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Shymborska Y, Budkowski A, Raczkowska J, Donchak V, Melnyk Y, Vasiichuk V, Stetsyshyn Y. Switching it Up: The Promise of Stimuli-Responsive Polymer Systems in Biomedical Science. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300217. [PMID: 37668274 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Responsive polymer systems have the ability to change properties or behavior in response to external stimuli. The properties of responsive polymer systems can be fine-tuned by adjusting the stimuli, enabling tailored responses for specific applications. These systems have applications in drug delivery, biosensors, tissue engineering, and more, as their ability to adapt and respond to dynamic environments leads to improved performance. However, challenges such as synthesis complexity, sensitivity limitations, and manufacturing issues need to be addressed for successful implementation. In our review, we provide a comprehensive summary on stimuli-responsive polymer systems, delving into the intricacies of their mechanisms and actions. Future developments should focus on precision medicine, multifunctionality, reversibility, bioinspired designs, and integration with advanced technologies, driving the dynamic growth of sensitive polymer systems in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Shymborska
- Lviv Polytechnic National University, St. George's Square 2, 79013, Lviv, Ukraine
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
- Jagiellonian University, Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Budkowski
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Raczkowska
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Volodymyr Donchak
- Lviv Polytechnic National University, St. George's Square 2, 79013, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Yuriy Melnyk
- Lviv Polytechnic National University, St. George's Square 2, 79013, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Viktor Vasiichuk
- Lviv Polytechnic National University, St. George's Square 2, 79013, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Yurij Stetsyshyn
- Lviv Polytechnic National University, St. George's Square 2, 79013, Lviv, Ukraine
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2
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Tymetska S, Shymborska Y, Stetsyshyn Y, Budkowski A, Bernasik A, Awsiuk K, Donchak V, Raczkowska J. Thermoresponsive Smart Copolymer Coatings Based on P(NIPAM- co-HEMA) and P(OEGMA- co-HEMA) Brushes for Regenerative Medicine. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:6256-6272. [PMID: 37874897 PMCID: PMC10646826 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of multifunctional, thermoresponsive platforms for regenerative medicine based on polymers that can be easily functionalized is one of the most important challenges in modern biomaterials science. In this study, we utilized atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) to produce two series of novel smart copolymer brush coatings. These coatings were based on copolymerizing 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) with either oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (OEGMA) or N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM). The chemical compositions of the resulting brush coatings, namely, poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (P(OEGMA-co-HEMA)) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (P(NIPAM-co-HEMA)), were predicted using reactive ratios of the monomers. These predictions were then verified using time-of-flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The thermoresponsiveness of the coatings was examined through water contact angle (CA) measurements at different temperatures, revealing a transition driven by lower critical solution temperature (LCST) or upper critical solution temperature (UCST) or a vanishing transition. The type of transition observed depended on the chemical composition of the coatings. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the transition temperature of the coatings could be easily adjusted by modifying their composition. The topography of the coatings was characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM). To assess the biocompatibility of the coatings, dermal fibroblast cultures were employed, and the results indicated that none of the coatings exhibited cytotoxicity. However, the shape and arrangement of the cells were significantly influenced by the chemical structure of the coating. Additionally, the viability of the cells was correlated with the wettability and roughness of the coatings, which determined the initial adhesion of the cells. Lastly, the temperature-induced changes in the properties of the fabricated copolymer coatings effectively controlled cell morphology, adhesion, and spontaneous detachment in a noninvasive, enzyme-free manner that was confirmed using optical microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Tymetska
- Jagiellonian
University, Doctoral School of Exact and
Natural Sciences, Łojasiewicza
11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Jagiellonian
University, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy
and Applied Computer Science, Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Yana Shymborska
- Jagiellonian
University, Doctoral School of Exact and
Natural Sciences, Łojasiewicza
11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Jagiellonian
University, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy
and Applied Computer Science, Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Lviv
Polytechnic National University, St. George’s Square 2, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Yurij Stetsyshyn
