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Dimitriadi M, Petropoulou A, Vakou D, Zinelis S, Eliades G. In vitro evaluation of a silane containing self-adhesive resin luting agent. Dent Mater 2023; 39:181-191. [PMID: 36642688 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the setting characteristics, wettability and bonding capacity with a lithium disilicate ceramic of a silane containing self-adhesive resin luting agent (Panavia SA Universal-PU). METHODS The degree of conversion (DC %) and extent of acid neutralization (SY %) of PU were measured on dual- (DC) and self-cured (SC) specimens after 10, 30 and 60 min storage by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, whereas the presence of silanols was traced by curve-fitting the 60 min spectra, using the silane-free analog (Panavia SA Plus-PS) as a control. The role of a dedicated adhesive (Clearfil Universal Bond Quick-CU) in assisting the early DC % in PU-SC was investigated on 10 min-stored specimens. The water contact angles on polished and HF acid-etched lithium disilicate surfaces (IPS e.max Press), were assessed before and after silanization by unset PU or a silane primer (Ultradent Silane-SL). Finally, the shear strength of PU-DC specimens bonded to the acid-etched ceramic surfaces was determined before and after SL treatment. RESULTS The DC % was higher in DC than SC (PU, PS; all time intervals), in PU-SC than PS-SC (30, 60 min) and in the CU assisted PU-SC group. The SY % was lower in DC than SC (PU, PS) and higher in PS-SC than PU-SC groups. Silanols were found only in unset PU and PU-DC groups. SL treatment provided higher water contact angles on polished and acid-etched ceramic surfaces and higher shear bond strength on acid-etched ceramic surfaces than PU (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). SIGNIFICANCE Although the degree of conversion of the silane containing luting agent was improved in the self-curing mode, especially in the adhesive assisted group, it was still inferior to light-curing. Acid-neutralization and presence of silanols were affected by the setting modes. The use of a silane primer enhanced the hydrophobicity and bond strength of the silane containing luting agent with the etched ceramic substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dimitriadi
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Petropoulou
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Vakou
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Spiros Zinelis
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - George Eliades
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
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Construction of hierarchically hollow micro-nanostructured surface on polyester via in-situ chlorosilane polymerization and its superhydrophobicity. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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3
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Wang L, Schubert US, Hoeppener S. Surface chemical reactions on self-assembled silane based monolayers. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:6507-6540. [PMID: 34100051 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01220c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we aim to update our review "Chemical modification of self-assembled silane-based monolayers by surface reactions" which was published in 2010 and has developed into an important guiding tool for researchers working on the modification of solid substrate surface properties by chemical modification of silane-based self-assembled monolayers. Due to the rapid development of this field of research in the last decade, the utilization of chemical functionalities in self-assembled monolayers has been significantly improved and some new processes were introduced in chemical surface reactions for tailoring the properties of solid substrates. Thus, it is time to update the developments in the surface functionalization of silane-based molecules. Hence, after a short introduction on self-assembled monolayers, this review focuses on a series of chemical reactions, i.e., nucleophilic substitution, click chemistry, supramolecular modification, photochemical reaction, and other reactions, which have been applied for the modification of hydroxyl-terminated substrates, like silicon and glass, which have been reported during the last 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wang
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Han T, Kim JH, Kim YD, Ahn DJ, Lim DK. Solution-Based One-Step Preparation of Three-Dimensional Self-Assembled Octadecyl Silica Nanosquare Plate and Microlamella Structures for Superhydrophobic and Icephobic Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:5886-5894. [PMID: 33956457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Icephobic surfaces have gained immense attention owing to their significant roles in decreasing the energy consumption of refrigerators and in improving safety issues by preventing the formation of ice on them. Superhydrophobic surfaces incorporating micro- or nanoscale roughness and hydrophobic functional groups have been shown to prevent ice accumulation. Herein, we report a simple, low-cost, and solution-based one-step process for the production of superhydrophobic surfaces with three-dimensional (3D) self-assembled structures. The controlled hydrolysis and polycondensation of n-octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS-Cl) in an acetone solution produced a highly uniform superhydrophobic surface on various substrates such as glass, metals, and polymers without the limitation of the surface curvature structure. The as-prepared 3D self-assembled surface exhibited a very high contact angle of 161.7° and a low contact hysteresis of 1.47°. The solvent type, H2O content in acetone, and carbon chain length of the silane compound were critical in the formation of self-assembled nanostructures. The thickness of the superhydrophobic 3D self-assembled structure could be varied by controlling the surface properties of the glass substrate. In addition, a novel octadecyl silica nanosquare plate structure was formed as an intermediate for the microlamella structure. The water drop impact experiments on the 3D self-assembled superhydrophobic glass substrates at low temperatures (T < -25 °C) showed that the as-prepared superhydrophobic glass possessed a high impalement threshold for water contact, resulting in excellent and stable icephobic properties. The preparation method proposed in this study is scalable and can be used on a flat glass surface or in a glass vial inside a glass tube. Moreover, it can be applied to various substrates such as metals and polyurethane surfaces with curvature. Therefore, the solution-based self-assembly method proposed in this study is a promising approach to produce superhydrophobic and icephobic surfaces on a wide range of substrates regardless of their structure and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taejun Han
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Kim
- Materials & Devices Advanced Research Institute LG Electronics, Bldg W1, 10, Magokjungang 10-ro, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07796, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Duk Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong June Ahn
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Lim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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5
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Xi Y, Sun Y, Li W, Li Z. Facile fabrication of polysiloxane micro/nanostructure with controllable morphology and super-hydrophobicity. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Lakner PH, Brinker M, Seitz C, Jacobse L, Vonk V, Lippmann M, Volkov S, Huber P, Keller TF. Probing the Electrolyte Transfer in Ultrathin Polypyrrole Films by In Situ X-ray Reflectivity and Electrochemistry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:13448-13456. [PMID: 33151688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on the potential-induced charge and mass transfer between an ultrathin polypyrrole (PPy) film and an electrolyte by simultaneous in situ X-ray reflectivity (XRR) and electrochemistry (EC) utilizing their sensitivity to electrons. An about 30 nm thin PPy film was deposited on a silicon single crystal by fast potential cycling, providing a dense film of an extraordinary small surface roughness. XRR was recorded from the PPy film in an aqueous 0.1 M perchloric acid at electric potentials between -0.2 V and +0.5 V vs Ag/AgCl. The PPy film shows typical reversible and linear changes in film thickness and electron density arising from the potential-dependent electrolyte incorporation. By introducing EC-XRR, a comprehensive analysis combining in situ XRR and EC, the net number of electrons passing through the PPy-electrolyte interface was deduced along with the potential-induced thickness variations, indicating a complex exchange mechanism. Evidently, along with the anion transfer, parallel charge compensation by protons and a volume and electron compensating counterflow of solvent molecules take place. Complementary time-dependent EC-XRR scans indicate that these exchange mechanisms are individual in two potential ranges. The low actuation along with a high pseudocapacitance suggest the fast potentiodynamically deposited PPy film as a promising supercapacitor material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirmin H Lakner
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Center for X-Ray and Nanoscience CXNS, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- University of Hamburg, Department of Physics, Hamburg 20355, Germany
| | - Manuel Brinker
- Hamburg University of Technology TUHH, Physics of Materials and High-Resolution X-Ray Analytics of the Structural Dynamics and Function of Matter, Hamburg 21073, Germany
| | - Christoph Seitz
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Center for X-Ray and Nanoscience CXNS, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Leon Jacobse
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Center for X-Ray and Nanoscience CXNS, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Vedran Vonk
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Center for X-Ray and Nanoscience CXNS, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Milena Lippmann
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Sergey Volkov
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Patrick Huber
