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Kazmi SAR, Husnain SM, Khan AR, Qureshi TM, Lemaoui T, AlNashef IM, Arafat HA, Shahzad F. Removal of nickel ions from industrial wastewater using tms-EDTA-functionalized Ti 3C 2T x: Experimental and statistical physics modeling. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2025; 490:137667. [PMID: 40022919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2025] [Accepted: 02/17/2025] [Indexed: 03/04/2025]
Abstract
This study investigates the surface modification of Ti3C2Tx MXene using tms-EDTA (EDTA@MXene) to develop an efficient adsorbent for divalent heavy metal cations, such as Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Zn²⁺, from contaminated water. EDTA@MXene showed significantly enhanced adsorption capacities for these ions compared to pristine MXene. Using nickel ion (Ni²⁺) as a model adsorbate, EDTA@MXene demonstrated remarkable removal efficiency, reaching a maximum adsorption capacity of 249.5 mg/g as compared to the 61.4 mg/g of pristine MXene with fast kinetics and attaining equilibrium within 30 min. The results indicated that Ni²⁺ adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, with equilibrium data fitting both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. As the classical adsorption models remained inconclusive on the underlying adsorption mechanisms, advanced statistical physics models were subsequently applied for deeper investigation. The findings revealed that Ni²⁺ ions adsorbed onto the surface in a non-parallel orientation. The adsorption process was reversible, endothermic, and driven mainly by physical interactions, with higher temperatures favoring greater adsorption capacity. EDTA@MXene demonstrated excellent reusability, maintaining high (>80 %) regeneration efficiency after five regeneration cycles. It also exhibited a high adsorption capacity for Ni²⁺ ions from nickel electroplating wastewater, highlighting its potential for real application in the treatment of metal-contaminated industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Asad Raza Kazmi
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, P. O. Nilore, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - Syed Muhammad Husnain
- Chemistry Division, Directorate of Science, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rehman Khan
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, P. O. Nilore, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - Tariq M Qureshi
- Chemistry Division, Directorate of Science, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - Tarek Lemaoui
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Research and Innovation Center for Graphene and 2D Materials (RIC2D), Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Inas M AlNashef
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Research and Innovation Center for Graphene and 2D Materials (RIC2D), Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hassan A Arafat
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Research and Innovation Center for Graphene and 2D Materials (RIC2D), Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Faisal Shahzad
- Research and Innovation Center for Graphene and 2D Materials (RIC2D), Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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Shi Y, Dong F, Rodas-Gonzalez A, Wang G, Yang L, Chen S, Zheng HB, Wang S. Simultaneous detection of heavy metal ions in food samples using a hypersensitive electrochemical sensor based on APTES-incubated MXene-NH 2@CeFe-MOF-NH 2. Food Chem 2025; 475:143362. [PMID: 39952175 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.143362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2024] [Revised: 12/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2025] [Indexed: 02/17/2025]
Abstract
Heavy metal ions (HMIs) pollution has become a significant food safety concern owing to rapid urbanization and industrialization. In this study, a hypersensitive electrochemical sensor based on amino-functionalized MXene and bimetallic atom MOFs nanocomposites (MXene-NH2@CeFe-MOF-NH2) was developed and applied for the detection of HMIs. MXene-NH2@CeFe-MOF-NH2 nanocomposites were obtained by incubating MXene@CeFe-MOF prepared by hydrothermal and self-assembly methods in APTES to endow them with a large amount of surface amine functional groups. The introduction of -NH2 could lead to a coordination effect between the nanocomposites and HMIs, promoting the enrichment efficiency of HMIs on the surface of the working electrode. The sensing platform demonstrated excellent detection performance, with limit of detection (LOD) values of 0.69 nM, 0.95 nM, and 0.33 nM for Cd2+, Pb2+ and Hg2+, respectively, which were far below the maximum residue levels specified by the Chinese standards. Furthermore, the sensor was employed to analyze representative real samples (fish, whole milk, rice, and corn) to simulate an accurate analysis in complex scenarios and successfully detect the three HMIs simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingkun Shi
- School of Food science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Fujia Dong
- School of Food science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Argenis Rodas-Gonzalez
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Guangxian Wang
- School of Food science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Lingfan Yang
- School of Food science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Sichun Chen
