1
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Coote J, Adotey SKJ, Sangoro JR, Stein GE. Interfacial Effects in Conductivity Measurements of Block Copolymer Electrolytes. ACS POLYMERS AU 2023; 3:331-343. [PMID: 37576709 PMCID: PMC10416321 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The ionic conductivity in lamellar block copolymer electrolytes is often anisotropic, where the in-plane conductivity exceeds the through-plane conductivity by up to an order of magnitude. In a prior work, we showed significant anisotropy in the ionic conductivity of a lamellar block copolymer based on polystyrene (PS) and a polymer ionic liquid (PIL), and we proposed that the through-film ionic conductivity was depressed by layering of lamellar domains near the electrode surface. In the present work, we first tested that conclusion by measuring the through-plane ionic conductivity of two model PIL-based systems having controlled interfacial profiles using impedance spectroscopy. The measurements were not sensitive to changes in interfacial composition or structure, so anisotropy in the ionic conductivity of PS-block-PIL materials must arise from an in-plane enhancement rather than a through-plane depression. We then examined the origin of this in-plane enhancement with a series of PS-block-PIL materials, a P(S-r-IL) copolymer, and a PIL homopolymer, where impedance spectra were acquired with a top-contact electrode configuration. These studies show that enhanced in-plane ionic conductivities are correlated with the formation of an IL-rich wetting layer at the free surface, which presumably provides a low-resistance path for ion transport between the electrodes. Importantly, the enhanced in-plane ionic conductivities in these PS-block-PIL materials are consistent with simple geometric arguments based on properties of the PIL, while the through-plane values are an order of magnitude lower. Consequently, it is critical to understand how surface and bulk effects contribute to impedance spectroscopy measurements when developing structure-conductivity relations in this class of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan
P. Coote
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Samuel K. J. Adotey
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Joshua R. Sangoro
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Gila E. Stein
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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2
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Misenan MSM, Hempelmann R, Gallei M, Eren T. Phosphonium-Based Polyelectrolytes: Preparation, Properties, and Usage in Lithium-Ion Batteries. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2920. [PMID: 37447565 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorous is an essential element for the life of organisms, and phosphorus-based compounds have many uses in industry, such as flame retardancy reagents, ingredients in fertilizers, pyrotechnics, etc. Ionic liquids are salts with melting points lower than the boiling point of water. The term "polymerized ionic liquids" (PILs) refers to a class of polyelectrolytes that contain an ionic liquid (IL) species in each monomer repeating unit and are connected by a polymeric backbone to form macromolecular structures. PILs provide a new class of polymeric materials by combining some of the distinctive qualities of ILs in the polymer chain. Ionic liquids have been identified as attractive prospects for a variety of applications due to the high stability (thermal, chemical, and electrochemical) and high mobility of their ions, but their practical applicability is constrained because they lack the benefits of both liquids and solids, suffering from both leakage issues and excessive viscosity. PILs are garnering for developing non-volatile and non-flammable solid electrolytes. In this paper, we provide a brief review of phosphonium-based PILs, including their synthesis route, properties, advantages and drawbacks, and the comparison between nitrogen-based and phosphonium-based PILs. As phosphonium PILs can be used as polymer electrolytes in lithium-ion battery (LIB) applications, the conductivity and the thermo-mechanical properties are the most important features for this polymer electrolyte system. The chemical structure of phosphonium-based PILs that was reported in previous literature has been reviewed and summarized in this article. Generally, the phosphonium PILs that have more flexible backbones exhibit better conductivity values compared to the PILs that consist of a rigid backbone. At the end of this section, future directions for research regarding PILs are discussed, including the use of recyclable phosphorus from waste.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rolf Hempelmann
- Transfercentre Sustainable Electrochemistry, Saarland University and KIST Europe, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Markus Gallei
- Polymer Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Saarene-Saarland Center for Energy Materials and Sustainability, Campus C4 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tarik Eren
