Discovery and Insights into Organized Spontaneous Emulsification via Interfacial Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Bottlebrush Block Copolymers

One-Step Multiple Emulsions Driven by Interfacial Neutralization Reaction

The multicomponent structure and the large area of oil-water interfaces make multiple emulsions promising for use in cosmetic manufacturing, food industries, and agricultural production. However, the high energy input and extensive use of emulsifiers in the process of multiple emulsion preparation severely limit their application. In this work, we propose a simple but highly efficient emulsification strategy to realize one-step multiple emulsions. To this end, the interfacial acid-base neutralization reaction by oleic acid and ammonia is employed as the driving force to construct a spontaneous emulsifying system, thus realizing emulsion formation in a low-energy manner. Moreover, the products generated by the interfacial neutralization reaction can act as emulsifiers to stabilize both the O/W and W/O interfaces and construct multiple emulsions with an O/W/O structure. Compared to conventional methods of multiple emulsion formation, the one-step multiple emulsion method driven by an interfacial neutralization reaction can significantly reduce the energy consumption and the emulsifier dosage during the emulsifying process, thus avoiding the probable environmental problems caused by the residual emulsifiers. This study not only provides a new idea for the preparation of multiple emulsions but also effectively promotes the development of low-surfactant emulsification methods.

Synthesis of Photosensitive Bottlebrush Block Copolymers for Tunable Photonic Pigments via Light-Driven Engineering of Chain Conformation

Structurally colored bottlebrush block copolymers (BBCPs) offer a safer and more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional toxic pigments. For practical applications, precise control of their photonic bandgap is essential to generate various colors. A novel amphiphilic BBCPs designed with photosensitive o-nitrobenzyl ester (NE) groups strategically positioned near the main chain of the hydrophilic block is presented. Under UV radiation, these NE groups convert to acid groups, enhancing the hydrophilicity of the hydrophilic block. This leads to increased hydration and chain extension when assembled at the water-in-oil (W/O) interface of a water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion system. The light-driven engineering of BBCP conformation enables significant control over interfacial curvature, resulting in varied internal droplet diameters and domain spacing in the final photonic pigment particles after solvent removal. Despite the inherent rigidity of BBCPs, approach achieves photonic bandgap tuning across the entire visible spectrum using only three different BBCPs. These structural colored pigments show promise for applications in sensing systems, cosmetics, and inks.

Bio-Based Multicompartment Photonic Pigments: Unlocking Non-Iridescent Pure RGB Structural Colors for Versatile Chromatic Engineering

Non-iridescent photonic glass pigments of block copolymers show great potential for sustainable structural coloration. However, the ability to create accurate RGB color mixtures for real-world applications is limited by the prevalent use of non-degradable, fossil oil-derived components and the difficulty in achieving pure red hues. This work presents an alternative strategy for achieving more sustainable structural coloration by fabricating composite photonic pigments through controlled self-assembly of water, vegetable oil, and biodegradable bottlebrush block copolymers (BBCPs) in a complex emulsion system. The obtained photonic balls feature unprecedented multicompartment structures characterized by a short-range ordered assembly of water nanodroplets stabilized by the BBCPs, along with oil droplets stabilized by these nanodroplets, which substantially enhances resistance to Ostwald ripening. Furthermore, a new structural model is introduced to eliminate disordered scattering, successfully creating a pure red structural color and overcoming a long-standing limitation in versatile chromatic engineering.

Scalable and Precise Synthesis of Structurally Colored Bottlebrush Block Copolymers: Enabling Refined Color Calibration for Sustainable Photonic Pigments

Self-assembled bottlebrush block copolymers (BBCPs) offer a vibrant, eco-friendly alternative to traditional toxic pigments and dyes, providing vivid structural colors with significantly reduced environmental impact. Scaling up the synthesis of these polymers for practical applications has been challenging with conventional batch methods, which suffer from slow mass and heat transfer, inadequate mixing, and issues with reproducibility. Precise control over molecular weight and dispersity remains a significant challenge for achieving finely tuned color appearances. Here, we present an alternative strategy to overcome the challenges by integrating a rapid continuous flow technique with an in-line self-assembly procedure. This strategy enables the rapid, stable and large-scale synthesis of narrow-dispersed BBCPs, exceeding 2 kg/day, a significant improvement over conventional gram-scale methods. Furthermore, precise control over the degree of polymerization is achieved with an unprecedented interval accuracy of four repeat units. This level of precision enables refined color calibration in the resulting photonic pigments, effectively eliminating the need for labor-intensive and costly multiple batch syntheses.