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Center for X-Ray and Nanoscience CXNS, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Hamburg University of Technology TUHH, Physics of Materials and High-Resolution X-Ray Analytics of the Structural Dynamics and Function of Matter, Hamburg 21073, Germany
- University of Hamburg, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures CHyN, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Thomas F Keller
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Center for X-Ray and Nanoscience CXNS, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- University of Hamburg, Department of Physics, Hamburg 20355, Germany
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7
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Hinckley AP, Muscat AJ. Modified Organosilane Monolayers With Enhanced Radiation Stability. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:4116-4122. [PMID: 32223136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organosilane monolayers containing long carbon chains are susceptible to damage when exposed to X-rays and other radiation during characterization or processing. The origin of the damage has been attributed to both energetic photons and photoelectrons. These particles can break bonds in the molecules comprising the layer altering its composition and structure and can create silanol groups at the interface between the monolayer and the silicon dioxide surface. A common practice to minimize damage is to keep the X-ray beam time as short as possible. In this study, we report a method to deposit an organosilane monolayer on silicon dioxide that withstands X-ray beam damage to the interface. Adding the small monofunctional trimethylchlorosilane to a layer composed of the long-chain trifunctional octadecyltrichlorosilane prevented X-ray beam damage for at least 4 h. Interfacial damage was monitored by titrating silanol groups with TiCl4 and water atomic layer deposition and measuring the TiO2 deposited by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The small monofunctional silane reacted with residual silanol groups capping the siloxane (-Si-O-Si-O-) chains at the interface. The low silanol group concentration minimized X-ray beam damage and prevented TiO2 from depositing to the detection limit of XPS. Using a small molecule to terminate reactive groups could improve the stability of monolayers not only during characterization and processing, but also when the monolayer is a component in an electrical device by reducing sources of interfacial charge traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Hinckley
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Anthony J Muscat
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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8
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Ko Y, Christau S, von Klitzing R, Genzer J. Charge Density Gradients of Polymer Thin Film by Gaseous Phase Quaternization. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:158-162. [PMID: 35638676 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report on the rapid formation of charge density gradients in polymer films by exposing poly([2-dimethylaminoethyl] methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) films resting on flat silica substrates to methyl iodide (i.e., MI, also known as iodomethane) vapors. We adjust the charge gradient by varying the MI concentration in solution and the process time. The thickness of the parent PDMAEMA film does not affect the diffusion of MI through and the reaction kinetics in the films. Instead, the diffusion of MI through the gaseous phase constitutes the limiting step in the overall process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongun Ko
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Stephanie Christau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Regine von Klitzing
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States.,Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0808, Japan
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9
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Narayanan T, Konovalov O. Synchrotron Scattering Methods for Nanomaterials and Soft Matter Research. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E752. [PMID: 32041363 PMCID: PMC7040635 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This article aims to provide an overview of broad range of applications of synchrotron scattering methods in the investigation of nanoscale materials. These scattering techniques allow the elucidation of the structure and dynamics of nanomaterials from sub-nm to micron size scales and down to sub-millisecond time ranges both in bulk and at interfaces. A major advantage of scattering methods is that they provide the ensemble averaged information under in situ and operando conditions. As a result, they are complementary to various imaging techniques which reveal more local information. Scattering methods are particularly suitable for probing buried structures that are difficult to image. Although, many qualitative features can be directly extracted from scattering data, derivation of detailed structural and dynamical information requires quantitative modeling. The fourth-generation synchrotron sources open new possibilities for investigating these complex systems by exploiting the enhanced brightness and coherence properties of X-rays.