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, Davutpasa Campus, Yildiz Technical University, 34220 Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Kyeong M, Chae JE, Lee SY, Lim TH, Kim M, Lee SS, Song KH, Kim HJ. Development of Poly(Arylene ether Sulfone)-Based blend membranes containing aliphatic moieties for the low-temperature decal transfer method. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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4
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Jain SK, Rawlings D, Antoine S, Segalman RA, Han S. Confinement Promotes Hydrogen Bond Network Formation and Grotthuss Proton Hopping in Ion-Conducting Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal K. Jain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Dakota Rawlings
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Ségolène Antoine
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Songi Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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5
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Zhang Z, Lin D, Ganesan V. Mechanisms of ion transport in lithium salt‐doped polymeric ionic liquid electrolytes at higher salt concentrations. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zidan Zhang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
| | - Dachey Lin
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
| | - Venkat Ganesan
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
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6
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Min J, Barpuzary D, Ham H, Kang GC, Park MJ. Charged Block Copolymers: From Fundamentals to Electromechanical Applications. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:4024-4035. [PMID: 34559505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Charged block copolymers are promising materials for next-generation battery technologies and soft electronics. Although once it was only possible to prepare randomly organized structures, nowadays, well-ordered charged block copolymers can be prepared. In addition, theoretical and experimental analyses of the thermodynamic properties of charged polymers have provided insights into how to control nanostructures via electrostatic interactions and improve the ionic conductivity without compromising mechanical strength, which is crucial for practical applications. In this Account, we discuss methods to control the self-assembly and ion diffusion behavior of charged block copolymers by varying the type of tethered ionic moieties, local concentration of embedded ions with controlled electrostatic interactions, and nanoscale morphology. We discuss with particular emphasis on the structure-transport relationship of charged block copolymers using various ionic additives to control the phase behavior electrostatically as well as the ion transport properties. Through this, we establish the role of interconnected ionic channels in promoting ion-conduction and the importance of developing three-dimensional interconnected morphologies such as gyroid, orthorhombic Fddd (O70) networks, body-centered cubic (bcc), face-centered cubic (fcc), and A15 structures with well-defined interfaces in creating less tortuous ion-conduction pathways. Our prolonged surge and synthetic advances are pushing the frontiers of charged block copolymers to have virtually homogeneous ionic domains with suppressed ion agglomeration via the nanoconfinement of closely bound ionic moieties, resulting in efficient ion conduction and high mechanical strength.Subsequently, we discuss how, by using zwitterions, we have radically improved the ionic conductivity of single-ion conducting polymers, which have potential for use in next-generation electrochemical devices owing to the constrained anion depletion. Key to the improvement stems from hierarchically ordered ionic crystals in nanodomains of the single-ion block copolymers through the self-organization of the dipolar/ionic moieties under confinement. By precisely tuning the distances between ionic sites and the dipolar orientation in the ionic domains with varied zwitterion contents, unprecedented dielectric constants close to those of aqueous electrolytes have been achieved, leading to the development of high-conductivity solid-state single-ion conducting polymers with leak-free characteristics. Further, using these materials, low-voltage-driven artificial muscles have been prepared that show a large bending strain and millisecond-scale mechanical deformations at 1 V in air without fatigue, exceeding the performance of previously reported polymer actuators. Finally, smart multiresponsive actuators based on tailor-made charged polymers capable of programmable deformation with high force and self-locking without power consumption are suggested as candidates for use in soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaemin Min
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Dipankar Barpuzary
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Hyeonseong Ham
- Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Gyeong-Chan Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Moon Jeong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, South Korea
- Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, South Korea
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7
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Sachinthani KAN, Panchuk JR, Wang Y, Zhu T, Sargent EH, Seferos DS. Thiophene- and selenophene-based conjugated polymeric mixed ionic/electronic conductors. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:134704. [PMID: 34624982 DOI: 10.1063/5.0064858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed ionic/electronic conductors (MIECs) are desirable materials for next-generation electronic devices and energy storage applications. Polymeric MIECs are attractive from the standpoint that their structure can be controlled and anticipated to have mechanically robust properties. Here, we prepare and investigate conjugated copolymers containing thiophene and selenophene repeat units and their homopolymer counterparts. Specifically, thiophene bearing a triethylene glycol (EG3) side chain was polymerized and copolymerized with dodecyl thiophene/selenophene monomers. The synthesis leads to a class of copolymers that contain either S or Se and are blocky in nature. The Li-ion conductivity of ionically doped copolymers, P3DDT-s-P3(EG3)T and P3DDS-s-P3(EG3)T (9.7 × 10-6 and 8.2 × 10-6 S/cm, respectively), was 3-4 fold higher than that of the ionically doped constituent homopolymer, P3(EG3)T (2.2 × 10-6 S/cm), at ambient conditions. The electronic conductivity of the oxidatively doped copolymers was significantly higher than that of the constituent homopolymer P3(EG3)T, and most notably, P3DDS-s-P3(EG3)T reached ∼7 S/cm, which is the same order of magnitude as poly(3-dodecylthiophene) and poly(3-dodecylselenophene), which are the highest oxidatively doped conductors based on control experiments. Our findings provide implications for designing new MIECs based on copolymerization and the incorporation of heavy atom heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Niradha Sachinthani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jenny R Panchuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Yuhang Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Tong Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Dwight S Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
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8
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Bandegi A, Kim K, Foudazi R. Ion transport in polymerized lyotropic liquid crystals containing ionic liquid. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Bandegi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico USA
| | - Kyungtae Kim
- Materials Physics and Applications Division Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - Reza Foudazi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico USA
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering University of Oklahoma Norman Oklahoma USA
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9
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Barrios‐Tarazona K, Suleiman D. Sulfonated poly(styrene‐isobutylene‐styrene) grafted with hexyl‐ and butyl‐imidazolium chloride ionic liquids. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David Suleiman
- Chemical Engineering Department University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez Puerto Rico
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10
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Polarization of ionic liquid and polymer and its implications for polymerized ionic liquids: An overview towards a new theory and simulation. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Zhang Z, Krajniak J, Ganesan V. A Multiscale Simulation Study of Influence of Morphology on Ion Transport in Block Copolymeric Ionic Liquids. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zidan Zhang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jakub Krajniak
- Independent researcher, os. Kosmonautow 13/56, 61-631 Poznan, Poland
| | - Venkat Ganesan
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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12
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Shan N, Shen C, Evans CM. Critical Role of Ion Exchange Conditions on the Properties of Network Ionic Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1718-1725. [PMID: 35653674 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ionic polymers are important in a wide range of applications and can exhibit widely different properties depending on the ionic species. In the case of single ion conducting polymers, where one charge is attached to the backbone or as a side group, ion exchange is performed to control the mobile species. While the conditions are often specified, the final ion content is not always quantified, and there are no clear criteria for what concentration of salt is needed in the exchange. A series of ammonium network ionic polymers with different precise carbon spacers (C4-C7) between ionic junctions were synthesized as model systems to understand