- School of Food science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Hao-Bo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Songlei Wang
- School of Food science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
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Buxton ML, Brackenridge J, Poliukhova V, Nepal D, Bunning TJ, Tsukruk VV. Surface Mapping of Functionalized Two-Dimensional Nanosheets: Graphene Oxide and MXene Materials. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2025; 41:11866-11881. [PMID: 40353599 PMCID: PMC12100715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c05106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2025] [Accepted: 05/06/2025] [Indexed: 05/14/2025]
Abstract
In this study, we characterized the morphology, composition, and surface properties of individual flakes of graphene oxide and Ti3C2Tx MXene chemically modified with ethylenediamine, dopamine, and (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES). Individual monolayers of modified Ti3C2Tx MXene and graphene oxide nanosheets were deposited using the Langmuir-Blodgett technique. We compared the chemical surface modification of these two-dimensional (2D) flakes by employing advanced atomic force microscopy (AFM) modes, including quantitative nanomechanical (QNM) mode, Kelvin-Probe force microscopy (KPFM), and Nano-IR imaging. This approach reveals the distribution of mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties on individual flakes at the nanoscale. QNM analysis confirms that the flakes exhibited full surface coverage after the chemical modification process. In modified MXene flakes, we observed a decrease in apparent elastic modulus and an increase in adhesion of up to four times after their functionalization. Nano-IR imaging demonstrates that chemical modification uniformity is highest for graphene oxide species, while the complex surface distribution was observed for dopamine-modified MXene flakes, with a difference between the inner flat surface and their edges. KPFM indicates greater uniformity of surface electrical potential in differently modified graphene oxide, while a significant increase in surface potential of MXene flakes is seen when modified with dopamine. We suggest that a combination of the added dielectric layer and different grafting densities across the flakes is responsible for the increased or changes in apparent surface potential. Overall, a combination of AFM probing modes is needed for understanding how these functionalized nanosheets can be integrated into diverse polymer matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline L. Buxton
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Justin Brackenridge
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Valeriia Poliukhova
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Dhriti Nepal
- Air
Force Research Lab, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, 2941 Hobson Way, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio45433, United States
| | - Timothy J. Bunning
- Air
Force Research Lab, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, 2941 Hobson Way, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio45433, United States
| | - Vladimir V. Tsukruk
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
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4
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Fu L, Guan Z, Chen L, Yan Z, Huang Z, Humphrey MG, Zhang C. Porphyrin-Cored H-Bonded Organic Polymer Hermetically Decorated MXene toward Broadband Optical Nonlinearities. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2025. [PMID: 40371789 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5c04837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2025]
Abstract
Two-dimensional MXene (Ti3C2Tx) nanosheets suffer from surface oxidation and limited optical tunability. Herein, we report an aqueous-phase functionalization strategy using porphyrin-cored dopamine-type hydrogen-bonded organic polymers (ppd-HOPs) to simultaneously etch, exfoliate, and encapsulate Ti3C2Tx. Inspired by mussel adhesion mechanisms, ppd-HOPs undergo spontaneous self-polymerization on MXene surfaces, effectively passivating terminal groups (-OH, ═O, -F) against ambient moisture/oxygen while expanding interlayer spacing. Comprehensive characterization (X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy) confirms the formation of hermetic ppd-HOP/Ti3C2Tx nanocomposites (Ti3C2Tx(Por1)y and Ti3C2Tx(Por2)y) with covalently anchored different porphyrin units (Por1 and Por2). The hybrids exhibit exceptional broadband nonlinear optical (NLO) responses spanning 400-1600 nm, attributed to synergistic effects between MXene's plasmonic absorption and porphyrin's excited-state dynamics. Structure-dependent NLO modulation is demonstrated: Ti3C2Tx(Por1)y functionalized with polymerizable ppd-HOP1 (Por1-cored dopamine-type hydrogen-bonded organic polymer) achieves a record reverse saturable absorption (RSA) coefficient (βeff = 587 ± 24.1 cm GW-1 at 800 nm), outperforming Ti3C2Tx(Por2)y (βeff = 396 ± 20.0 cm GW-1 at 650 nm). Ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared (UV-vis-NIR) spectroscopy indicates that significant red-shifted and broadened linear absorption induced by extended π-conjugation in ppd-HOP1 provides more ladders for two-photon absorption processes, enabling wavelength-selective RSA behavior. This bioinspired surface engineering approach not only improves MXene's environmental stability but also pioneers a general paradigm for tailoring MXene-based optoelectronic materials through rational organic-inorganic hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Fu
