Chemistry & Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 København Ø, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Just Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry & Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 København Ø, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li H, Bai J, Chen Y, Du C, Chen M, Wang J. Achieving Cross Time-Domain Multiplexed Signal Cascade and Cancer Exosomes Identification by Bridging Long Lifetime Phosphor to NIR-II Lanthanide Energy Transfer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2309955. [PMID: 38415899 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Designing lanthanide luminescence lifetime sensors in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window holds great potentials for physiological studies. However, the single lifetime signal is confined to one or two orders of magnitude of signal variation, which limits the sensitivity of lifetime probes. In this study, a lifetime cascade system, i.e., ZGO:Mn, Eu-DNA-1/TCPP-PEI70K @Yb-AptEpCAM , with a variety of signals (τm , τn , τµ , τm /τn and τm /τµ ) is constructed for exosome identification using time-domain multiplexing. The sensitized ligand TCPP acts as both target-modulated switch and a bridge for connecting long lifetime ZGO:Mn, Eu-DNA-1 emitter to lanthanide Yb3+ . This drives successive dual-path energy transfer and forms two D(donor) -A(acceptor) pairs. The lifetime variation is dominantly modulated by arranging TCPP as energy intermediate relay to covert milliseconds to nanoseconds to microseconds. It enables a broad lifetime range of six orders of magnitude. The presence of exosome specifically recognizes aptamers on TCPP-PEI70K @Yb-AptEpCAM to impede D-A pairs and reverse multiplexed response signals of the lifetime cascade system. The ratio lifetime signals τm /τn and τm /τµ achieve prominent exosome quantification and exosome type differentiation attributed to signal amplification. The cascade system relying on lifetime criteria can realize precise quantization and provide an effective strategy for subsequent physiological study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Li
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Junjie Bai
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Yafei Chen
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Cheng Du
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Mingli Chen
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- Analytical and Testing Center, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mathur D, Díaz SA, Hildebrandt N, Pensack RD, Yurke B, Biaggne A, Li L, Melinger JS, Ancona MG, Knowlton WB, Medintz IL. Pursuing excitonic energy transfer with programmable DNA-based optical breadboards. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:7848-7948. [PMID: 37872857 PMCID: PMC10642627 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00936a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
DNA nanotechnology has now enabled the self-assembly of almost any prescribed 3-dimensional nanoscale structure in large numbers and with high fidelity. These structures are also amenable to site-specific modification with a variety of small molecules ranging from drugs to reporter dyes. Beyond obvious application in biotechnology, such DNA structures are being pursued as programmable nanoscale optical breadboards where multiple different/identical fluorophores can be positioned with sub-nanometer resolution in a manner designed to allow them to engage in multistep excitonic energy-transfer (ET) via Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) or other related processes. Not only is the ability to create such complex optical structures unique, more importantly, the ability to rapidly redesign and prototype almost all structural and optical analogues in a massively parallel format allows for deep insight into the underlying photophysical processes. Dynamic DNA structures further provide the unparalleled capability to reconfigure a DNA scaffold on the fly in situ and thus switch between ET pathways within a given assembly, actively change its properties, and even repeatedly toggle between two states such as on/off. Here, we review progress in developing these composite materials for potential applications that include artificial light harvesting, smart sensors, nanoactuators, optical barcoding, bioprobes, cryptography, computing, charge conversion, and theranostics to even new forms of optical data storage. Along with an introduction into the DNA scaffolding itself, the diverse fluorophores utilized in these structures, their incorporation chemistry, and the photophysical processes they are designed to exploit, we highlight the evolution of DNA architectures implemented in the pursuit of increased transfer efficiency and the key lessons about ET learned from each iteration. We also focus on recent and growing efforts to exploit DNA as a scaffold for assembling molecular dye aggregates that host delocalized excitons as a test bed for creating excitonic circuits and accessing other quantum-like optical phenomena. We conclude with an outlook on what is still required to transition these materials from a research pursuit to application specific prototypes and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divita Mathur
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH 44106, USA
| | - Sebastián A Díaz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, USA.