- Lviv
Polytechnic National University, St. George’s Square 2, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Andrzej Budkowski
- Jagiellonian
University, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy
and Applied Computer Science, Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bernasik
- Faculty
of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH - University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-049 Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamil Awsiuk
- Jagiellonian
University, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy
and Applied Computer Science, Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Volodymyr Donchak
- Lviv
Polytechnic National University, St. George’s Square 2, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Joanna Raczkowska
- Jagiellonian
University, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy
and Applied Computer Science, Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
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3
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Bezrukov A, Galyametdinov Y. Tuning Molecular Orientation Responses of Microfluidic Liquid Crystal Dispersions to Colloid and Polymer Flows. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13555. [PMID: 37686359 PMCID: PMC10488184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
An important approach to molecular diagnostics is integrating organized substances that provide complex molecular level responses to introduced chemical and biological agents with conditions that optimize and distinguish such responses. In this respect, liquid crystal dispersions are attractive components of molecular diagnostic tools. This paper analyzes a colloid system, containing a nematic liquid crystal as a dispersed phase, and aqueous surfactant and polymer solutions as the continuous phases. We applied a microfluidic approach for tuning orientation of liquid crystal molecules in picoliter droplets immobilized on microchannel walls. Introduction of surfactant to the aqueous phase was found to proportionally increase the order parameter of liquid crystal molecules in microdroplets. Infusion of polymer solutions into surfactant-mediated microfluidic liquid crystal dispersions increased the order parameter at much lower surfactant concentrations, while further infusion of surfactant solutions randomized the orientation of liquid crystal molecules. These effects were correlated with the adsorption of surfactant molecules on surfaces of microdroplets, stabilizing the effect of a polymer matrix on bound surfactant ions and the formation of insoluble polymer-colloid aggregates, respectively. The revealed molecular behavior of liquid crystal dispersions may contribute to optimized synthesis of responsive liquid crystal dispersions for in-flow molecular diagnostics of polymers and colloids, and the development of functional laboratory-on-chip prototypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Bezrukov
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Kazan National Research Technological University, 68 Karl Marx Str., Kazan 420015, Russia;
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Mizoue Y, Takahashi R, Sakurai K, Yusa SI. A Thermo-Responsive Polymer Micelle with a Liquid Crystalline Core. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030770. [PMID: 36772069 PMCID: PMC9920352 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An amphiphilic diblock copolymer (PChM-PNIPAM), composed of poly(cholesteryl 6-methacryloyloxy hexanoate) (PChM) and poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) blocks, was prepared via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer radical polymerization. The PChM and PNIPAM blocks exhibited liquid crystalline behavior and a lower critical solution temperature (LCST), respectively. PChM-PNIPAM formed water-soluble polymer micelles in water below the LCST because of hydrophobic interactions of the PChM blocks. The PChM and PNIPAM blocks formed the core and hydrophilic shell of the micelles, respectively. With increasing temperature, the molecular motion of the pendant cholesteryl groups increased, and a liquid crystalline phase transition occurred from an amorphous state in the core. With further increases in temperature, the PNIPAM block in the shell exhibited the LCST and dehydrated. Hydrophobic interactions of the PNIPAM shells resulted in inter-micellar aggregation above the LCST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Mizoue
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji 671-2280, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Rintaro Takahashi
- Department of Energy Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuo Sakurai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Kitakyushu 808-0135, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Yusa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji 671-2280, Hyogo, Japan
- Correspondence:
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5