Recent Progress in Block Copolymer Self-Assembly for the Fabrication of Structural Color Pigments

The self-assembly of block copolymers (BCPs) into photonic materials has garnered increasing interest due to the versatility and ease of fabrication offered by the synthesized building blocks. BCPs are highly tunable, with their self-assembled structures' size being adjustable by modifying the block lengths, molecular weight(Mw), and polymer composition. This review provides a concise summary of the use of BCPs as photonic pigments, which generate color through structural manipulation rather than relying on chemical pigmentation. These photonic crystal pigments manipulate light behavior, including interference, diffraction, and diffusion, to generate specific colors. BCPs are categorized into two types: linear block copolymers (LBCPs) and brush block copolymers (BBCPs), each involving different monomers that form photonic crystals(PCs). The structural evolution and advancements of BCPs in various practical applications are also explored. It concludes by suggesting that structural color(SC) pigments based on eco-friendly PCs may replace traditional chemical ones in fields such as printing ink, biosensing, chemical sensing, and adaptive photonic materials.

Opportunities in Bottlebrush Block Copolymers for Advanced Materials

Bottlebrush block copolymers (BBCPs) are a unique class of materials that contain a backbone with densely grafted and chemically distinct polymeric side chains. The nonlinear architecture of BBCPs provides numerous degrees of freedom in their preparation, including control over key parameters such as grafting density, side chain length, block arrangement, and overall molecular weight. This uniquely branched structure provides BBCPs with several important distinctions from their linear counterparts, including sterically induced side chain and backbone conformations, rapid and large self-assembled nanostructures, and reduced or eliminated entanglement effects (assuming sufficient grafting density and that the molecular weight of the side chains is below their respective entanglement molecular weight). These distinctions allow access to large domain sizes, very rapid assembly, and the ability to preferentially add additives and/or precursors to one domain, thereby enabling the efficient fabrication of a wide range of advanced materials and devices. BBCPs have been utilized to create finely controlled and well-ordered nanostructures for use in applications, such as photonic crystals, drug delivery systems, energy conversion, energy storage devices, and key components in surface coatings. To further deploy BBCPs as templates for the formation of precise nanostructures, having a thorough understanding of their synthesis, self-assembly, and templating is necessary. To explore and understand the self-assembly and subsequent applications of BBCPs, this review emphasizes the physics of self-assembly for BBCPs (including architectural, rheological, and thermodynamic considerations) and structure-property relationships between BBCPs and their resulting nanostructures. Lastly, we provide an overview of current research trends using BBCPs in energy storage, energy conversion, photonic, 3D printing, and drug delivery applications. We aim to provide researchers with the fundamentals of BBCP self-assembly in their use as nanostructured materials to continue their development of advanced materials.

Biomimetic Colored Coating toward Robust Display under Hostile Conditions

Structural colors particularly of the angle-independent category stemming from wavelength-dependent light scattering have aroused increasing interest due to their considerable applications spanning displays and sensors to detection. Nevertheless, these colors would be heavily altered and even disappear during practical applications, which is related with the variation of refractive index mismatch by liquid wetting/infiltrating. Inspired by bird feathers, we propose a simple deposition toward the coating with angle-independent structural color and superamphiphobicity. The coating is composed of ∼200 nm-sized channel-type structures between hollow silica and air nanostructures, exhibiting a robust sapphire blue color independent of intense liquid intrusion, which duplicates the characteristics of the back feather of Eastern Bluebird. A high color saturation and superamphiphobicity of the biomimetic coating are optimized by manipulating the coating parameters or adding black substances. Excellent durability under harsh conditions endows the coating with long-term service life in various extreme environments.