| | - Niko Hildebrandt
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Ryan D Pensack
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - Bernard Yurke
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - Austin Biaggne
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - Lan Li
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
- Center for Advanced Energy Studies, Idaho Falls, ID 83401, USA
| | - Joseph S Melinger
- Electronics Science and Technology Division, Code 6800, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Mario G Ancona
- Electronics Science and Technology Division, Code 6800, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - William B Knowlton
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - Igor L Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hildebrandt N, Lim M, Kim N, Choi DY, Nam JM. Plasmonic quenching and enhancement: metal-quantum dot nanohybrids for fluorescence biosensing. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2352-2380. [PMID: 36727288 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06178c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic metal nanoparticles and semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are two of the most widely applied nanomaterials for optical biosensing and bioimaging. While their combination for fluorescence quenching via nanosurface energy transfer (NSET) or Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) offers powerful ways of tuning and amplifying optical signals and is relatively common, metal-QD nanohybrids for plasmon-enhanced fluorescence (PEF) have been much less prevalent. A major reason is the competition between fluorescence quenching and enhancement, which poses important challenges for optimizing distances, orientations, and spectral overlap toward maximum PEF. In this feature article, we discuss the interplay of the different quenching and enhancement mechanisms (a mixed distance dependence of quenching and enhancement - "quenchancement") to better understand the obstacles that must be overcome for the development of metal-QD nanohybrid-based PEF biosensors. The different nanomaterials, their combination within various surface and solution based design concepts, and their structural and photophysical characterization are reviewed and applications toward advanced optical biosensing and bioimaging are presented along with guidelines and future perspectives for sensitive, selective, and versatile bioanalytical research and biomolecular diagnostics with metal-QD nanohybrids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niko Hildebrandt
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
| | - Mihye Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
| | - Namjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
| | - Da Yeon Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
| | - Jwa-Min Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hottechamps J, Noblet T, Méthivier C, Boujday S, Dreesen L. All-quantum dot based Förster resonant energy transfer: key parameters for high-efficiency biosensing. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:2614-2623. [PMID: 36648212 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06161a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
While colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are commonly used as fluorescent donors within biosensors based on Förster resonant energy transfer (FRET), they are hesitantly employed as acceptors. On the sole basis of Förster theory and the well-known behaviour of organic dyes, it is often argued that the QD absorption band over the UV-visible range is too wide. Discarding these preconceptions inherited from classical fluorophores, we experimentally examine the FRET process occurring between donor and acceptor CdTe QDs and provide a mathematical description of it. We evidence that the specific features of QDs unexpectedly lead to the enhancement of acceptors' emission (up to +400%), and are thus suitable for the design of highly efficient all-QD based FRET sensors. Our model enables us to identify the critical parameters maximizing the contrast between positive and negative biosensing readouts: the concentrations of donors and acceptors, their spectral overlap, the densities of their excitonic states, their dissipative coupling with the medium and the statistics of QD-QD chemical pairing emerge as subtle and determinant parameters. We relate them quantitatively to the measured QD-QD FRET efficiency and discuss how they must be optimized for biosensing applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Hottechamps
- GRASP-Biophotonics, CESAM, University of Liege, Institute of Physics, Allée du 6 Août 17, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Noblet
- GRASP-Biophotonics, CESAM, University of Liege, Institute of Physics, Allée du 6 Août 17, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Christophe Méthivier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 6, UMR CNRS 7197 Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Souhir Boujday
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 6, UMR CNRS 7197 Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Dreesen
- GRASP-Biophotonics, CESAM, University of Liege, Institute of Physics, Allée du 6 Août 17, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kofod N, Sørensen TJ. Tb 3+ Photophysics: Mapping Excited State Dynamics of [Tb(H 2O) 9] 3+ Using Molecular Photophysics. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:11968-11973. [PMID: 36534789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The study of optical transitions in lanthanide(III) ions has evolved separately from molecular photophysics, but the framework still applies to these forbidden transitions. In this study, a detailed photophysical characterization of the [Tb(H2O)9]3+ aqua ion was performed. The luminescence quantum yield (Φlum), excited state lifetime (τobs), radiative (kr ≡ A) and nonradiative (knr) rate constants, and oscillator strength (f) were determined for Tb(CF3SO3)3 in H2O/D2O mixtures in order to map the radiative and nonradiative transition probabilities. It was shown that the intense luminescence observed from Tb3+ compared to other Ln3+ ions is not due to a higher transition probability of emission but rather due to a lack of quenching, quantified by quenching to O-H oscillators in the aqua ion of kq(OH) = 2090 s-1 for terbium and kq(OH) = 8840 s-1 for europium. In addition, the Horrocks method of determining inner-sphere solvent molecules has been revisited, and it was concluded that the Tb3+ is 9-coordinated in aqueous solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaj Kofod