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Functional Molecular Materials, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Zihao Guan
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Functional Molecular Materials, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Lu Chen
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Functional Molecular Materials, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyi Yan
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Functional Molecular Materials, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Huang
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Functional Molecular Materials, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Mark G Humphrey
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Chi Zhang
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Functional Molecular Materials, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
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Huang W, Wang J, Lai W, Guo M. MXene Surface Architectonics: Bridging Molecular Design to Multifunctional Applications. Molecules 2025; 30:1929. [PMID: 40363736 PMCID: PMC12073560 DOI: 10.3390/molecules30091929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2025] [Revised: 04/15/2025] [Accepted: 04/25/2025] [Indexed: 05/15/2025] Open
Abstract
This review delves into the surface modification of MXenes, underscoring its pivotal role in improving their diverse physicochemical properties, including tailor MXenes' electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and wettability. It outlines various surface modification strategies and principles, highlighting their contributions to performance enhancements across diverse applications, including energy storage and conversion, materials mechanics, electronic devices, biomedical sciences, environmental monitoring, and fire-resistant materials. While significant advancements have been made, the review also identifies challenges and future research directions, emphasizing the continued development of innovative materials, methods, and applications to further expand MXenes' utility and potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei Lai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Power Battery, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, China; (W.H.); (J.W.)
| | - Mengdi Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Power Battery, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, China; (W.H.); (J.W.)
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Bhattacharyya A, Saha S, Jena S, Nguyen HT, Tran DT, Kim NH, Lee JH. Epoxy-based vitrimeric semi-interpenetrating network/MXene nanocomposites for hydrogen gas barrier applications. NANOSCALE 2025; 17:5755-5769. [PMID: 39906025 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr04702h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2025]
Abstract
Herein, we report MXene-filled epoxy-based vitrimeric nanocomposites featuring a semi-interpenetrating network (S-IPN) to develop a hydrogen gas (H2) barrier coating with self-healing characteristics for compressed H2 storage applications. The reversible epoxy network was formed by synthesizing linear epoxy chains with pendent bis-hydroxyl groups using amino diol, which were then crosslinked with 1,4-benzenediboronic acid to generate dynamic boronic ester linkages. To achieve the S-IPN-type molecular arrangement, the epoxy chains were in situ crosslinked in the presence of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) (EVOH), giving rise to a self-healing network (EEP) with a healing efficiency of 87%. Into the S-IPN vitrimer (EEP), a 2D platelet-type nanofiller MXene was incorporated to introduce a tortuous path for H2 gas diffusion along with improved mechanical properties. The nanocomposite coating was applied to nylon 6 liner material, which is conventionally used in all-composite H2 storage vessels. The application of a 2 wt% MXene/EEP nanocomposite coating showed a permeability coefficient of 0.062 cm3 mm m-2 d-1 atm-1 exhibiting ∼96% reduction in gas permeability compared to uncoated nylon 6. The same nanocomposite exhibited a healing efficiency of 79%. Increasing the MXene loading to 10 wt% further reduced the permeability coefficient to 0.002 cm3 mm m-2 d-1 atm-1; however, the healing efficiency decreased due to restricted chain mobility. In essence, the current work highlights the potential of vitrimeric S-IPN nanocomposite coatings for H2 gas-barrier applications, enhancing safety and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandarup Bhattacharyya
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Subhabrata Saha
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Republic of Korea.
- Manufacturing Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Knoxville, TN, 37932, USA
| | - Sambedan Jena
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hoang Tuan Nguyen
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Duy Thanh Tran
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nam Hoon Kim
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Republic of Korea.
- AHES Co., 445 Techno Valley-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk, 55314, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Hee Lee
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Republic of Korea.
