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Kneschaurek E, Hinderhofer A, Hofferberth B, Scheffczyk N, Pithan L, Zimmermann P, Merten L, Bertram F, Schreiber F. Compact sample environment for in situ X-ray scattering during spin-coating. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:063901. [PMID: 37862478 DOI: 10.1063/5.0149613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a compact sample environment for the in situ study of crystallization kinetics of thin films on synchrotron beamlines, featuring atmospheric control, automated deposition, spin-coating, and annealing stages. The setup is suitable for studying thin film growth in real time using grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction techniques. Humidity and oxygen levels are being detected by sensors. The spinning stage exhibits low vertical oscillation amplitude (∼3μm at speeds up to 10 000 rpm) and can optionally be employed for antisolvent application or gas quenching to investigate the impact of these techniques, which are often used to assist thin film growth. Differential reflectance spectroscopy is implemented in the spin-coater environment for inspecting thin film thickness and optical properties. The infrared radiation-based annealing system consists of a halogen lamp and a holder with an adjustable lamp-to-sample distance, while the sample surface temperature is monitored by a pyrometer. All features of the sample environment can be controlled remotely by the control software at synchrotron beamlines. In order to test and demonstrate the performance, the crystallization pathway of the antisolvent-assisted MAPbI3 (MA = methylammonium) perovskite thin film during the spinning and annealing stages is monitored and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernd Hofferberth
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Niels Scheffczyk
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Linus Pithan
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Paul Zimmermann
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lena Merten
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Bertram
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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2
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Krause DT, Krämer S, Siozios V, Butzelaar AJ, Dulle M, Förster B, Theato P, Mayer J, Winter M, Förster S, Wiemhöfer HD, Grünebaum M. Improved Route to Linear Triblock Copolymers by Coupling with Glycidyl Ether-Activated Poly(ethylene oxide) Chains. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092128. [PMID: 37177276 PMCID: PMC10180747 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymers (PEOz BCP) have been demonstrated to exhibit remarkably high lithium ion (Li+) conductivity for Li+ batteries applications. For linear poly(isoprene)-b-poly(styrene)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymers (PIxPSyPEOz), a pronounced maximum ion conductivity was reported for short PEOz molecular weights around 2 kg mol-1. To later enable a systematic exploration of the influence of the PIx and PSy block lengths and related morphologies on the ion conductivity, a synthetic method is needed where the short PEOz block length can be kept constant, while the PIx and PSy block lengths could be systematically and independently varied. Here, we introduce a glycidyl ether route that allows covalent attachment of pre-synthesized glycidyl-end functionalized PEOz chains to terminate PIxPSy BCPs. The attachment proceeds to full conversion in a simplified and reproducible one-pot polymerization such that PIxPSyPEOz with narrow chain length distribution and a fixed PEOz block length of z = 1.9 kg mol-1 and a Đ = 1.03 are obtained. The successful quantitative end group modification of the PEOz block was verified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). We demonstrate further that with a controlled casting process, ordered microphases with macroscopic long-range directional order can be fabricated, as demonstrated by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It has already been shown in a patent, published by us, that BCPs from the synthesis method presented here exhibit comparable or even higher ionic conductivities than those previously published. Therefore, this PEOz BCP system is ideally suitable to relate BCP morphology, order and orientation to macroscopic Li+ conductivity in Li+ batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Krause
- Helmholtz Institute Münster, IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstr. 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Susanna Krämer
- Helmholtz Institute Münster, IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstr. 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Vassilios Siozios
- MEET Battery Research Center, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas J Butzelaar
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Engesserstraße 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Dulle
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS-1/IBI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Beate Förster
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Physics of Nanoscale Systems (ER-C-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Patrick Theato
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Engesserstraße 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory, Institute for Biological Interfaces 3 (IBG-3), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Joachim Mayer
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Materials Science and Technology (ER-C-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich 52425, Germany
- Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, JARA, Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Martin Winter
- Helmholtz Institute Münster, IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstr. 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