Host-Guest Interaction Mediated Interfacial Co-Assembly of Cyclodextrin and Bottlebrush Surfactants for Precisely Tunable Photonic Supraballs

Investigations of host-guest interactions at water-oil (w/o) interfaces are limited in single emulsion systems producing simple self-assembled objects with limited uses. Here, within hierarchically ordered water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) multiple emulsion droplets, interfacial self-assembly of (polynorbornene-graft-polystyrene)-block-(polynorbornene-graft-polyethylene glycol) (PNPS-b-PNPEG) bottlebrush block copolymers can be precisely controlled through host-guest interactions. α-Cyclodextrin (α-CD) in the aqueous phase can thread onto PEG side chains of the bottlebrush surfactants adsorbed at the w/o interface, leading to dehydration and collapsed chain conformation of the PEG block. Consequently, spherical curvature of the w/o internal droplets increases with the increased asymmetry of the bottlebrush molecules, producing photonic supraballs with precisely tailored structural parameters as well as photonic bandgaps. This work provides a simple but highly effective strategy for precise manipulation of complex emulsion systems applicable in a variety of applications, such as photonic pigments, cosmetic products, pesticides, artificial cells, etc.

Photonic Pigments of Polystyrene-block-Polyvinylpyrrolidone Bottlebrush Block Copolymers via Sustainable Organized Spontaneous Emulsification

Prior studies on photonic pigments of amphiphilic bottlebrush block copolymers (BBCPs) through an organized spontaneous emulsification (OSE) mechanism have been limited to using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the hydrophilic side chains and toluene as the organic phase. Herein, a family of polystyrene-block-polyvinylpyrrolidone (PS-b-PVP) BBCPs are synthesized with PVP as the hydrophilic block. Biocompatible and sustainable anisole is employed for dissolving the obtained BBCPs followed by emulsification of the solutions in water. Subsequent evaporation of oil-in-water emulsion droplets triggers the OSE mechanism, producing thermodynamically stable water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) multiple emulsions with uniform and closely packed internal droplet arrays through the assembly of the BBCPs at the w/o interface. Upon solidification, the homogeneous porous structures are formed within the photonic microparticles that exhibit visible structural colors. The pore diameter is widely tunable (150∼314 nm) by changing the degree of polymerization of BBCP (69∼110), resulting in tunable colors across the whole visible spectrum. This work demonstrates useful knowledge that OSE can be generally used in the fabrication of ordered porous materials with tunable internal functional groups, not only for photonic applications, but also offers a potential platform for catalysis, sensing, separation, encapsulation, etc.

Bottlebrush Block Copolymers at the Interface of Immiscible Liquids: Adsorption and Lateral Packing

Amphiphilic bottlebrush block copolymers (BBCPs), having a hydrophilic bottlebrush polymer (BP) linked covalently to a hydrophobic BP, were found to segregate to liquid-liquid interfaces to minimize the free energy of the system. The key parameter influencing the outcome of the experiments is the ratio between the degree of polymerization of the backbone (NBB) and that of the side-chain brushes (NSC). Specifically, a spherical, star-like configuration results when NBB < NSC, while a cylindrical, bottlebrush-like shape is preferred when NBB > NSC. Dynamic interfacial tension (γ) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) measurements show that the BBCP configuration influences the areal density and in-plane diffusion at the fluid interface. The characteristic relaxation times associated with BBCP adsorption (τA) and reorganization (τR) were determined by fitting time-dependent interfacial tension measurements to a sum of two exponential relaxation functions. Both τA and τR initially increased with NBB up to 92 repeat units, due to the larger hydrodynamic radius in solution and slower in-plane diffusivity, attributed to a shorter cross-sectional diameter of the side-chains near the block junction. This trend reversed at NBB = 190, with shorter τA and τR attributed to increased segregation strength and exposure of the bare water/toluene interface due to tilting and/or wiggling of the backbone chains, respectively. The adsorption energy barrier decreased with higher NBB, due to a reduced BBCP packing density at the fluid interface. This study provides fundamental insights into macromolecular assembly at fluid interfaces, as it pertains to unique bottlebrush block architectures.

Poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide)-endowed spontaneous emulsification during the breath figure process and the formation of membranes with hierarchical pores

The spontaneous emulsification for the formation of water-in-oil (W/O) or oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions needs the help of at least one kind of the third component (surfactant or cosolvent) to stabilize the oil-water interface. Herein, with the water/CS2-soluble polymer poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide) (PDEAM) as a surfactant, the spontaneous formation of water-in-PDEAM/CS2 emulsions is reported for the first time. The strong affinity between PDEAM and water or the increase of PDEAM concentration will accelerate the emulsification process with high dispersed phase content. It is demonstrated that the spontaneous emulsification of condensed water droplets into the PDEAM/CS2 solution occurs during the breath figure process, resulting in porous films with two levels of pore sizes (i.e., micron and submicron). The emulsification degree and the amounts of submicron-sized pores increase with PDEAM concentration and solidifying time of the solution. This work brings about incremental interest in spontaneous emulsification that may happen during the breath figure process. The combination of these two simultaneous processes provides us with an option to build hierarchically porous structures with condensed and emulsified water droplets as templates. Such porous membranes may have great potential in fields such as separation, cell culture, and biosensing.

Dynamic Photonic Janus Colloids with Axially Stacked Structural Layers

Diblock copolymer (dBCP) particles capable of dynamic shape and color changes have gained significant attention due to their versatility in programmable shapes and intricate nanostructures. However, their application in photonic systems remains limited due to challenges in achieving a sufficient number of defect-free photonic layers over a tens-of-micrometer scale. In this study, we present a pioneering demonstration of photonic dBCP particles featuring over 300 axially stacked photonic layers with responsive color- and shape-transforming capabilities. Our approach leverages the complex interplay between the macrophase separation of multiple incompatible components and the microphase separation of dBCP from solvent-evaporative microemulsions. Specifically, continuous phase separation of silicone oil from polystyrene-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P2VP), triggered by solvent evaporation, promotes the anisotropic growth of PS-b-P2VP layers. This results in the formation of Janus colloids, where an oil droplet merges with a nanostructured polymer cone and lamellar structures align along the long axis of the cone. We highlight the capability to precisely adjust the particle morphology and the corresponding orientation, dispersion, and structural color window by modulating both the molecular weight of PS-b-P2VP and the volume ratio between PS-b-P2VP and silicone oil. Furthermore, reversible swelling/deswelling of photonic colloids is visualized and correlated with their structural colors. Finally, we demonstrate the potential of this study by presenting a multicolor-patterned array of photonic colloids, highlighting the possibilities for applications in smart photonic ink and devices.

Amphiphilic Heterografted Molecular Bottlebrushes with Tertiary Amine-Containing Side Chains as Efficient and Robust pH-Responsive Emulsifiers

By combining the unique characteristics of molecular bottlebrushes (MBBs) and the properties of stimuli-responsive polymers, we show that MBBs with randomly grafted poly(n-butyl acrylate) and pH-responsive poly(2-(N,N-diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDEAEMA) side chains are efficient and robust pH-responsive emulsifiers. Water-in-toluene emulsions were formed at pH 4.0 and disrupted by increasing the pH to 10.0. The emulsion generation and disruption was reversible over the ten cycles investigated, and the bottlebrushes remained intact. The exceptional emulsion stability stemmed from the high interfacial binding energy of MBBs, imparted by their large molecular size and Janus architecture at the interface, as evidenced by the interfacial jamming and wrinkling of the assemblies upon reducing the interfacial area. At pH 10.0, PDEAEMA became water-insoluble, and the MBBs desorbed from the interface, causing de-emulsification. Consequently, we have shown that the judicious design of MBBs can generate properties of particle emulsifiers from their large size, while the responsiveness of the MBBs enables more potential applications.