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Kumari A, Singh H, Dhawan S, Bhardwaj SK, Haridas V, Sinha A. Liquid crystal droplet design by using pseudopeptidic bottlebrush polymer additives. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:7838-7849. [PMID: 36200443 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00953f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal (LC) droplets are promising candidates for sensing applications due to their high sensitivity to surface anchoring changes, resulting in readily detectable optical effects. Herein, we have designed and synthesized amino acid-based bottlebrush polymers and investigated their impact on LC director configurations in the droplets. The pseudopeptidic bottlebrush polymers with an aromatic (phenyl) and aliphatic appendages are synthesized using ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). Polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) samples are prepared by employing pseudopeptidic bottlebrush polymers and 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) LC via solvent-induced phase separation (SIPS) technique. Due to π-π stacking, the phenyl group favours radial configuration, whereas the repulsion between 5CB and aliphatic groups induces molecular alignment leading to bipolar droplet arrangement. The impact of various pendant groups attached to the polymer on the prepared PDLC sample's surface characteristics and free energy components is illustrated. The sensing capability of 5CB dispersed in pseudopeptidic bottlebrush polymers for various pH solutions is investigated using polarizing optical microscopy (POM). The PDLC samples are moderately permeable to water and sensitive to different pH solutions. The results demonstrate a simplified and straightforward approach for preparing LC-based biosensors and chemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Kumari
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Hanuman Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Sameer Dhawan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Surya Kant Bhardwaj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - V Haridas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Aloka Sinha
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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6
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Lishchynskyi O, Shymborska Y, Stetsyshyn Y, Raczkowska J, Skirtach AG, Peretiatko T, Budkowski A. Passive antifouling and active self-disinfecting antiviral surfaces. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2022; 446:137048. [PMID: 35601363 PMCID: PMC9113772 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.137048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Viruses pose a serious threat to human health and society in general, as virus infections are one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality. Till May 2022, over 513 million people around the world have been confirmed to be infected and more than 6.2 million have died due to SARS-CoV-2. Although the COVID-19 pandemic will be defeated in the near future, we are likely to face new viral threats in the coming years. One of the important instruments to protect from viruses are antiviral surfaces, which are essentially capable of limiting their spread. The formulation of the concept of antiviral surfaces is relatively new. In general, five types of mechanism directed against virus spread can be proposed for antiviral surfaces; involving: direct and indirect actions, receptor inactivation, photothermal effect, and antifouling behavior. All antiviral surfaces can be classified into two main types - passive and active. Passive antiviral surfaces are based on superhydrophobic coatings that are able to repel virus contaminated droplets. In turn, viruses can become biologically inert (e.g., blocked or destroyed) upon contact with active antiviral surfaces, as they contain antiviral agents: metal atoms, synthetic or natural polymers, and small molecules. The functionality of antiviral surfaces can be significantly improved with additional properties, such as temperature- or pH-responsivity, multifunctionality, non-specific action on different virus types, long-term application, high antiviral efficiency and self-cleaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ostap Lishchynskyi
- Lviv Polytechnic National University, St. George's Square 2, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yana Shymborska
- Lviv Polytechnic National University, St. George's Square 2, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Yurij Stetsyshyn
- Lviv Polytechnic National University, St. George's Square 2, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Raczkowska
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andre G Skirtach
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Taras Peretiatko
- Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Universytetska 1, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Andrzej Budkowski
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
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7
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Temperature-Responsive Polymer Brush Coatings for Advanced Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194245. [PMID: 36236192 PMCID: PMC9571834 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern biomedical technologies predict the application of materials and devices that not only can comply effectively with specific requirements, but also enable remote control of their functions. One of the most prospective materials for these advanced biomedical applications are materials based on temperature-responsive polymer brush coatings (TRPBCs). In this review, methods for the fabrication and characterization of TRPBCs are summarized, and possibilities for their application, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the TRPBCs, are presented in detail. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms of thermo-responsibility of the TRPBCs. Applications of TRPBCs for temperature-switchable bacteria killing, temperature-controlled protein adsorption, cell culture, and temperature-controlled adhesion/detachment of cells and tissues are considered. The specific criteria required for the desired biomedical applications of TRPBCs are presented and discussed.