- Carbon Composite Research Centre, Department of Polymer & Nanoscience and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Republic of Korea
- AHES Co., 445 Techno Valley-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk, 55314, Republic of Korea
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7
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Jiang M, Wang D, Kim YH, Duan C, Talapin DV, Zhou C. Evolution of Surface Chemistry in Two-Dimensional MXenes: From Mixed to Tunable Uniform Terminations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202409480. [PMID: 39031873 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202409480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Surface chemistry of MXenes is of great interest as the terminations can define the intrinsic properties of this family of materials. The diverse and tunable terminations also distinguish MXenes from many other 2D materials. Conventional fluoride-containing reagents etching approaches resulted in MXenes with mixed fluoro-, oxo-, and hydroxyl surface groups. The relatively strong chemical bonding of MXenes' surface metal atoms with oxygen and fluorine makes post-synthetic covalent surface modifications of such MXenes unfavorable. In this minireview, we focus on the recent advances in MXenes with uniform surface terminations. Unconventional methods, including Lewis acidic molten salt etching (LAMS) and bottom-up direct synthesis, have been proven successful in producing halide-terminated MXenes. These synthetic strategies have opened new possibilities for MXenes because weaker surface chemical bonds in halide-terminated MXenes facilitate post-synthetic covalent surface modifications. Both computational and experimental results on surface termination-dependent properties are summarized and discussed. Finally, we offer our perspective on the opportunities and challenges in this exciting research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengni Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, 210023, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 60637, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Young-Hwan Kim
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 60637, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dmitri V Talapin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 60637, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 60637, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 60439, Argonne, Illinois, United States
| | - Chenkun Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, 210023, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 60637, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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8
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Shao B, Chen X, Chen X, Peng S, Song M. Advancements in MXene Composite Materials for Wearable Sensors: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4092. [PMID: 39000870 PMCID: PMC11244375 DOI: 10.3390/s24134092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, advancements in the Internet of Things (IoT), manufacturing processes, and material synthesis technologies have positioned flexible sensors as critical components in wearable devices. These developments are propelling wearable technologies based on flexible sensors towards higher intelligence, convenience, superior performance, and biocompatibility. Recently, two-dimensional nanomaterials known as MXenes have garnered extensive attention due to their excellent mechanical properties, outstanding electrical conductivity, large specific surface area, and abundant surface functional groups. These notable attributes confer significant potential on MXenes for applications in strain sensing, pressure measurement, gas detection, etc. Furthermore, polymer substrates such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyurethane (PU), and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) are extensively utilized as support materials for MXene and its composites due to their light weight, flexibility, and ease of processing, thereby enhancing the overall performance and wearability of the sensors. This paper reviews the latest advancements in MXene and its composites within the domains of strain sensors, pressure sensors, and gas sensors. We present numerous recent case studies of MXene composite material-based wearable sensors and discuss the optimization of materials and structures for MXene composite material-based wearable sensors, offering strategies and methods to enhance the development of MXene composite material-based wearable sensors. Finally, we summarize the current progress of MXene wearable sensors and project future trends and analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Shao
- School of Applied Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (B.S.); (X.C.); (X.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Xiaotong Chen
- School of Applied Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (B.S.); (X.C.); (X.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Xingwei Chen
- School of Applied Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (B.S.); (X.C.); (X.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Shuzhe Peng
- School of Applied Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (B.S.); (X.C.); (X.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Mingxin Song
- School of Electronic Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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9