Self-Assembly and In Situ Quaternization of Triblock Bottlebrush Block Copolymers via Organized Spontaneous Emulsification for Effective Loading of DNA

Microspheres bearing large pores are useful in the capture and separation of biomolecules. However, pore size is typically poorly controlled, leading to disordered porous structures with limited performances. Herein, ordered porous spheres with a layer of cations on the internal surface of the nanopores are facilely fabricated in a single step for effective loading of DNA bearing negative charges. Triblock bottlebrush copolymers (BBCPs), (polynorbornene-g-polystyrene)-b-(polynorbornene-g-polyethylene oxide)-b-(polynorbornene-g-bromoethane) (PNPS-b-PNPEO-b-PNBr), are designed and synthesized for fabrication of the positively charged porous spheres through self-assembly and in situ quaternization during an organized spontaneous emulsification (OSE) process. Pore diameter as well as charge density increase with the increase of PNBr content, resulting in a significant increase of loading density from 4.79 to 22.5 ng µg-1 within the spheres. This work provides a general strategy for efficient loading and encapsulation of DNA, which may be extended to a variety of different areas for different real applications.

3D printing of non-iridescent structural color inks for optical anti-counterfeiting

In this work, structural color inks with practical significance in anti-counterfeiting applications have been successfully manufactured by facilely mixing SiO2@PDA@PHEMA hybrid colloidal particles with the mediated molecules of HEMA. The appropriate rheological properties of these photonic inks provide high viscosity and self-supporting performance, ensuring sufficient interaction between particles to form short-range ordered arrays during the mixing and shearing process and thus generating non-iridescent colors. The strong and broad uniform light absorption capabilities of polydopamine (PDA) not only suppress the incoherent multiple scattering of the photonic inks, but also impart surprising optical anti-counterfeiting properties, i.e. black color under ambient illumination and dazzling reflective coloration under strong illumination. With the 3D printing technique, complicated angle-independent patterns with visualization and high fidelity are expected to be fabricated with the as-prepared photonic inks for real-life applications in smart anti-counterfeiting labels, thus encoding encrypted information and selective color rendering accessories.

Confined Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers within Emulsion Droplets: A Perspective

When the self-assembly of block copolymers (BCPs) occurs within organic emulsion droplets in the aqueous phase, the strong structural frustration of BCP chains causes the formation of a series of well-regulated BCP particles that cannot be obtained from the self-assembly of BCPs in the bulk state or solution. In this Perspective, we review the recent progress of the self-assembly of BCPs confined in emulsion droplets. The governing factors of the structure and morphology of the as-prepared BCP particles are summarized. In addition, the applications of the as-prepared BCP particles in photonic crystals and drug release are discussed. Finally, we also give a forward-looking perspective on future challenges in this field.

Deconvoluting the Optical Response of Biocompatible Photonic Pigments

To unlock the widespread use of block copolymers as photonic pigments, there is an urgent need to consider their environmental impact (cf. microplastic pollution). Here we show how an inverse photonic glass architecture can enable the use of biocompatible bottlebrush block copolymers (BBCPs), which otherwise lack the refractive index contrast needed for a strong photonic response. A library of photonic pigments is produced from poly(norbornene-graft-polycaprolactone)-block-poly(norbornene-graft-polyethylene glycol), with the color tuned via either the BBCP molecular weight or the processing temperature upon microparticle fabrication. The structure-optic relationship between the 3D porous morphology of the microparticles and their complex optical response is revealed by both an analytical scattering model and 3D finite-difference time domain (FDTD) simulations. Combined, this allows for strategies to enhance the color purity to be proposed and realized with our biocompatible BBCP system.

Deconvoluting the Optical Response of Biocompatible Photonic Pigments

To unlock the widespread use of block copolymers as photonic pigments, there is an urgent need to consider their environmental impact (cf. microplastic pollution). Here we show how an inverse photonic glass architecture can enable the use of biocompatible bottlebrush block copolymers (BBCPs), which otherwise lack the refractive index contrast needed for a strong photonic response. A library of photonic pigments is produced from poly(norbornene-graft-polycaprolactone)-block-poly(norbornene-graft-polyethylene glycol), with the color tuned via either the BBCP molecular weight or the processing temperature upon microparticle fabrication. The structure-optic relationship between the 3D porous morphology of the microparticles and their complex optical response is revealed by both an analytical scattering model and 3D finite-difference time domain (FDTD) simulations. Combined, this allows for strategies to enhance the color purity to be proposed and realized with our biocompatible BBCP system.