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8
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Jaras J, Navaruckiene A, Skliutas E, Jersovaite J, Malinauskas M, Ostrauskaite J. Thermo-Responsive Shape Memory Vanillin-Based Photopolymers for Microtransfer Molding. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122460. [PMID: 35746036 PMCID: PMC9229395 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel thermo-responsive shape-memory vanillin-based photopolymers have been developed for microtransfer molding. Different mixtures of vanillin dimethacrylate with tridecyl methacrylate and 1,3-benzenedithiol have been tested as photocurable resins. The combination of the different reaction mechanisms, thiol-acrylate photopolymerization, and acrylate homopolymerization, that were tuned by changing the ratio of monomers, resulted in a wide range of the thermal and mechanical properties of the photopolymers obtained. All polymers demonstrated great shape-memory properties and were able to return to their primary shape after the temperature programming and maintain their temporary shape. The selected compositions weretested by the microtransfer molding technique and showed promising results. The developed thermo-responsive shape-memory bio-based photopolymers have great potential for forming microtransfered structures and devices applicable on non-flat surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justinas Jaras
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.J.); (A.N.)
| | - Aukse Navaruckiene
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.J.); (A.N.)
| | - Edvinas Skliutas
- Laser Research Center, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Sauletekis Ave. 10, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.S.); (J.J.); (M.M.)
| | - Jurga Jersovaite
- Laser Research Center, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Sauletekis Ave. 10, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.S.); (J.J.); (M.M.)
| | - Mangirdas Malinauskas
- Laser Research Center, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Sauletekis Ave. 10, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.S.); (J.J.); (M.M.)
| | - Jolita Ostrauskaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.J.); (A.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-37-300192
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9
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Wang Z, Servio P, Rey AD. Complex Nanowrinkling in Chiral Liquid Crystal Surfaces: From Shaping Mechanisms to Geometric Statistics. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12091555. [PMID: 35564263 PMCID: PMC9105835 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Surface wrinkling is closely linked to a significant number of surface functionalities such as wetting, structural colour, tribology, frictions, biological growth and more. Given its ubiquity in nature’s surfaces and that most material formation processes are driven by self-assembly and self-organization and many are formed by fibrous composites or analogues of liquid crystals, in this work, we extend our previous theory and modeling work on in silico biomimicking nanowrinkling using chiral liquid crystal surface physics by including higher-order anisotropic surface tension nonlinearities. The modeling is based on a compact liquid crystal shape equation containing anisotropic capillary pressures, whose solution predicts a superposition of uniaxial, equibiaxial and biaxial egg carton surfaces with amplitudes dictated by material anchoring energy parameters and by the symmetry of the liquid crystal orientation field. The numerical solutions are validated by analytical solutions. The blending and interaction of egg carton surfaces create surface reliefs whose amplitudes depend on the highest nonlinearity and whose morphology depends on the anchoring coefficient ratio. Targeting specific wrinkling patterns is realized by selecting trajectories on an appropriate parametric space. Finally, given its importance in surface functionalities and applications, the geometric statistics of the patterns up to the fourth order are characterized and connected to the parametric anchoring energy space. We show how to minimize and/or maximize skewness and kurtosis by specific changes in the surface energy anisotropy. Taken together, this paper presents a theory and simulation platform for the design of nano-wrinkled surfaces with targeted surface roughness metrics generated by internal capillary pressures, of interest in the development of biomimetic multifunctional surfaces.