how the ion exchange conditions impact the resultant polymer properties. The initial networks with free bromide anions were exchanged with 1.5, 3, or 10 equiv of lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (LiTFSI) salt in solution. For networks with seven carbons between cross-links, increasing the LiTFSI concentration led to an increase in ion exchange efficiency from 83.6 to 97.6 mol %. At the highest conversion, the C7 network showed a 4 °C decrease in glass transition temperature (Tg), a 50 °C increase in degradation temperature, 12-fold lower water uptake from air, and a greater than 10-fold increase in conductivity at 90 °C. These results illustrate that properties such as Tg are less sensitive to residual ion impurities, whereas the conductivity is highly dependent on the final exchange conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naisong Shan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Chengtian Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Christopher M. Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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13
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Bains D, Singh G, Kaur N, Singh N. Development of an Ionic Liquid@Metal-Based Nanocomposite-Loaded Hierarchical Hydrophobic Surface to the Aluminum Substrate for Antibacterial Properties. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:4962-4973. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Bains
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Punjab 160014, India
| | - Narinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
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14
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Coote JP, Kinsey T, Street DP, Kilbey SM, Sangoro JR, Stein GE. Surface-Induced Ordering Depresses Through-Film Ionic Conductivity in Lamellar Block Copolymer Electrolytes. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:565-570. [PMID: 35648487 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lamellar block copolymers based on polymeric ionic liquids (PILs) show promise as electrolytes in electrochemical devices. However, these systems often display structural anisotropy that depresses the through-film ionic conductivity. This work hypothesizes that structural anisotropy is a consequence of surface-induced ordering, where preferential adsorption of one block at the electrode drives a short-range stacking of the lamellae. This point was examined with lamellar diblock copolymers of polystyrene (PS) and poly(1-(2-acryloyloxyethyl)-3-butylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide) (PIL). The bulk PS-PIL structure was comprised of randomly oriented lamellar grains. However, in thin PS-PIL films (100-400 nm), the lamellae were stacked normal to the plane of the film, and islands/holes were observed when the as-prepared film thickness was incommensurate with the natural lamellar periodicity. Both of these attributes are well-known consequences of preferential wetting at surfaces. The ionic conductivity of thick PS-PIL films (50-100 μm) was approximately 20× higher in the in-plane direction than in the through-plane direction, consistent with a mixed structure comprised of randomly oriented lamellae throughout the interior of the film and highly oriented lamellae at the electrode surface. Therefore, to fully optimize the performance of a block copolymer electrolyte, it is important to consider the effects of surface interactions on the ordering of domains.
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15
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Xie S, Meyer DJ, Wang E, Bates FS, Lodge TP. Structure and Properties of Bicontinuous Microemulsions from Salt-Doped Ternary Polymer Blends. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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16
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Jing BB, Evans CM. Catalyst-Free Dynamic Networks for Recyclable, Self-Healing Solid Polymer Electrolytes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18932-18937. [PMID: 31743006 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polymer networks with dynamic covalent cross-links act as solids but can flow at high temperatures. They have been widely explored as reprocessable and self-healing materials, but their use as solid electrolytes is limited. Here we report poly(ethylene oxide)-based networks with varying amounts of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) to understand the impact of a salt on the ion transport and network dynamics. We observed that the conductivity of our dynamic networks reached a maximum of 3.5 × 10-4 S/cm at an optimal LiTFSI concentration. Rheological measurements showed that the amount of LiTFSI significantly affects the mechanical properties, as the shear modulus varies between 1 and 10 MPa and the stress relaxation by 2 orders of magnitude. Additionally, we found that these networks can efficiently dissolve back to pure monomers and heal to recover their conductivity after damage, showing the potential of dynamic networks as sustainable solid electrolytes.