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Chu M, Miller M, Dutta P. Interfacial Density Profiles of Polar and Nonpolar Liquids at Hydrophobic Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:906-910. [PMID: 31913043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A density-depleted region ("gap") is known to exist between water and hydrophobic surfaces. Using X-ray reflectivity, we have observed similar gaps between hydrophobic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and four other polar liquids. For these liquids and for water, the observed electron density depletion is nonzero and is in most cases slightly greater than the depletion attributable to the layer of hydrogen atoms at the SAM surface. On the other hand, the observed X-ray reflectivity from the interfaces between SAMs and three nonpolar liquids studied can be explained either without gaps or with smaller gaps. Thus, polar liquids (including but not limited to water) stand away from even the terminal hydrogen atoms at hydrophobic surfaces, while nonpolar liquids interpenetrate the terminal region. There is no consistent correlation between the sizes of the gaps and the liquid-SAM contact angles, the relative polarities of the polar liquids, or their bulk densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoqi Chu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3112 , United States
| | - Mitchell Miller
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3112 , United States
| | - Pulak Dutta
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3112 , United States
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Henkel C, Wittmann JE, Träg J, Will J, Stiegler LMS, Strohriegl P, Hirsch A, Unruh T, Zahn D, Halik M, Guldi DM. Mixed Organic Ligand Shells: Controlling the Nanoparticle Surface Morphology toward Tuning the Optoelectronic Properties. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1903729. [PMID: 31778297 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Precise control over the ratio of perylene bisimide (PBI) monomers and aggregates, immobilized on alumina nanoparticle (NP) surfaces, is demonstrated. Towards this goal, phosphonic acid functionalized PBI derivatives (PA-PBI) are shown to self-assemble into stoichiometrically mixed monolayers featuring aliphatic, glycolic, or fluorinated phosphonic acid ligands, serving as imbedding matrix (PA-M) to afford core-shell NPs. Different but, nevertheless, defined PBI monomer/aggregate composition is achieved by either the variation in the PA-PBI to PA-M ratios, or the utilization of different PA-Ms. Various steady-state as well as time-resolved spectroscopy techniques are applied to probe the core-shell NPs with respect to changes in their optical properties upon variations in the shell composition. To this end, the ratio between monomer and excimer-like emission assists in deriving information on the self-assembled monolayer composition, local ordering, and corresponding aggregate content. With the help of X-ray reflectivity measurements, accompanied by molecular dynamics simulations, the built-up of the particle shells, in general, and the PBI aggregation behavior, in particular, are explored in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Henkel
- Department Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Judith E Wittmann
- Organic Materials and Devices, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Träg
- Computer Chemistry Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Will
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 6, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisa M S Stiegler
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Strohriegl
- Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Unruh
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 6, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk Zahn
- Computer Chemistry Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marcus Halik
- Organic Materials and Devices, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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Hassan PA, Gawali SL. Directing Amphiphilic Self-Assembly: From Microstructure Control to Interfacial Engineering. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:9635-9646. [PMID: 30392370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of small molecules into complex nanoscale structures is driven by the interplay of various noncovalent interactions. It has now become evident that by maneuvering this intermolecular interaction the geometry and interfacial properties of several nanoscale objects can be tamed. In particular, diverse structures such as spheres, rods, worms, ribbons, and vesicles can be produced by tuning the packing of molecules in the aggregate. Stimuli-sensitive assemblies that can reversibly associate or dissociate in response to environmental changes have been fabricated as model systems for the self-regulated drug delivery vehicle. Surface passivation of inorganic materials can be achieved by the selective organization of molecules at the interface. Such surface functionalization of inorganic materials by organic counterparts provides kinetic stability in biological media and permits the selective binding of active ingredients. Advances made in the area of molecular self-assembly and factors governing such association processes have made it possible to control the interfacial properties and microstructure of nanoscale materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puthusserickal Abdulrahiman Hassan
- Chemistry Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Trombay, Mumbai 400 085 , India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex , Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400 094 , India
| | - Santosh L Gawali
- Chemistry Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Trombay, Mumbai 400 085 , India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex , Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400 094 , India