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10
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Impact of the various buffer solutions on the temperature-responsive properties of POEGMA-grafted brush coatings. Colloid Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-022-04959-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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11
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Abbas A, Zhang C, Asad M, Waqas A, Khatoon A, Hussain S, Mir SH. Recent Developments in Artificial Super-Wettable Surfaces Based on Bioinspired Polymeric Materials for Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:238. [PMID: 35054645 PMCID: PMC8781395 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inspired by nature, significant research efforts have been made to discover the diverse range of biomaterials for various biomedical applications such as drug development, disease diagnosis, biomedical testing, therapy, etc. Polymers as bioinspired materials with extreme wettable properties, such as superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic surfaces, have received considerable interest in the past due to their multiple applications in anti-fogging, anti-icing, self-cleaning, oil-water separation, biosensing, and effective transportation of water. Apart from the numerous technological applications for extreme wetting and self-cleaning products, recently, super-wettable surfaces based on polymeric materials have also emerged as excellent candidates in studying biological processes. In this review, we systematically illustrate the designing and processing of artificial, super-wettable surfaces by using different polymeric materials for a variety of biomedical applications including tissue engineering, drug/gene delivery, molecular recognition, and diagnosis. Special attention has been paid to applications concerning the identification, control, and analysis of exceedingly small molecular amounts and applications permitting high cell and biomaterial cell screening. Current outlook and future prospects are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansar Abbas
- School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (A.A.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (A.A.); (C.Z.)
| | - Muhammad Asad
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
| | - Ahsan Waqas
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China;
| | - Asma Khatoon
- College of Business Administration, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sameer Hussain
- School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (A.A.); (C.Z.)
| | - Sajjad Husain Mir
- School of Chemistry and Advanced Materials & BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Center, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
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12
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Corsaro C, Neri G, Santoro A, Fazio E. Acrylate and Methacrylate Polymers' Applications: Second Life with Inexpensive and Sustainable Recycling Approaches. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 15:282. [PMID: 35009430 PMCID: PMC8746205 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polymers are widely employed in several fields thanks to their wide versatility and the easy derivatization routes. However, a wide range of commercial polymers suffer from limited use on a large scale due to their inert nature. Nowadays, acrylate and methacrylate polymers, which are respectively derivatives of acrylic or methacrylic acid, are among the most proposed materials for their useful characteristics like good biocompatibility, capping ability toward metal clusters, low price, potentially recyclability and reusability. Here, we discuss the advantages and challenges of this class of smart polymers focusing our attention on their current technological applications in medical, electronic, food packaging and environmental remediation fields. Furthermore, we deal with the main issue of their recyclability, considering that the current commercial bioplastics are not yet able to meet the global needs as much as to totally replace fossil-fuel-based products. Finally, the most accredited strategies to reach recyclable composites based on acrylic polymers are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Corsaro
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physics Science and Earth Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Giulia Neri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonio Santoro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Enza Fazio
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physics Science and Earth Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
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13
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Tokareva M, Ohar H, Tokarev S, Stetsyshyn Y. Synthesis, Structure and Properties of the Grafted Peptidomimetic Polymer Brushes Based on Poly(N-methacryloyl-L-proline). CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.23939/chcht15.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A new approach to synthesis at the aminated glass surface of novel biocompatible polymeric nanolayers consisting of poly(N-methacryloyl-L-proline) brushes has been developed. Formation of the polymer nanolayers has been realized in several stages. At the first stage, the glass surface has been modified by aminosilane (APTEC), afterwards monolayer of the peroxide-containing initiator (PI) based on pyromellitic acid has been tethered to this aminated surface. The immobilized PI has been used further for initiation of the grafting "from the surface" polymerization of N-methacryloyl-L-proline for obtaining of the peptidomimetic polymer brushes. Features of the reactions, as well as optimal conditions for performing the process are highlighted in this work. Presented here poly(N-methacryloyl-L-proline) grafted brush coatings are promising material for numerous applications in nanomedicine, especially for production of implants and systems of the controlled interaction with proteins and cells.