Crystalline lamellar films with honeycomb structure from comb-like polymers of poly(2-long-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s

Comb-like copolymers are usually structured by grafting polymeric side chains onto main polymer chain. There are few reports of comb-on-comb polymers in which dense secondary side chains are grafted onto primary side chain. In this work, we synthesized comb polymers with grafted-on-graft side chains (c-PEI-g-Acyl) via an effective acylation reaction of comb polymers possessing polyethyleneimine (PEI) side chain with long-alkyl acyl chlorides. For comparison, we also synthesized homopolymers l-PEI-g-Acyls via reaction of linear PEI with long-alkyl acyl chlorides. Then, we investigated their crystalline feature in the film formation by XRD, DSC and SEM, and found that the polymers tend to form hexagonal lamella structures with bilayer alkyl spacing. The comb polymers c-PEI-g-Acyls and linear polymers l-PEI-g-Acyls were used in preparation of honeycomb film by the "breath-figure" process by dropping chloroform solution of the polymers on substrate. Different to many honeycomb polymeric films which are supported by amorphous phase, interestingly, our polymers easily afford honeycomb films which are supported by crystalline lamellae frames under higher humidity condition. It was found that the comb polymers of c-PEI-g-Acyls with longer PEI primary side chain and long alkyl secondary side chain have advantages in producing honeycomb film than linear polymers of l-PEI-g-Acys.

Interfacial Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Core-Shell Bottlebrush Block Copolymers Toward Responsive Photonic Balls Bearing Ionic Channels

Photonic balls can be facilely obtained through interfacial self-assembly of amphiphilic bottlebrush block polymers (BBCPs) within a water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) multiple emulsion system, and polystyrene (PS) has been employed as the skeleton of the balls showing no responsive properties. Here, we demonstrate the design and synthesis of core-shell BBCPs with a poly(tert-butyl acrylate)-block-polystyrene (PtBA-b-PS) block copolymer as the hydrophobic side chains and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as the hydrophilic block. Interfacial self-assembly of the core-shell BBCPs within shrinking droplets produces porous microspheres with full-spectrum structural colors through an organized spontaneous emulsification (OSE) process. The PtBA core wrapped by PS in the skeleton of the balls can be converted into polyacrylic acid (PAA) forming an ionic channel responsive to pH variations. Consequently, the hydrolyzed photonic balls show different colors under different pH conditions dependent on varied degrees of ionization and hydration of the PAA channel. Reflected colors can be verified using an optical spectrometer, providing an effective strategy for precise pH indication. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

A 3D Hierarchical Host with Enhanced Sodiophilicity Enabling Anode-Free Sodium-Metal Batteries

Sodium-metal batteries (SMBs) are considered as a compliment to lithium-metal batteries for next-generation high-energy batteries because of their low cost and the abundance of sodium (Na). Herein, a 3D nanostructured porous carbon particle containing carbon-shell-coated Fe nanoparticles (PC-CFe) is employed as a highly reversible Na-metal host. PC-CFe has a unique 3D hierarchy based on sub-micrometer-sized carbon particles, ordered open channels, and evenly distributed carbon-coated Fe nanoparticles (CFe) on the surface. PC-CFe achieves high reversibility of Na plating/stripping processes over 500 cycles with a Coulombic efficiency of 99.6% at 10 mA cm^-2 with 10 mAh cm^-2 in Na//Cu asymmetric cells, as well as over 14 400 cycles at 60 mA cm^-2 in Na//Na symmetric cells. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the superior cycling performance of PC-CFe stems from the stronger adsorption of Na on the surface of the CFe, providing initial nucleation sites more favorable to Na deposition. Moreover, the full cell with a PC-CFe host without Na metal and a high-loading Na₃ V₂ (PO₄ )₃ cathode (10 mg cm^-2 ) maintains a high capacity of 103 mAh g^-1 at 1 mA cm^-2 even after 100 cycles, demonstrating the operation of anode-free SMBs.