- Department of Chemistry & Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK2100København Ø, Denmark
| | - Thomas Just Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry & Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK2100København Ø, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Green CM, Spangler J, Susumu K, Stenger DA, Medintz IL, Díaz SA. Quantum Dot-Based Molecular Beacons for Quantitative Detection of Nucleic Acids with CRISPR/Cas(N) Nucleases. ACS NANO 2022; 16:20693-20704. [PMID: 36378103 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Strategies utilizing the CRISPR/Cas nucleases Cas13 and Cas12 have shown great promise in the development of highly sensitive and rapid diagnostic assays for the detection of pathogenic nucleic acids. The most common approaches utilizing fluorophore-quencher molecular beacons require strand amplification strategies or highly sensitive optical setups to overcome the limitations of the readout. Here, we demonstrate a flexible strategy for assembling highly luminescent and colorimetric quantum dot-nucleic acid hairpin (QD-HP) molecular beacons for use in CRISPR/Cas diagnostics. This strategy utilizes a chimeric peptide-peptide nucleic acid (peptide-PNA) to conjugate fluorescently labeled DNA or RNA hairpins to ZnS-coated QDs. QDs are particularly promising alternatives for molecular beacons due to their greater brightness, strong UV absorbance with large emission offset, exceptional photostability, and potential for multiplexing due to their sharp emission peaks. Using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), we have developed ratiometric reporters capable of pM target detection (without nucleotide amplification) for both target DNA and RNA, and we further demonstrated their capabilities for multiplexing and camera-phone detection. The flexibility of this system is imparted by the dual functionality of the QD as both a FRET donor and a central nanoscaffold for arranging nucleic acids and fluorescent acceptors on its surface. This method also provides a generalized approach that could be applied for use in other CRISPR/Cas nuclease systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Green
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.20375, United States
| | - Joseph Spangler
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.20375, United States
| | - Kimihiro Susumu
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5600, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.20375, United States
- Jacobs Corporation, Hanover, Maryland21076, United States
| | - David A Stenger
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.20375, United States
| | - Igor L Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.20375, United States
| | - Sebastián A Díaz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.20375, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cheignon C, Kassir AA, Soro LK, Charbonnière LJ. Dye-sensitized lanthanide containing nanoparticles for luminescence based applications. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:13915-13949. [PMID: 36072997 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06464a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to their exceptional luminescent properties, lanthanide (Ln) complexes represent a unique palette of probes in the spectroscopic toolkit. Their extremely weak brightness due to forbidden Ln electronic transitions can be overcome by indirect dye-sensitization from the antenna effect brought by organic ligands. Despite the improvement brought by the antenna effect, (bio)analytical applications with discrete Ln complexes as luminescent markers still suffers from low sensitivity as they are limited by the complex brightness. Thus, there is a need to develop nano-objects that cumulate the spectroscopic properties of multiple Ln ions. This review firstly gives a brief introduction of the spectral properties of lanthanides both in complexes and in nanoparticles (NPs). Then, the research progress of the design of Ln-doped inorganic NPs with capping antennas, Ln-complex encapsulated NPs and Ln-complex surface functionalized NPs is presented along with a summary of the various photosensitizing ligands and of the spectroscopic properties (excited-state lifetime, brightness, quantum yield). The review also emphasizes the problems and limitations encountered over the years and the solutions provided to address them. Finally, a comparison of the advantages and drawbacks of the three types of NP is provided as well as a conclusion about the remaining challenges both in the design of brighter NPs and in the luminescence based applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Cheignon
- Equipe de Synthèse Pour l'Analyse (SynPA), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), UMR 7178 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, Bâtiment R1N0, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France.
| | - Ali A Kassir
- Equipe de Synthèse Pour l'Analyse (SynPA), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), UMR 7178 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, Bâtiment R1N0, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France.
| | - Lohona K Soro
- Equipe de Synthèse Pour l'Analyse (SynPA), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), UMR 7178 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, Bâtiment R1N0, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France.