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Mao X, He Y, Li C, Li H, Gou R, Liu H, Zhao Y, Chen W, Yan J, Yuan X, Wu G. Glycine-Ti 3C 2T x Hybrid Material Improves the Electrochemical Corrosion Resistance of a Water-Borne Epoxy Coating. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:11817-11827. [PMID: 38760325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Improving the dispersibility and compatibility of nanomaterials in water-borne epoxy resins is an important means to improve the protection ability and corrosion resistance of coatings. In this study, glycine-functionalized Ti3C2Tx (GT) was used to prepare an epoxy composite coating. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction showed that glycine was successfully modified. The scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy results showed that the aggregation of Ti3C2Tx was alleviated. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test results show that, after 60 days of immersion, GT coating still shows the best protection performance, and the composite coating |Z|f = 0.01 Hz is 3 orders of magnitude higher than that of the pure epoxy coating. This is mainly because, after adding glycine, the -COOH group on the surface of glycine binds to the -OH group on the surface of Ti3C2Tx, improving the aggregation of Ti3C2Tx itself. At the same time, the -NH group of glycine can also participate in the curing reaction of epoxy resin to strengthen the bonding strength between the coating and the metal. The good dispersion of GT in epoxy resin makes it fill the pores and holes left by epoxy resin curing and strengthen the corrosion resistance. The easy availability and green properties of glycine provide a simple and environmentally friendly method for the modification of Ti3C2Tx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Mao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, People's Republic of China
- Oil & Gas Field Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhua Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjie Li
- Research Institute of Natural Gas Technology, Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, China National Petroleum Corporation, 218 Tianyan Road, Tianfu New District, Chengdu, Sichuan 610051, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Gou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Chen
- Research Institute of Natural Gas Technology, Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, China National Petroleum Corporation, 218 Tianyan Road, Tianfu New District, Chengdu, Sichuan 610051, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yan
- Research Institute of Natural Gas Technology, Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, China National Petroleum Corporation, 218 Tianyan Road, Tianfu New District, Chengdu, Sichuan 610051, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Yuan
- Research Institute of Natural Gas Technology, Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, China National Petroleum Corporation, 218 Tianyan Road, Tianfu New District, Chengdu, Sichuan 610051, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiyang Wu
- Research Institute of Natural Gas Technology, Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, China National Petroleum Corporation, 218 Tianyan Road, Tianfu New District, Chengdu, Sichuan 610051, People's Republic of China
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10
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Zhang L, Zhang H, Zhou H, Tan Y, Zhang Z, Yang W, Zhao L, Zhao Z. A Ti 3C 2 MXene-integrated near-infrared-responsive multifunctional porous scaffold for infected bone defect repair. J Mater Chem B 2023; 12:79-96. [PMID: 37814804 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01578e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Infected bone defect repair has long been a major challenge in orthopedic surgery. Apart from bacterial contamination, excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lack of osteogenesis ability also threaten the defect repair process. However, few strategies have been proposed to address these issues simultaneously. Herein, we designed and fabricated a near-infrared (NIR)-responsive, hierarchically porous scaffold to address these limitations in a synergetic manner. In this design, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) were used to fabricate the porous PMMA/PEI scaffolds via the anti-solvent vapor-induced phase separation (VIPS) process. Then, Ti3C2 MXenes were anchored on the scaffolds through the dopamine-assisted co-deposition process to obtain the PMMA/PEI/polydopamine (PDA)/MXene scaffolds. Under NIR laser irradiation, the scaffolds were able to kill bacteria through the direct contact-killing and synergetic photothermal effect of Ti3C2 MXenes and PDA. Moreover, MXenes and PDA also endowed the scaffolds with excellent ROS-scavenging capacity and satisfying osteogenesis ability. Our experimental results also confirmed that the PMMA/PEI/PDA/MXene scaffolds significantly promoted new bone formation in an infected mandibular defect model. We believe that our study provides new insights into the treatment of infected bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Other Research Platforms, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Other Research Platforms, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Hongling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Other Research Platforms, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Other Research Platforms, Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhengmin Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Lixing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Other Research Platforms, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Other Research Platforms, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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11
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Jiang J, Wen D, Zhao W, Zhao L. Radiation-Induced Surface Modification of MXene with Ionic Liquid to Improve Electrochemical Properties and Chemical Stability. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:13890-13896. [PMID: 37733971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, an ionic liquid was grafted onto Ti3C2Tx MXene interlayers (MXene-g-IL) using a radiation technique. The IL was tightly immobilized on the surface of MXene nanosheets via chemical linkage, which exhibited excellent specific capacitance (160 F g-1 at 5 mV s-1) and improved structural stability (maintaining the sheet-like structure for 180 days). The facile, efficient, and scalable synthetic strategy derived from the radiation technique can open a new avenue for covalent functionalization of MXene-based materials and promote their further application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Di Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wenchao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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12