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Berlinghof M, Bär C, Haas D, Bertram F, Langner S, Osvet A, Chumakov A, Will J, Schindler T, Zech T, Brabec CJ, Unruh T. Flexible sample cell for real-time GISAXS, GIWAXS and XRR: design and construction. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:1664-1672. [PMID: 30407176 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518013218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the properties of functional materials are highly dependent on their specific structure, and since the structural changes, for example during crystallization, induced by coating and annealing processes are significant, the study of structure and its formation is of interest for fundamental and applied science. However, structure analysis is often limited to ex situ determination of final states due to the lack of specialized sample cells that enable real-time investigations. The lack of such cells is mainly due to their fairly complex design and geometrical restrictions defined by the beamline setups. To overcome this obstacle, an advanced sample cell has been designed and constructed; it combines automated doctor blading, solvent vapor annealing and sample hydration with real-time grazing-incidence wide- and small-angle scattering (GIWAXS/GISAXS) and X-ray reflectivity (XRR). The sample cell has limited spatial requirements and is therefore widely usable at beamlines and laboratory-scale instruments. The cell is fully automatized and remains portable, including the necessary electronics. In addition, the cell can be used by interested scientists in cooperation with the Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics and is expandable with regard to optical secondary probes. Exemplary research studies are presented, in the form of coating of P3HT:PC61PM thin films, solvent vapor annealing of DRCN5T:PC71BM thin films, and hydration of supported phospholipid multilayers, to demonstrate the capabilities of the in situ cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Berlinghof
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics (ICSP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Bär
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics (ICSP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - D Haas
- DESY Photon Science, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - F Bertram
- DESY Photon Science, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Langner
- Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Osvet
- Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Chumakov
- The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - J Will
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics (ICSP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Schindler
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics (ICSP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Zech
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics (ICSP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C J Brabec
- Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Unruh
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics (ICSP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Chang B, Martin A, Gregory P, Kundu S, Du C, Orondo M, Thuo M. Functional Materials through Surfaces and Interfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1557/adv.2018.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Horowitz Y, Steinrück HG, Han HL, Cao C, Abate II, Tsao Y, Toney MF, Somorjai GA. Fluoroethylene Carbonate Induces Ordered Electrolyte Interface on Silicon and Sapphire Surfaces as Revealed by Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy and X-ray Reflectivity. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:2105-2111. [PMID: 29451803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The cyclability of silicon anodes in lithium ion batteries (LIBs) is affected by the reduction of the electrolyte on the anode surface to produce a coating layer termed the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). One of the key steps for a major improvement of LIBs is unraveling the SEI's structure-related diffusion properties as charge and discharge rates of LIBs are diffusion-limited. To this end, we have combined two surface sensitive techniques, sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy, and X-ray reflectivity (XRR), to explore the first monolayer and to probe the first several layers of electrolyte, respectively, for solutions consisting of 1 M lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) salt dissolved in ethylene carbonate (EC) or fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and their mixtures (EC/FEC 7:3 and 1:1 wt %) on silicon and sapphire surfaces. Our results suggest that the addition of FEC to EC solution causes the first monolayer to rearrange itself more perpendicular to the anode surface, while subsequent layers are less affected and tend to maintain their, on average, surface-parallel arrangements. This fundamental understanding of the near-surface orientation of the electrolyte molecules can aid operational strategies for designing high-performance LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Horowitz
- Department of Chemistry, Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Hans-Georg Steinrück
- SSRL Materials Science Division , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Hui-Ling Han
- Department of Chemistry, Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Chuntian Cao
- SSRL Materials Science Division , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Iwnetim Iwnetu Abate
- SSRL Materials Science Division , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Yuchi Tsao
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Michael F Toney
- SSRL Materials Science Division , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Gabor A Somorjai
- Department of Chemistry, Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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16
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Vos R, Rolin C, Rip J, Conard T, Steylaerts T, Cabanilles MV, Levrie K, Jans K, Stakenborg T. Chemical Vapor Deposition of Azidoalkylsilane Monolayer Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:1400-1409. [PMID: 29290116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b04011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