| | - Loïc J Charbonnière
- Equipe de Synthèse Pour l'Analyse (SynPA), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), UMR 7178 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, Bâtiment R1N0, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Brett MW, Gordon CK, Hardy J, Davis NJLK. The Rise and Future of Discrete Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Nanomaterials. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2022; 2:364-387. [PMID: 36855686 PMCID: PMC9955269 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.2c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid nanomaterials (HNs), the combination of organic semiconductor ligands attached to nanocrystal semiconductor quantum dots, have applications that span a range of practical fields, including biology, chemistry, medical imaging, and optoelectronics. Specifically, HNs operate as discrete, tunable systems that can perform prompt fluorescence, energy transfer, singlet fission, upconversion, and/or thermally activated delayed fluorescence. Interest in HNs has naturally grown over the years due to their tunability and broad spectrum of applications. This Review presents a brief introduction to the components of HNs, before expanding on the characterization and applications of HNs. Finally, the future of HN applications is discussed.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kofod N, Nawrocki P, Sørensen TJ. Arel: Investigating [Eu(H 2O) 9] 3+ Photophysics and Creating a Method to Bypass Luminescence Quantum Yield Determinations. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3096-3104. [PMID: 35357175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanide luminescence has been treated separate from molecular photophysics, although the underlying phenomena are the same. As the optical transitions observed in the trivalent lanthanide ions are forbidden, they do belong to the group that molecular photophysics has yet to conquer, yet the experimental descriptors remain valid. Herein, the luminescence quantum yields (ϕlum), luminescence lifetimes (τobs), oscillator strengths (f), and the rates of nonradiative (knr) and radiative (kr ≡ A) deactivation of [Eu(H2O)9]3+ were determined. Further, it was shown that instead of a full photophysical characterization, it is possible to relate changes in transition probabilities to the relative parameter Arel, which does not require reference data. While Arel does not afford comparisons between experiments, it resolves emission intensity changes due to emitter properties from intensity changes due to environmental effects and differences in the number of photons absorbed. When working with fluorescence this may seem trivial; when working with lanthanide luminescence it is not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaj Kofod
- Department of Chemistry & Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Patrick Nawrocki
- Department of Chemistry & Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Thomas Just Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry & Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Green CM, Hastman DA, Mathur D, Susumu K, Oh E, Medintz IL, Díaz SA. Direct and Efficient Conjugation of Quantum Dots to DNA Nanostructures with Peptide-PNA. ACS NANO 2021; 15:9101-9110. [PMID: 33955735 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
DNA nanotechnology has proven to be a powerful strategy for the bottom-up preparation of colloidal nanoparticle (NP) superstructures, enabling the coordination of multiple NPs with orientation and separation approaching nanometer precision. To do this, NPs are often conjugated with chemically modified, single-stranded (ss) DNA that can recognize complementary ssDNA on the DNA nanostructure. The limitation is that many NPs cannot be easily conjugated with ssDNA, and other conjugation strategies are expensive, inefficient, or reduce the specificity and/or precision with which NPs can be placed. As an alternative, the conjugation of nanoparticle-binding peptides and peptide nucleic acids (PNA) can produce peptide-PNA with distinct NP-binding and DNA-binding domains. Here, we demonstrate a simple application of this method to conjugate semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) directly to DNA nanostructures by means of a peptide-PNA with a six-histidine peptide motif that binds to the QD surface. With this method, we achieved greater than 90% capture efficiency for multiple QDs on a single DNA nanostructure while preserving both site specificity and precise spatial control of QD placement. Additionally, we investigated the effects of peptide-PNA charge on the efficacy of QD immobilization in suboptimal conditions. The results validate peptide-PNA as a viable alternative to ssDNA conjugation of NPs and warrant studies of other NP-binding peptides for peptide-PNA conjugation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Green
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Code 6900, Washington, DC 20375, United States
- National Research Council, 500 Fifth St NW, Washington, DC 20001, United States
| | - David A Hastman
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Code 6900, Washington, DC 20375, United States
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Divita Mathur
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Code 6900, Washington, DC 20375, United States
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Kimihiro Susumu
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5600, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, United States
- Jacobs Corporation, Hanover, Maryland 21076, United States
| | - Eunkeu Oh