Multifunctional Photonic Janus Particles

Photonic Janus particles with a sphere fused to a cone are created from the phase separation of dendronized brush block copolymers (den-BBCP) and poly(4-vinylpyridine)-r-polystyrene (P4VP-r-PS) during the solvent evaporation of oil-in-water emulsions. Rapid self-assembly of den-BBCP generates well-ordered lamellar structures stacking along the long axis of the particles, producing structural colors that are dependent on the incident light angle. The colors are tunable over the visible spectrum by varying the molecular weight of den-BBCP. The P4VP-r-PS phase can undergo further surface modifications to produce multifunctional photonic Janus particles. Specifically, real-time magnetic control of the reflected color is achieved by coating the P4VP-r-PS phase with citric acid-capped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. Charged biomolecules (i.e., antibodies) are electrostatically immobilized to the Fe₃O₄ coating for potential applications in biosensing. As a demonstration, a new photonic sensor for the foodborne pathogen Salmonella is developed with antibody-modified photonic Janus particles, where the angle-dependent structural color plays a key role in the sensing mechanism.

Radical–radical coupling effects in the direct-growth grafting-through synthesis of bottlebrush polymers using RAFT and ROMP

The direct-growth technique was used to synthesize macromonomers from four classes of vinyl monomers, and the influence of monomer type and conversion on coupling reactions was followed in grafting-through ring-opening metathesis polymerization.

From macromonomers to bottlebrush copolymers with sequence control: synthesis, properties, and applications

Bottlebrush polymers (BBPs) are a type of comb-like macromolecules with densely grafted polymeric sidechains attached to the polymer backbones, and many intriguing properties and applications have been demonstrated due to...

Janus Photonic Microspheres with Bridged Lamellar Structures via Droplet-Confined Block Copolymer Co-Assembly

Artificial self-assembly systems typically exhibit limited capability in creating nature-inspired complex materials with advanced functionalities. Here, an effective co-assembly strategy is demonstrated for the facile creation of complex photonic structures with intriguing light reflections. Two different lipophilic and amphiphilic bottlebrush block copolymers (BCPs) are placed within shrinking droplets to enable a cooperative working mechanism of microphase segregation and organized spontaneous emulsification, respectively. Layer assemblies of the lipophilic BCP and uniform water nanodroplets stabilized by the bottlebrush surfactant are both generated, and co-assembled into a bridged lamellar structure with the alternating arrangement of layers and closely packed nanodroplet arrays. Janus microspheres with diverse dual optical characteristics are successfully fabricated, and reflected wavelengths of light are highly tunable simply by changing the formulation or molecular weight of BCP.

Supersoft Elastic Bottlebrush Microspheres with Stimuli-Responsive Color-Changing Properties in Brine

Solvent-free supersoft elastomer is highly desirable for building photonic structures with significant stimuli-responsive color changes. We report supersoft elastic porous microspheres with vivid structural colors obtained via self-assembly of amphiphilic bottlebrush block copolymers at the water/oil interface templated by ordered water-in-oil-in-water double emulsions. The porous structure is composed of cross-linked bottlebrush polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the supersoft elastic skeleton and bottlebrush poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as the internal responsive layer. The obtained microspheres show large reversible volume changes through well-controlled dehydration or hydration of PEO in response to salt ions in an aqueous environment. As a result, full-spectrum colors are obtained dependent on different salt concentrations. In-situ observation of color reflection of a microsphere indicates a gradual structural transition from the outside to the inside corresponding to migration of water molecules and salt ions. Moreover, rod-like bottlebrush PEO exhibits an anion-induced salting-out behavior different from that of random coil polymers. The significantly responsive behaviors of bottlebrush block copolymer (BBCP) assemblies in the presence of salt ions primarily rely on the supersoft elastic skeleton of the porous structure, providing a facile route to the creation of stimuli-responsive photonic materials by low-cost self-assembly methods.