N3-functionalized monolayers on silicon wafer substrates are prepared via the controlled vapor-phase deposition of 11-azidoundecyltrimethoxysilanes at reduced pressure and elevated temperature. The quality of the layer is assessed using contact angle, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and ellipsometry measurements. At 60 °C, longer deposition times are needed to achieve monolayers with similar N3 density compared to depositions at 145 °C. The monolayers formed via the vapor phase are denser compared to those formed via a solvent-based deposition process. ATR-FTIR measurements confirm the incorporation of azido-alkyl chains in the monolayer and the formation of siloxane bridges with the underlying oxide at both deposition temperatures. X-ray photon spectroscopy shows that the N3 group is oriented upward in the grafted layer. Finally, the density was determined using total reflection X-ray fluorescence after a click reaction with chlorohexyne and amounts to 2.5 × 1014 N3 groups/cm2. In summary, our results demonstrate the formation of a uniform and reproducible N3-containing monolayer on silicon wafers, hereby providing a functional coating that enables click reactions at the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Vos
- IMEC , Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jens Rip
- IMEC , Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Karen Levrie
- IMEC , Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Schmaltz T, Gothe B, Krause A, Leitherer S, Steinrück HG, Thoss M, Clark T, Halik M. Effect of Structure and Disorder on the Charge Transport in Defined Self-Assembled Monolayers of Organic Semiconductors. ACS NANO 2017; 11:8747-8757. [PMID: 28813143 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b02394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayer field-effect transistors (SAMFETs) are not only a promising type of organic electronic device but also allow detailed analyses of structure-property correlations. The influence of the morphology on the charge transport is particularly pronounced, due to the confined monolayer of 2D-π-stacked organic semiconductor molecules. The morphology, in turn, is governed by relatively weak van-der-Waals interactions and is thus prone to dynamic structural fluctuations. Accordingly, combining electronic and physical characterization and time-averaged X-ray analyses with the dynamic information available at atomic resolution from simulations allows us to characterize self-assembled monolayer (SAM) based devices in great detail. For this purpose, we have constructed transistors based on SAMs of two molecules that consist of the organic p-type semiconductor benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (BTBT), linked to a C11 or C12 alkylphosphonic acid. Both molecules form ordered SAMs; however, our experiments show that the size of the crystalline domains and the charge-transport properties vary considerably in the two systems. These findings were confirmed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and semiempirical molecular-orbital electronic-structure calculations, performed on snapshots from the MD simulations at different times, revealing, in atomistic detail, how the charge transport in organic semiconductors is influenced and limited by dynamic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmaltz
- Organic Materials & Devices (OMD), Dept. of Materials Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bastian Gothe
- Organic Materials & Devices (OMD), Dept. of Materials Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Krause
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, FAU , Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Leitherer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), FAU , Staudtstrasse 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Steinrück
- SSRL Materials Science Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Michael Thoss
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), FAU , Staudtstrasse 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, FAU , Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marcus Halik
- Organic Materials & Devices (OMD), Dept. of Materials Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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18
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Rock W, Oruc ME, Ellis RJ, Uysal A. Molecular Scale Description of Anion Competition on Amine-Functionalized Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:11532-11539. [PMID: 27715067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Many industrial and biological processes involve the competitive adsorption of ions with different valencies and sizes at charged surfaces; heavy and precious metal ions are separated on the basis of their propensity to adsorb onto interfaces, often as anionic ion clusters (e.g., [MClx]n-). However, very little is known, both theoretically and experimentally, about the competition of factors that drive preferential adsorption, such as charge density or valence, at interfaces in technologically relevant systems. There are even contradictory pictures described by interfacial studies and real life applications, such as chlorometalate extractions, in which charge diffuse chlorometalate ions are extracted efficiently even though charge dense chloride ions present in the background are expected to occupy the interface. We studied the competition between divalent chlorometalate anions (PtCl62- and PdCl42-) and monovalent chloride anions on positively charged amine-functionalized surfaces using in situ specular X-ray reflectivity. Chloride anions were present in vast excess to simulate the conditions used in the commercial separation of heavy and precious metal ions. Our results suggest that divalent chlorometalate adsorption is a two-step process and that the divalent anions preferentially adsorb at the interface despite having a charge/volume ratio lower than that of chloride. These results provide fundamental insight into the structural mechanisms that underpin transport in phases that are relevant to heavy and precious metal ion separations, explaining the high efficiency of low charge density ion transport processes in the presence of charge dense anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Rock
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Muhammed E Oruc
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ross J Ellis
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ahmet Uysal
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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Martynowycz MW, Hu B, Kuzmenko I, Bu W, Hock A, Gidalevitz D. Monomolecular Siloxane Film as a Model of Single Site Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:12432-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ivan Kuzmenko
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Wei Bu
- Center
for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Adam Hock
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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