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17
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Yahia M, Mei S, Mathew AP, Yuan J. Linear Main-Chain 1,2,4-Triazolium Poly(ionic liquid)s: Single-Step Synthesis and Stabilization of Cellulose Nanocrystals. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1372-1377. [PMID: 35651167 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Linear main-chain 1,2,4-triazolium-based poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) were synthesized in this contribution. The polymerization process is experimentally very simple and involves only a single-step polycondensation of a commercially available monomer in DMSO as solvent at 120 °C. Their thermal stability and solubility were analyzed in terms of different counteranions. Due to the ease of this synthetic route, it was readily applied to graft onto sulfonated cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) via a one-step in situ polymerization. The as-synthesized PIL@CNC hybrid colloids exhibit adaptive dispensability in water and organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Yahia
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Ain-Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Shilin Mei
- Soft Matter and Functional Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin fuer Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germnay
| | - Aji P. Mathew
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jiayin Yuan
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Zhang Z, Krajniak J, Keith JR, Ganesan V. Mechanisms of Ion Transport in Block Copolymeric Polymerized Ionic Liquids. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1096-1101. [PMID: 35619445 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We present the results of a multiscale simulation framework investigating the ion transport mechanisms in multicomponent polymerized ionic liquids. Three different classes of polymeric ionic liquid systems, namely, random copolymers, lamellae forming block copolymers, and homopolymers, are constructed at the coarse-grained scale, and their atomistic counterparts are derived by using a reverse mapping method. Using such a framework, we investigate the influence of morphology on ion transport properties of such polymerized ionic liquids. Our results for ion mobilities are in qualitative agreement with experimental observations. Further analysis of random copolymer and block copolymer systems reveal that the reduced ion mobilities in such systems arise from the influence of architecture and morphology on ion coordination and intramolecular hopping events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zidan Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jakub Krajniak
- Department of Computer Science, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jordan R Keith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Venkat Ganesan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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19
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Li J, Wang S, Liu F, Wang X, Chen H, Mao T, Wang Z. Poly (aryl ether ketone)/polymeric ionic liquid with anisotropic swelling behavior for anion exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Zhao Q, Shen C, Halloran KP, Evans CM. Effect of Network Architecture and Linker Polarity on Ion Aggregation and Conductivity in Precise Polymerized Ionic Liquids. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:658-663. [PMID: 35619520 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Four polymerized ionic liquids (PILs) were systematically designed to study the effect of polymer architecture and linker polarity on ion aggregation and transport. Specifically, linear and network PILs with the same ammonium cations (Am) and bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (TFSI) anions were prepared by step-growth polymerization, and polarity was tuned by incorporating two precise linkers, either polar tetra(ethylene oxide) (4EO) linker or nonpolar undecyl (C11) linker. The glass transition temperature (Tg) substantially increased with the nonpolar C11 linker or upon cross-linking to form a network. The low wave-vector (q) ion aggregation peak from wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) was not observable in the linear 4EO PIL, while it was most pronounced in the network C11 PIL. The network C11 PIL exhibited the strongest decoupling, where the ionic conductivity at Tg is greater than 1 order of magnitude higher than the other PILs. This systematic comparison suggests that network structure and nonpolar linkers can promote both ion aggregation and ionic conductivity close to Tg.
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21
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Zhang W, Zhao Q, Yuan J. Porous Polyelectrolytes: The Interplay of Charge and Pores for New Functionalities. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6754-6773. [PMID: 29124842 PMCID: PMC6001701 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed rapid advances in porous polyelectrolytes and there is tremendous interest in their synthesis as well as their applications in environmental, energy, biomedicine, and catalysis technologies. Research on porous polyelectrolytes is motivated by the flexible choice of functional organic groups and processing technologies as well as the synergy of the charge and pores spanning length scales from individual polyelectrolyte backbones to their nano-/micro-superstructures. This Review surveys recent progress in porous polyelectrolytes including membranes, particles, scaffolds, and high surface area powders/resins as well as their derivatives. The focus is the interplay between surface chemistry, Columbic interaction, and pore confinement that defines new chemistry and physics in such materials for applications in energy conversion, molecular separation, water purification, sensing/actuation, catalysis, tissue engineering, and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and StorageMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Center for Advanced Materials ProcessingClarkson UniversityPotsdamNY13699-5814USA
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and StorageMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Jiayin Yuan
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Center for Advanced Materials ProcessingClarkson UniversityPotsdamNY13699-5814USA