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Shin H, Lee H, Seo Y, Jeong W, Han TH. Grafting Behavior of Amine Ligands for Surface Modification of MXene. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:2358-2367. [PMID: 36734137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification to improve the oxidation stability and dispersibility of MXene in diverse organic media is a facile strategy for broadening its application. Among the various ligands that can be grafted on the MXene surface, oleylamine (OAm), with amine functionalities, is an advantageous candidate owing to its strong interactions and commercial viability. OAms are grafted onto MXene through covalent bonds induced by nucleophilic reactions and H bonds in liquid interface reactions at room temperature. In addition, this grafting behavior of the ligand was characterized by a reduction in the slope with an increase in the ligand concentration (Cl), confirming that the OAms were grafted via Langmuir-like behavior, and the monolayer of OAms was developed via two distinct steps (I: lying-down phase; II: ordered monolayer). MXene nanosheets modified by OAm (OAm-MX) are highly dispersible in a wide range of organic solvents owing to the alkyl chain of the OAms, which induces hydrophobic properties on the surface of MXene. The OAm-MX dispersion exhibits outstanding oxidation and dispersion stability and remarkable coating performance on a wide range of substrates owing to their excellent solution processability. Therefore, this study provides fundamental insights into the adsorption behavior and interaction between amine ligands and MXene nanosheets for the surface chemistry of MXene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwansoo Shin
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul04763, Republic of Korea
- Human-Tech Convergence Program, Hanyang University, Seoul04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonhoo Lee
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul04763, Republic of Korea
- Human-Tech Convergence Program, Hanyang University, Seoul04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongbhin Seo
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul04763, Republic of Korea
- Human-Tech Convergence Program, Hanyang University, Seoul04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojae Jeong
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul04763, Republic of Korea
- Human-Tech Convergence Program, Hanyang University, Seoul04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hee Han
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul04763, Republic of Korea
- Human-Tech Convergence Program, Hanyang University, Seoul04763, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Industrial Science, Hanyang University, Seoul04763, Republic of Korea
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13
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Chen Y, Zhao P, Hu Z, Liang Y, Han H, Yang M, Luo X, Hou C, Huo D. Amino-functionalized multilayer Ti3C2Tx enabled electrochemical sensor for simultaneous determination of Cd2+ and Pb2+ in food samples. Food Chem 2023; 402:134269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Parra-Muñoz N, Soler M, Rosenkranz A. Covalent functionalization of MXenes for tribological purposes - a critical review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 309:102792. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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15
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Murali G, Reddy Modigunta JK, Park YH, Lee JH, Rawal J, Lee SY, In I, Park SJ. A Review on MXene Synthesis, Stability, and Photocatalytic Applications. ACS NANO 2022; 16:13370-13429. [PMID: 36094932 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic water splitting, CO2 reduction, and pollutant degradation have emerged as promising strategies to remedy the existing environmental and energy crises. However, grafting of expensive and less abundant noble-metal cocatalysts on photocatalyst materials is a mandatory practice to achieve enhanced photocatalytic performance owing to the ability of the cocatalysts to extract electrons efficiently from the photocatalyst and enable rapid/enhanced catalytic reaction. Hence, developing highly efficient, inexpensive, and noble-metal-free cocatalysts composed of earth-abundant elements is considered as a noteworthy step toward considering photocatalysis as a more economical strategy. Recently, MXenes (two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides) have shown huge potential as alternatives for noble-metal cocatalysts. MXenes have several excellent properties, including atomically thin 2D morphology, metallic electrical conductivity, hydrophilic surface, and high specific surface area. In addition, they exhibit Gibbs free energy of intermediate H atom adsorption as close to zero and less than that of a commercial Pt-based cocatalyst, a Fermi level position above the H2 generation potential, and an excellent ability to capture and activate CO2 molecules. Therefore, there is a growing interest in MXene-based photocatalyst materials for various photocatalytic events. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in the synthesis of MXenes with 2D and 0D morphologies, the stability of MXenes, and MXene-based photocatalysts for H2 evolution, CO2 reduction, and pollutant degradation. The existing challenges and the possible future directions to enhance the photocatalytic performance of MXene-based photocatalysts are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Murali
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of IT-Energy Convergence (BK21 FOUR), Chemical Industry Institute, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeevan Kumar Reddy Modigunta
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of IT-Energy Convergence (BK21 FOUR), Chemical Industry Institute, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Park
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of IT-Energy Convergence (BK21 FOUR), Chemical Industry Institute, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jishu Rawal
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-Yi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Insik In
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of IT-Energy Convergence (BK21 FOUR), Chemical Industry Institute, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