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5600, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Igor L Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Code 6900, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Sebastián A Díaz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Code 6900, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang S, Leng J, Sun Q, Zhao C, Jin S. Efficient External Energy Transfer from Mn-Doped Perovskite Nanocrystals. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:1475-1480. [PMID: 33530690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Doping with a transition metal is an effective way to tune the optical properties of semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs). The excitation of transition-metal dopants in NCs is through an internal energy transfer from a host exciton, by which the short-lived exciton energy can be "stored" at the dopant for a significantly longer lifetime. Herein, using Mn-doped CsPbCl3 perovskite NCs as an example, we report that the long-lived excited state at Mn dopants can be efficiently extracted from the NCs through an external energy transfer (EET) to rhodamine B (RhB) molecules adsorbed on the NC surface. The EET process leads to a delayed RhB emission. The EET rate is found to increase from 0.16 to 1.42 ms-1 as the number of RhB molecules adsorbed per NC increases from 1 to 8.9, leading to energy extraction efficiency up to 71%. This work suggests the potential of Mn-doped perovskite NCs for applications in photon energy conversion and biological imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shengye Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xie Y, Arno MC, Husband JT, Torrent-Sucarrat M, O’Reilly RK. Manipulating the fluorescence lifetime at the sub-cellular scale via photo-switchable barcoding. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2460. [PMID: 32424138 PMCID: PMC7235003 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16297-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractFluorescent barcoding is a pivotal technique for the investigation of the microscale world, from information storage to the monitoring of dynamic biochemical processes. Using fluorescence lifetime as the readout modality offers more reproducible and quantitative outputs compared to conventional fluorescent barcoding, being independent of sample concentration and measurement methods. However, the use of fluorescence lifetime in this area has been limited by the lack of strategies that provide spatiotemporal manipulation of the coding process. In this study, we design a two-component photo-switchable nanogel that exhibits variable fluorescence lifetime upon photoisomerization-induced energy transfer processes through light irradiation. This remotely manipulated fluorescence lifetime property could be visually mapped using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), allowing selective storage and display of information at the microscale. Most importantly, the reversibility of this system further provides a strategy for minimizing the background influence in fluorescence lifetime imaging of live cells and sub-cellular organelles.
Collapse
|
14
|
Semiconductor quantum dot FRET: Untangling energy transfer mechanisms in bioanalytical assays. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
15
|
Tsai HY, Kim H, Massey M, Krause KD, Algar WR. Concentric FRET: a review of the emerging concept, theory, and applications. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2019; 7:042001. [DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ab2b2f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
16
|
Zheng W, Huang P, Gong Z, Tu D, Xu J, Zou Q, Li R, You W, Bünzli JCG, Chen X. Near-infrared-triggered photon upconversion tuning in all-inorganic cesium lead halide perovskite quantum dots. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3462. [PMID: 30150637 PMCID: PMC6110834 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05947-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
All-inorganic CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, and I) perovskite quantum dots (PeQDs) have shown great promise in optoelectronics and photovoltaics owing to their outstanding linear optical properties; however, nonlinear upconversion is limited by the small cross-section of multiphoton absorption, necessitating high power density excitation. Herein, we report a convenient and versatile strategy to fine tuning the upconversion luminescence in CsPbX3 PeQDs through sensitization by lanthanide-doped nanoparticles. Full-color emission with wavelengths beyond the availability of lanthanides is achieved through tailoring of the PeQDs bandgap, in parallel with the inherent high conversion efficiency of energy transfer upconversion under low power density excitation. Importantly, the luminescent lifetimes of the excitons can be enormously lengthened from the intrinsic nanosecond scale to milliseconds depending on the lifetimes of lanthanide ions. These findings provide a general approach to stimulate photon upconversion in PeQDs, thereby opening up a new avenue for exploring novel and versatile applications of PeQDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Ping Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Zhongliang Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Datao Tu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Jin Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Qilin Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Renfu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Wenwu You
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Jean-Claude G Bünzli
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xueyuan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xue B, Wang D, Tu L, Sun D, Jing P, Chang Y, Zhang Y, Liu X, Zuo J, Song J, Qu J, Meijer EJ, Zhang H, Kong X. Ultrastrong Absorption Meets Ultraweak Absorption: Unraveling the Energy-Dissipative Routes for Dye-Sensitized Upconversion Luminescence. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:4625-4631. [PMID: 30066566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dye sensitization is becoming a new dimension to highly improve the upconversion luminescence (UCL) of lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs). However, there is still a lack of general understanding of the dye-UCNPs interactions, especially the confused large mismatch between the inputs and outputs. By taking dye-sensitized NaYF4:Yb/Er@NaYF4:Nd UCNPs as a model system, we not only revealed the in-depth energy-dissipative process for dye-sensitized UCL but also confirmed the first ever experimental observation of the energy back transfer (EBT) in the dye-sensitized UCL. Furthermore, this energy-dissipative EBT restricted the optimal ratio of dyes to UCNP. By unearthing all of the energy loss behind the EBT, energy transfer, and energy migration processes, this paper sheds light on the further design of effective dye-sensitized nanosystems for UCL or even downconversion luminescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xue