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK)Stockholm University10691StockholmSweden
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22
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Zhang W, Zhao Q, Yuan J. Poröse Polyelektrolyte: Zusammenspiel zwischen Poren und Ladung für neue Funktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430074 China
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Center for Advanced Materials Processing; Clarkson University; Potsdam NY 13699-5814 USA
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Jiayin Yuan
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Center for Advanced Materials Processing; Clarkson University; Potsdam NY 13699-5814 USA
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK); Stockholm University; 10691 Stockholm Schweden
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23
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Oparaji O, Narayanan S, Sandy A, Ramakrishnan S, Hallinan D. Structural Dynamics of Strongly Segregated Block Copolymer Electrolytes. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Onyekachi Oparaji
- FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida A&M University−Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32303, United States
| | - Suresh Narayanan
- Argonne National
Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Alec Sandy
- Argonne National
Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Subramanian Ramakrishnan
- FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida A&M University−Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32303, United States
| | - Daniel Hallinan
- FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida A&M University−Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32303, United States
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24
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Sanoja GE, Schauser NS, Bartels JM, Evans CM, Helgeson ME, Seshadri R, Segalman RA. Ion Transport in Dynamic Polymer Networks Based on Metal–Ligand Coordination: Effect of Cross-Linker Concentration. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel E. Sanoja
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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25
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Kong LY, Shan WD, Han SL, Zhang T, He LC, Huang K, Dai S. Interfacial Engineering of Supported Liquid Membranes by Vapor Cross-Linking for Enhanced Separation of Carbon Dioxide. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:185-192. [PMID: 29193841 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201701851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Supported liquid membranes (SLMs) based on ionic liquids (ILs) with not only high gas permeability and selectivity, but also high stability under high pressure, are highly desired for gas separation applications. In this work, permeable and selective polyamide network (PN) layers are deposited on the surface of SLMs by utilizing the cross-linking reaction of trimesoyl chloride, which was pre-dispersed in the SLMs, and vapor of amine linkers. The vapor cross-linking method makes it easy to control the growth and aggregation of PN layers, owing to the significantly reduced reaction rate, and thereby ensuring the good distribution of PN layers on the surface of SLMs. With rational choice of amine linkers and optimization of vapor cross-linking conditions, the prepared sandwich-like PN@SLMs with ILs embedded homogeneously within polymeric matrices displayed much-improved CO2 permeability and CO2 /N2 selectivity in relation to the pristine SLMs. Moreover, those SLMs with ILs impregnated into porous supports physically displayed improved stability under high pressure after vapor cross-linking, because the PN layers formed on the surface of SLMs help prevent the ILs from being squeezed out. This interfacial engineering strategy represents a significant advance in the surface modification of SLMs to endow them with promising applications in CO2 capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yun Kong
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Wei-Da Shan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Edication, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Li Han
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Lang-Chong He
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Kuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Resources Environmental and Chemical, Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Sheng Dai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Knoxville, TN 37831, USA
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26
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Bartels J, Sanoja GE, Evans CM, Segalman RA, Helgeson ME. Decoupling Mechanical and Conductive Dynamics of Polymeric Ionic Liquids via a Trivalent Anion Additive. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel E. Sanoja
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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27
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Feng H, Lu X, Wang W, Kang NG, Mays JW. Block Copolymers: Synthesis, Self-Assembly, and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E494. [PMID: 30965798 PMCID: PMC6418972 DOI: 10.3390/polym9100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on block copolymers (BCPs) has played a critical role in the development of polymer chemistry, with numerous pivotal contributions that have advanced our ability to prepare, characterize, theoretically model, and technologically exploit this class of materials in a myriad of ways in the fields of chemistry, physics, material sciences, and biological and medical sciences. The breathtaking progress has been driven by the advancement in experimental techniques enabling the synthesis and characterization of a wide range of block copolymers with tailored composition, architectures, and properties. In this review, we briefly discussed the recent progress in BCP synthesis, followed by a discussion of the fundamentals of self-assembly of BCPs along with their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Feng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Xinyi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Weiyu Wang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA.
| | - Nam-Goo Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Jimmy W Mays
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA.