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16
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Che X, Zhang W, Long L, Zhang X, Pei D, Li M, Li C. Mildly Peeling Off and Encapsulating Large MXene Nanosheets with Rigid Biologic Fibrils for Synchronization of Solar Evaporation and Energy Harvest. ACS NANO 2022; 16:8881-8890. [PMID: 35603922 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and nondestructive liquid exfoliation of MXene with large lateral size has drawn growing research interest due to its outstanding properties and diverse potential applications. The conventional sonication method, though enabling a high production yield of MXene nanosheets, broke them down into submicrometric sizes or even quantum dots, and thus sacrificed their size-dependent properties, chemical stability, and wide applications. Herein, rigid biological nanofibrils in combination of mild manual shake were found to be capable of peeling off MXene nanosheets by attaching on MXene surfaces and localizing the shear force. With comparison to sonication, this efficient and nondestructive exfoliation approach produced the MXene nanosheets with the lateral size up to 4-6 μm and a comparable yield of 64% within 2 h. The resultant MXene nanosheets were encapsulated with these biological fibrils, and thus enabled super colloidal and chemical stability. A steam generation efficiency of ∼86% and a high evaporation rate of 3.3 kg m-2 h-1 were achieved on their aerogels under 1-Sun irradiation at ∼25 °C. An evaporation rate of 0.5 kg m-2 h-1 still maintained even at the atmospheric temperature of -5 °C. More importantly, an electricity generation up to ∼350 mV also accompanied this solar evaporation under equivalent 5-Sun irradiation. Thus, this fibrous strategy not only provides an efficient and nondestructive exfoliation method of MXene, but also promises synchronization of solar-thermal evaporation and energy harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Che
- Group of Biomimetic Smart Materials, CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shandong Energy Institute, Songling Road 189, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
- Center of Material and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Group of Biomimetic Smart Materials, CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shandong Energy Institute, Songling Road 189, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
| | - Lifen Long
- WEEE Research Centre, Research Center of Resource Recycling Science and Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai 201209, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- Group of Biomimetic Smart Materials, CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shandong Energy Institute, Songling Road 189, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
- Center of Material and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Danfeng Pei
- Group of Biomimetic Smart Materials, CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shandong Energy Institute, Songling Road 189, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
- Center of Material and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Mingjie Li
- Group of Biomimetic Smart Materials, CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shandong Energy Institute, Songling Road 189, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
- Center of Material and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chaoxu Li
- Group of Biomimetic Smart Materials, CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shandong Energy Institute, Songling Road 189, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
- Center of Material and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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17
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Lee JT, Wyatt BC, Davis GA, Masterson AN, Pagan AL, Shah A, Anasori B, Sardar R. Covalent Surface Modification of Ti 3C 2T x MXene with Chemically Active Polymeric Ligands Producing Highly Conductive and Ordered Microstructure Films. ACS NANO 2021; 15:19600-19612. [PMID: 34786933 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As interest continues to grow in Ti3C2Tx and other related MXenes, advancement in methods of manipulation of their surface functional groups beyond synthesis-based surface terminations (Tx: -F, -OH, and ═O) can provide mechanisms to enhance solution processability as well as produce improved solid-state device architectures and coatings. Here, we report a chemically important surface modification approach in which "solvent-like" polymers, polyethylene glycol carboxylic acid (PEG6-COOH), are covalently attached onto MXenes via esterification chemistry. Surface modification of Ti3C2Tx with PEG6-COOH with large ligand loading (up to 14% by mass) greatly enhances dispersibility in a wide range of nonpolar organic solvents (e.g., 2.88 mg/mL in chloroform) without oxidation of Ti3C2Tx two-dimensional flakes or changes in the structure ordering. Furthermore, cooperative interactions between polymer chains improve the nanoscale assembly of uniform microstructures of stacked MXene-PEG6 flakes into ordered thin films with excellent electrical conductivity (∼16,200 S·cm-1). Most importantly, our covalent surface modification approach with ω-functionalized PEG6 ligands (ω-PEG6-COOH, where ω: -NH2, -N3, -CH═CH2) allows for control over the degree of functionalization (incorporation of valency) of MXene. We believe that installing valency onto MXenes through short, ion conducting PEG ligands without compromising MXenes' features such as solution processability, structural stability, and electrical conductivity further enhance MXenes surface chemistry tunability and performance and widens their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Brian C Wyatt
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Gregory A Davis
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Adrianna N Masterson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Amber L Pagan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Archit Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Babak Anasori
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Rajesh Sardar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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