- MEET Battery Research Center, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stephan Förster
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS-1/IBI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Wiemhöfer
- Helmholtz Institute Münster, IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstr. 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mariano Grünebaum
- Helmholtz Institute Münster, IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstr. 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
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3
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Bai S, Chen K, Huang W, Wang P, Chen X, Chen P. Thermo‐oxidative degradation of ultrahigh molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) in volatile organic solvents. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shishun Bai
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo China
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Kuo Chen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo China
| | - Peng Wang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo China
| | - Xun Chen
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo China
| | - Peng Chen
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo China
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4
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Electrical Conductivity of a Stretching Viscoelastic Filament. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14051294. [PMID: 33800418 PMCID: PMC7962823 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Long polymeric chains highly stretched and aligned with the flow confer a strong mechanical anisotropy on a viscoelastic solution. The electrically-driven transport of free ions under such conditions is far from being understood. In this paper, we determine experimentally whether the above-mentioned deviation from isotropy affects the electric charge transport across the liquid. To this end, we measure the electrical conductivity in the flow (stretching) direction of the cylindrical liquid filament formed in the elasto-capillary thinning that arises during the breakup of a viscoelastic liquid bridge. First, we examine the behavior of monodisperse solutions of polyethylene oxide (PEO) in a mixture of glycerine and water. For all the concentrations and molecular weights considered, the filament conductivity remains practically the same as the isotropic conductivity measured under hydrostatic conditions. However, we observe a decrease in the electric current at the end of elasto-capillary regime which may partially be attributed to the reduction of the liquid conductivity. Then, we measure the conductivity of bidisperse solutions of PEO with very different molecular weights. In this case, a significant decrease in conductivity is observed as the filament radius decreases. This constitutes the first experimental evidence of ion mobility reduction in stretching viscoelastic filaments, a relevant effect in applications such as electrospinning.
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5
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Tran-Ba KH, Willis RE, Foreman K, Ajmani K, Gujarati P. Single-Molecule Tracking in Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Films: Revealing the Effects of Molecular Weight, Network Plasticization, and Thermal Annealing on Anionic Dye Diffusion. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:382-392. [PMID: 33399461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c08122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports single-molecule tracking (SMT) measurements of the diffusion behaviors of individual, anionic sulforhodamine B (SRB) dye molecules in a series of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) films, aimed at clarifying the influences of the molecular weight, network plasticization, and thermal annealing on such dynamics. Micrometer-thick PEO films were prepared by drop-casting from its aqueous (0.2%, 1 nM SRB) solution, followed by drying in air and thermal annealing at 90 °C for 36 h. The diffusion of individual SRB occurring within the amorphous domains was recorded at different relative humidities (5-95%) to characterize the microscale domains' local aspect-ratio, orientation, and molecular permeability at high spatial resolution. The results revealed the involvement of crystalline phases in confining SRB diffusion to submicron distances and guiding longer-range diffusion along one-dimensional-like amorphous morphologies. Upon annealing, amorphous domains were wider, more continuous, and more permeable to SRB probes. The enhanced transport in plasticized PEO, as reflected by the higher SRB mobility and diffusivity, was linked to the polymer's higher chain and segmental mobilities and reduced hydrogen-bonding interactions. This work has demonstrated the usefulness of SMT for an advanced characterization of solid polymer electrolytic films, highly beneficial for the development of safer lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh-Hoa Tran-Ba
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Rose E Willis
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Kathryn Foreman
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Kanika Ajmani
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Priyansh Gujarati
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
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6
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Prusty K, Swain SK. Polypropylene oxide/polyethylene oxide‐cellulose hybrid nanocomposite hydrogels as drug delivery vehicle. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Prusty
- Department of Chemistry Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology Sambalpur Odisha India
| | - Sarat K. Swain
- Department of Chemistry Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology Sambalpur Odisha India
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7