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14
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Temperature-responsive and multi-responsive grafted polymer brushes with transitions based on critical solution temperature: synthesis, properties, and applications. Colloid Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-020-04750-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Zheng Y, Zhang C, Wang J, Yang L, Shen C, Han Z, Liu Y. Nonwet Kingfisher Flying in the Rain: The Tumble of Droplets on Moving Oriented Anisotropic Superhydrophobic Substrates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:35707-35715. [PMID: 32640153 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Extensive studies of antiwetting have been restricted to stationary substrates, while dewetting mechanisms on moving interfaces are still poorly understood. Due to the hydrophobic and anisotropic surface characteristics of kingfishers, they are able to easily change flight direction even under high-intensity precipitation. The present study aims to mechanistically analyze how the synergy of interfacial movement, anisotropy, and superhydrophobicity affects rapid dehydration. We have designed a droplet-conveyor system to simulate the bouncing of droplets on moving anisotropic superhydrophobic targets and performed simulations via the lattice Boltzmann algorithm. The moving interface can induce a directional tumbling behavior of the droplet and effectively avoid continuous wetting in the same region. We found that droplet tumbling is essentially caused by transformed depinning velocity vectors at the interface downstream. Also, the hang time of a tumbling droplet is positively related to the angle between the motion vector and the texture. The oriented anisotropic motion facilitates the tumbling of droplets and decreases their hang time by up to 23% as compared to that on a stationary inclined superhydrophobic surface. Similar interfacial process dehydration also occurs on a nonwet kingfisher flying in the rain, and we believe that these findings provide valuable new insights for high-efficiency water repellency of surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Advanced Materials Industry Institute, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Chengchun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Centre for Renewable Energy Systems, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Chun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhiwu Han
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
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16
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Grafted polymer brush coatings for growth of cow granulosa cells and oocyte-cumulus cell complexes. Biointerphases 2020; 15:031006. [PMID: 32443936 DOI: 10.1116/6.0000183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, three types of grafted brush coatings [P4VP, POEGMA246, and P(4VP-co-POEGMA246)] were successfully fabricated using graft polymerization of monomers "from the surface." The composition, thickness, and morphology of the grafted brush coatings were analyzed by TOF-SIMS, ellipsometry, and AFM, respectively. The chemical nature of the polymer surface plays a crucial role in the growth and development of the cow granulosa cells and, therefore, also oocyte-cumulus complexes. In comparison with other coatings, the P(4VP-co-POEGMA246) copolymer coating enables the formation of dispersed and small but numerous cell conglomerates and high cumulus expansion in oocyte-cumulus complexes with highly homogeneous cumulus layers surrounding the oocytes. Moreover, the cellular oxygen uptake for this coating in the presence of NaF (inhibitor glycolysis) was stimulated. This new (4VP-co-POEGMA246) copolymer nanostructured coating is a promising material for granulosa cell and oocyte-cumulus complex cultivation and possibly will have great potential for applications in veterinary and reproductive medicine.
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17
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Kalay S, Stetsyshyn Y, Donchak V, Harhay K, Lishchynskyi O, Ohar H, Panchenko Y, Voronov S, Çulha M. pH-Controlled fluorescence switching in water-dispersed polymer brushes grafted to modified boron nitride nanotubes for cellular imaging. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 10:2428-2439. [PMID: 31921521 PMCID: PMC6941444 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.10.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
pH-Switchable, fluorescent, hybrid, water-dispersible nanomaterials based on boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) and grafted copolymer brushes (poly(acrylic acid-co-fluorescein acrylate) - P(AA-co-FA)) were successfully fabricated in a two-step process. The functionalization of BNNTs was confirmed by spectroscopic, gravimetric and imaging techniques. In contrast to "pure" BNNTs, P(AA-co-FA)-functionalized BNNTs demonstrate intense green fluorescence emission at 520 nm. Under neutral or alkaline pH values, P(AA-co-FA)-functionalized BNNTs are highly emissive in contrast to acidic pH conditions where the fluorescent intensity is absent or low. No increase in the absorption was observed when the suspension pH was increased from 7 to 10. The functionalized BNNTs are easily taken up by human normal prostate epithelium (PNT1A) and human prostate cancer cell lines (DU145) and are suitable for further evaluation in cellular imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saban Kalay
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Atasehir, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yurij Stetsyshyn
- Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12 S. Bandery, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Donchak
- Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12 S. Bandery, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Khrystyna Harhay
- Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12 S. Bandery, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Ostap Lishchynskyi
- Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12 S. Bandery, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Halyna Ohar
- Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12 S. Bandery, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Yuriy Panchenko
- Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12 S. Bandery, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Stanislav Voronov
- Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12 S. Bandery, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Mustafa Çulha
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Atasehir, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey
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18
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Blaber S, Abukhdeir NM, Matsen MW. Spontaneous Tilting Transition in Liquid-Crystalline Polymer Brushes. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Blaber
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - N. M. Abukhdeir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - M. W. Matsen
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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19
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Awsiuk K, Stetsyshyn Y, Raczkowska J, Lishchynskyi O, Dąbczyński P, Kostruba A, Ohar H, Shymborska Y, Nastyshyn S, Budkowski A. Temperature-Controlled Orientation of Proteins on Temperature-Responsive Grafted Polymer Brushes: Poly(butyl methacrylate) vs Poly(butyl acrylate): Morphology, Wetting, and Protein Adsorption. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:2185-2197. [PMID: 31017770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Poly( n-butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) or poly( n-butyl acrylate) (PBA)-grafted brush coatings attached to glass were successfully prepared using atom-transfer radical polymerization "from the surface". The thicknesses and composition of the PBMA and PBA coatings were examined using ellipsometry and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), respectively. For PBMA, the glass-transition temperature constitutes a range close to the physiological limit, which is in contrast to PBA, where the glass-transition temperature is around -55 °C. Atomic force microscopy studies at different temperatures suggest a strong morphological transformation for PBMA coatings, in contrast to PBA, where such essential changes in the surface morphology are absent. Besides, for PBMA coatings, protein adsorption depicts a strong temperature dependence. The combination of bovine serum albumin and anti-IgG structure analysis with the principal component analysis of ToF-SIMS spectra revealed a different orientation of proteins adsorbed to PBMA coatings at different temperatures. In addition, the biological activity of anti-IgG molecules adsorbed at different temperatures was evaluated through tracing the specific binding with goat IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Awsiuk
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics , Jagiellonian University , Łojasiewicza 11 , 30-348 Kraków , Poland
| | - Yurij Stetsyshyn
- Lviv Polytechnic National University , St. George's Square 2 , 79013 Lviv , Ukraine
| | - Joanna Raczkowska
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics , Jagiellonian University , Łojasiewicza 11 , 30-348 Kraków , Poland
| | - Ostap Lishchynskyi
- Lviv Polytechnic National University , St. George's Square 2 , 79013 Lviv , Ukraine
| | - Paweł Dąbczyński
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics , Jagiellonian University , Łojasiewicza 11 , 30-348 Kraków , Poland
| | - Andrij Kostruba
- Stepan Gzhytskyi National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies , Pekarska 50 , 79000 Lviv , Ukraine
| | - Halyna Ohar
- Lviv Polytechnic National University , St. George's Square 2 , 79013 Lviv , Ukraine
| | - Yana Shymborska
- Lviv Polytechnic National University , St. George's Square 2 , 79013 Lviv , Ukraine
| | - Svyatoslav Nastyshyn
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics , Jagiellonian University , Łojasiewicza 11 , 30-348 Kraków , Poland
| | - Andrzej Budkowski
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics , Jagiellonian University , Łojasiewicza 11 , 30-348 Kraków , Poland
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20
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Kostruba A, Stetsyshyn Y, Mayevska S, Yakovlev M, Vankevych P, Nastishin Y, Kravets V. Composition, thickness and properties of grafted copolymer brush coatings determined by ellipsometry: calculation and prediction. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:1016-1025. [PMID: 29327760 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm02285a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The composition, thickness and properties of poly(4-vinylpyridine-co-oligo(ethylene glycol)ethyl ether methacrylate246) [P(4VP-co-OEGMA246)] copolymer grafted brush coatings attached to glass were studied in the dry and swollen states using ellipsometry. These measured data are in good agreement with predicted (estimated) changes in the amount of water, refractive index and thickness of the grafted copolymer brush coatings on swelling. For POEGMA brushes the thickness of the coatings on swelling at 20 °C can be more than double, in contrast to P4VP where those changes are insignificant. The presence of 4VP units in the structure of the P(4VP-co-OEGMA246) copolymer grafted brushes significantly decreases the hydration degree even for coatings with very low concentrations of 4VP units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Kostruba
- Lviv University of Trade and Economics, Samtshuk 9, 79011 Lviv, Ukraine.