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28
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Iacob C, Matsumoto A, Brennan M, Liu H, Paddison SJ, Urakawa O, Inoue T, Sangoro J, Runt J. Polymerized Ionic Liquids: Correlation of Ionic Conductivity with Nanoscale Morphology and Counterion Volume. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:941-946. [PMID: 35650895 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The impact of the chemical structure on ion transport, nanoscale morphology, and dynamics in polymerized imidazolium-based ionic liquids is investigated by broadband dielectric spectroscopy and X-ray scattering, complemented with atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Anion volume is found to correlate strongly with Tg-independent ionic conductivities spanning more than 3 orders of magnitude. In addition, a systematic increase in alkyl side chain length results in about one decade decrease in Tg-independent ionic conductivity correlating with an increase in the characteristic backbone-to-backbone distances found from scattering and simulations. The quantitative comparison between ion sizes, morphology, and ionic conductivity underscores the need for polymerized ionic liquids with small counterions and short alkyl side chain length in order to obtain polymer electrolytes with higher ionic conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciprian Iacob
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Atsushi Matsumoto
- Department
of Macromolecular Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Marissa Brennan
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Hongjun Liu
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Stephen J. Paddison
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Osamu Urakawa
- Department
of Macromolecular Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Tadashi Inoue
- Department
of Macromolecular Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Joshua Sangoro
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - James Runt
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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29
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30
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Zheng Z, Guo J, Mao H, Xu Q, Qin J, Yan F. Metal-Containing Poly(ionic liquid) Membranes for Antibacterial Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:922-928. [PMID: 33429564 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Imidazolium-type metal-containing ionic liquid (IL) monomers and their corresponding poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) membranes coordinated with CuCl2 (PILM-Cu), FeCl3 (PILM-Fe), or ZnCl2 (PILM-Zn) were synthesized. The effect of metal ions on the antimicrobial activities against both Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) was investigated. Compared with pristine PILM-Br membrane, PILM-Cu, PILM-Fe, and PILM-Zn membranes exhibit enhanced antibacterial activities due to the attributes of both imidazolium cations and metal-containing anions. Furthermore, all of the metal-containing PIL membranes present low hemolysis toward human red blood cell and high long-term antibacterial stability, even after immersion in water for 90 days, demonstrating clinical feasibility in topical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jiangna Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Hailei Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiming Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jing Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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31
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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32
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Chintapalli M, Higa K, Chen XC, Srinivasan V, Balsara NP. Simulation of local ion transport in lamellar block copolymer electrolytes based on electron micrographs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahati Chintapalli
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley California94720
- Materials Sciences DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley California94720
| | - Kenneth Higa
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley California94720
| | - X. Chelsea Chen
- Materials Sciences DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley California94720
| | - Venkat Srinivasan
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley California94720
| | - Nitash P. Balsara
- Materials Sciences DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley California94720
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley California94720
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley California94720
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33
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Lytle TK, Radhakrishna M, Sing CE. High Charge Density Coacervate Assembly via Hybrid Monte Carlo Single Chain in Mean Field Theory. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mithun Radhakrishna
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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34
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Evans CM, Bridges CR, Sanoja GE, Bartels J, Segalman RA. Role of Tethered Ion Placement on Polymerized Ionic Liquid Structure and Conductivity: Pendant versus Backbone Charge Placement. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:925-930. [PMID: 35607206 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The role of ion placement was systematically investigated in imidazolium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (ImTFSI) polymerized ionic liquids (PILs) containing pendant charges and charges in the backbone (sometimes called ionenes). The backbone PILs were synthesized via a facile step growth route, and pendant PILs were synthesized via RAFT. Both PILs were designed to have nearly identical charge density, and the conductivity was found to be substantially enhanced in the backbone PIL systems even after accounting for differences in the glass transition temperature (Tg). Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) revealed an invariance in the location of the amorphous halo between the two systems, while the anion-anion correlation peak was shifted to lower scattering wavevector (q) in the backbone PILs. This indicates an increase in the correlation length of ions and is consistent with charge transport along a more correlated pathway following the polymer backbone. Due to the linear nature of the backbone PILs, crystallization was observed and correlated with changes in conductivity. Upon crystallization, the conductivity dropped, and eventually, two populations of mobile ions were observed and attributed to ions in the amorphous and near-crystallite regions. The present work demonstrates the important role of ion placement on local structure and conductivity as well as the ability of backbone PILs to be used as controllable optical or dielectric materials based on crystallization or processing history.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gabriel E. Sanoja
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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