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Robles-Hernández B, Soccio M, Castrillo I, Guidotti G, Lotti N, Alegría Á, Martínez-Tong DE. Poly(alkylene 2,5-furanoate)s thin films: Morphology, crystallinity and nanomechanical properties. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Alhazmi N, Pineda E, Rawle J, Howse JR, Dunbar ADF. Perovskite Crystallization Dynamics during Spin-Casting: An In Situ Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering Study. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2020; 3:6155-6164. [PMID: 32905480 PMCID: PMC7469239 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.9b02470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In situ wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) has been measured during the spin coating process used to make the precursor films required for the formation of thin films of perovskite. A customized hollow axis spin coater was developed to permit the scattered X-rays to be collected in transmission geometry during the deposition process. Spin coating is the technique most commonly used in laboratories to make thin perovskite films. The dynamics of spin-casting MAPbI3-x Cl x and FAPbI3-x Cl x films have been investigated and compared to investigate the differences between the dynamics of MAPbI3-x Cl x and FAPbI3-x Cl x film formation. In particular, we focus on the crystallization dynamics of the precursor film formation. When casting MAPbI3-x Cl x , we observed relatively fast 1D crystallization of the intermediate product MA2PbI3Cl. There was an absence of the desired perovskite phase formed directly; it only appeared after an annealing step that converted the MA2PbI3Cl to MAPbI3. In contrast, slower crystallization via a 3D precursor was observed for FAPbI3-x Cl x film formation compared to MAPbI3-x Cl x . Another important finding was that some FAPbI3-x Cl x perovskite was generated directly during spin-casting before annealing. These findings indicate that there are significant differences between the crystallization pathways for these two perovskite materials. These are likely to explain the differences in the lifetimes of the resulting perovskite solar cell devices produced using FA and MA cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura Alhazmi
- Chemical and Biological
Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
| | - Edwin Pineda
- Chemical and Biological
Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
| | | | - Jonathan R. Howse
- Chemical and Biological
Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
| | - Alan D. F. Dunbar
- Chemical and Biological
Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
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9
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Tower CW, Allen K, Carandang A, Van Horn RM. Solubility considerations in relative block crystallization and morphology of PEO‐
b
‐PCL films. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cole W. Tower
- Department of Chemistry Allegheny College Meadville Pennsylvania
| | - Kristi Allen
- Department of Chemistry Allegheny College Meadville Pennsylvania
| | | | - Ryan M. Van Horn
- Department of Chemistry Allegheny College Meadville Pennsylvania
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Lafayette College Easton Pennsylvania
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10
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Markus P, Martínez-Tong DE, Papastavrou G, Alegria A. Effect of environmental humidity on the ionic transport of poly(ethylene oxide) thin films, investigated by local dielectric spectroscopy. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:3203-3208. [PMID: 32154547 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02471a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effect of humidity on the ionic transport in the amorphous phase of poly(ethylene oxide) thin films has been studied by local dielectric spectroscopy. We explored a controlled humidity range between 15% RH and 50% RH. AFM-based local dielectric imaging allowed the thin film topography and the corresponding dielectric contrast maps to be obtained simultaneously. No humidity effect on the film topography was observed whereas large variation of the dielectric signal could be detected. In addition, we observed a clear dielectric contrast in different locations on the thin film surface. At selected regions with high contrast in the dielectric maps, we performed nanoDielectric Spectroscopy (nDS) measurements covering the frequency range from 5 Hz to 100 kHz. By modeling these spectroscopy results, we quantified the conductivity of the amorphous phase of the semicrystalline poly(ethylene oxide) films. The crystalline fraction of the PEO thin films was extracted and found to be about 36%, independently of humidity. However, the average conductivity increased by a factor of 25 from 2 × 10-10 to 5 × 10-9 S cm-1, by changing environmental humidity in the explored % RH range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Markus
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Daniel E Martínez-Tong
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Basque Country University (UPV/EHU), P. Manuel de Lardizábal 3, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain. and Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC - UPV/EHU), P. Manuel Lardizábal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Georg Papastavrou
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany and Bavarian Battery Research Center at the University of Bayreuth (BayBatt) & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Angel Alegria
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Basque Country University (UPV/EHU), P. Manuel de Lardizábal 3, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain. and Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC - UPV/EHU), P. Manuel Lardizábal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain.