| | - Yurij Stetsyshyn
- Lviv Polytechnic National University, S. Bandery 12, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine.
| | - Sofija Mayevska
- Lviv State University of Physical Culture, Kostiushko 11, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Maksym Yakovlev
- Hetman Petro Sahaidachny National Army Academy, Heroes of Maidan 32, 79012 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Petro Vankevych
- Hetman Petro Sahaidachny National Army Academy, Heroes of Maidan 32, 79012 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Yuriy Nastishin
- Hetman Petro Sahaidachny National Army Academy, Heroes of Maidan 32, 79012 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Vasyl Kravets
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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21
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Stetsyshyn Y, Raczkowska J, Lishchynskyi O, Awsiuk K, Zemla J, Dąbczyński P, Kostruba A, Harhay K, Ohar H, Orzechowska B, Panchenko Y, Vankevych P, Budkowski A. Glass transition in temperature-responsive poly(butyl methacrylate) grafted polymer brushes. Impact of thickness and temperature on wetting, morphology, and cell growth. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:1613-1621. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb00088c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PBMA as temperature-responsive and biocompatible coating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Raczkowska
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-348 Kraków
- Poland
| | | | - Kamil Awsiuk
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-348 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Joanna Zemla
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences
- 31-342 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Pawel Dąbczyński
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-348 Kraków
- Poland
| | | | | | - Halyna Ohar
- Lviv Polytechnic National University
- 79013 Lviv
- Ukraine
| | | | | | - Petro Vankevych
- Hetman Petro Sahaidachny National Army Academy
- 79012 Lviv
- Ukraine
| | - Andrzej Budkowski
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-348 Kraków
- Poland
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22
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Stetsyshyn Y, Raczkowska J, Lishchynskyi O, Bernasik A, Kostruba A, Harhay K, Ohar H, Marzec MM, Budkowski A. Temperature-Controlled Three-Stage Switching of Wetting, Morphology, and Protein Adsorption. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:12035-12045. [PMID: 28291326 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The novel polymeric coatings of oligoperoxide-graft-poly(4-vinylpyridine-co-oligo(ethylene glycol)ethyl ether methacrylate246) [oligoperoxide-graft-P(4VP-co-OEGMA246)] attached to glass were successfully fabricated. The composition, thickness, morphology, and wettability of resulting coatings were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy, and contact angle measurements, respectively. In addition, adsorption of the bovine serum albumin was examined with fluorescence microscopy. The thermal response of wettability and morphology of the coatings followed by that of protein adsorption revealed two distinct transitions at 10 and 23 °C. For the first time, three stage switching was observed not only for surface wetting but also for morphology and protein adsorption. Moreover, the influence of the pH on thermo-sensitivity of modified surfaces was shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurij Stetsyshyn
- Lviv Polytechnic National University , S. Bandery 12, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Joanna Raczkowska
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University , Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ostap Lishchynskyi
- Lviv Polytechnic National University , S. Bandery 12, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Andrzej Bernasik
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology , Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-049 Kraków, Poland
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology , Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Khrystyna Harhay
- Lviv Polytechnic National University , S. Bandery 12, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Halyna Ohar
- Lviv Polytechnic National University , S. Bandery 12, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Mateusz M Marzec
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology , Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Budkowski
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University , Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
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