- Key Lab of Optoelectronics Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province , Shenzhen University , 518060 Shenzhen , China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130033 , China
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Lab of Optoelectronics Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province , Shenzhen University , 518060 Shenzhen , China
| | - Langping Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130033 , China
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Dapeng Sun
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Pengtao Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130033 , China
| | - Yulei Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130033 , China
| | - Youlin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130033 , China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130033 , China
| | - Jing Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130033 , China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Jun Song
- Key Lab of Optoelectronics Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province , Shenzhen University , 518060 Shenzhen , China
| | - Junle Qu
- Key Lab of Optoelectronics Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province , Shenzhen University , 518060 Shenzhen , China
| | - Evert Jan Meijer
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Hong Zhang
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Xianggui Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130033 , China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang Y, Sun Y, Lau C, Lu J. Duplex microRNAs assay based on target-triggered universal reporter hybridization. J Pharm Anal 2018; 8:265-270. [PMID: 30140491 PMCID: PMC6104290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we designed and evaluated a duplex detection strategy for microRNAs (miRNAs) using universal probe-based target-triggered double hybridization and fluorescent microsphere-based assay system (xMAP array). In the absence of target miRNA, reporter DNA cannot hybridize stably with the immobilized capture DNA due to its low melting temperature. Only after adding target miRNA, can reporter probe hybridize with capture probe to form a stable three-component complex. This target-triggered stable hybridization makes this method possible for highly selective and sensitive detection of multiple miRNAs. We exemplified a quantitative detection of duplex miRNAs with a limit of detection of 40 pM. The xMAP array platform holds the potential of extending this approach to simultaneous detection of up to 100 miRNA targets. Considering the simplicity, rapidity and multiplexing, this work promised a potential detection of multiple miRNA biomarkers for early disease diagnosis and prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Choiwan Lau
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianzhong Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gopi A, Sajitha M, Haridas R, Varghese L, Yoosaf K. Cooperative and FRET-Assisted Brightness Enhancement in Oligo(phenylene ethynylene): Quantum Dot Organic-Inorganic Nanohybrids. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:1492-1499. [PMID: 29573188 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we combine the ideas of concerted emission from fluorophore ensembles and its further amplification through FRET in an organic-inorganic hybrid approach. Spherical and highly fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONPs, Φf =0.38), prepared by the self-assembly of oligo(phenylene ethynylene) (OPE) molecules, were selected as a potential donor material. This organic core was then decorated with a shell of fluorescent CdSe/ZnS core-shell quantum dots (QDs; <d>≅5.5 nm, Φf =0.27) with the aid of a bifunctional ligand, mercaptopropionic acid. Its high extinction coefficient (ϵ≈4.1×105 m-1 cm-1 ) and good spectral match with the emission of the FONPs (J(λ)≈4.08×1016 m-1 cm-1 nm4 ) made them a better acceptor candidate to constitute an efficient FRET pair (ΦFRET =0.8). As a result, the QD fluorescence intensity was enhanced by more than twofold. The fundamental calculations carried out indicated an improvement in all the FRET parameters as the number of QDs around the FONPs was increased. This, together with the localization of multiple QDs in a nanometric dimension (volume≈1.8×106 nm3 ), gave highly bright reddish luminescent hybrid particles as visualized under a fluorescence microscope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Gopi
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NIIST Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Manikantan Sajitha
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NIIST Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Reethu Haridas
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NIIST Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Listo Varghese
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Karuvath Yoosaf
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NIIST Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen B, Su Q, Kong W, Wang Y, Shi P, Wang F. Energy transfer-based biodetection using optical nanomaterials. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:2924-2944. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb00614h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on recent progress in the development of FRET probes and the applications of FRET-based sensing systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- City University of Hong Kong
- China
- City Universities of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute
- Shenzhen 518057
| | - Qianqian Su
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- City University of Hong Kong
- China
- City Universities of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute
- Shenzhen 518057
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering
- City University of Hong Kong
- China
| | - Peng Shi
- City Universities of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute
- Shenzhen 518057
- China
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering
- City University of Hong Kong
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- City University of Hong Kong
- China
- City Universities of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute
- Shenzhen 518057
| |
Collapse
|