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11
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Rinehart SJ, Yuan G, Dadmun MD. The interplay of thermodynamics and kinetics: imparting hierarchical control over film formation of self-stratified blends. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:1287-1297. [PMID: 31915772 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01147a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Spin casting has become an attractive method to fabricate polymer thin films found in organic electronic devices such as field-effect transistors, and light emitting diodes. Many studies have shown that altering spin casting parameters can improve device performance, which has been directly correlated to the degree of polymer alignment, crystallinity, and morphology of the thin film. To provide a thorough understanding of the balance of thermodynamic and kinetic factors that influence the stratification of polymer blend thin films, we monitor stratified polymer blend thin films developed from poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) and poly(methyl methacrylate) blends at controlled loading ratios, relative molecular weights, and casting speed. The structures of these thin films were characterized via neutron reflectivity, and the results show that at the fastest casting speed, polymer-polymer interactions and surface energy of the polymers in the blend dictate the final film structure, and at the slowest casting speed, there is less control over the film layering due to the polymer-polymer interactions, surface energy, and entropy simultaneously driving stratification. As well, the relative solubility limits of the polymers in the pre-deposition solution play a role in the stratification process at the slowest casting speed. These results broaden the current understanding of the relationship between spin casting conditions and vertical phase separation in polymer blend thin films and provide a foundation for improved rational design of polymer thin film fabrication processes to attain targeted stratification, and thus performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Rinehart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
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12
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Guo S, Lu Y, Wang B, Shen C, Chen J, Reiter G, Zhang B. Controlling the pore size in conjugated polymer films via crystallization-driven phase separation. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:2981-2989. [PMID: 30912567 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00370c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of possible applications in sensors and optoelectronic devices have focused considerable attention on porous membranes made of semi-conducting polymers. In this study, porous films of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) were conveniently constructed through spin-coating of solutions of a blend of P3HT and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Pores were formed by phase separation driven simultaneously by incompatibility and crystallization. The influence of the polymer concentration (c), molecular weight (Mn) and spin-coating temperature (Tsp) on the pore size and structure was investigated. With increasing c from 0.5 to 5.0 wt%, the pore diameter (d) varied from ≈1.3 μm to ≈38 μm. Similarly, we observed a substantial increase of d with increasing Mn of PEG, while changing Mn of P3HT did not affect d. Micron- and nano-scale pores coexisted in porous P3HT films. While incompatibility of P3HT and PEG caused the formation of nano-pores, micron-scale pores resulted from crystallization in the PEG-rich domains by forcing PEG molecules to diffuse from the surrounding PEG-P3HT blend region to the crystal growth front.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowen Guo
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Henan Province Industrial Technology Research Institute of Resources and Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Rinehart SJ, Yuan G, Dadmun MD. Elucidating the Kinetic and Thermodynamic Driving Forces in Polymer Blend Film Self-Stratification. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J. Rinehart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Guangcui Yuan
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- University of Georgetown, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Mark D. Dadmun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
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14
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Zhang Z, Li Q, Yesildag C, Bartsch C, Zhang X, Liu W, Loebus A, Su Z, Lensen MC. Influence of Network Structure on the Crystallization Behavior in Chemically Crosslinked Hydrogels. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E970. [PMID: 30960894 PMCID: PMC6403567 DOI: 10.3390/polym10090970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The network structure of hydrogels is a vital factor to determine their physical properties. Two network structures within hydrogels based on eight-arm star-shaped poly(ethylene glycol)(8PEG) have been obtained; the distinction between the two depends on the way in which the macromonomers were crosslinked: either by (i) commonly-used photo-initiated chain-growth polymerization (8PEG⁻UV), or (ii) Michael addition step-growth polymerization (8PEG⁻NH₃). The crystallization of hydrogels is facilitated by a solvent drying process to obtain a thin hydrogel film. Polarized optical microscopy (POM) results reveal that, while in the 8PEG⁻UV hydrogels only nano-scaled crystallites are apparent, the 8PEG⁻NH₃ hydrogels exhibit an assembly of giant crystalline domains with spherulite sizes ranging from 100 to 400 µm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses further confirm these results. A model has been proposed to elucidate the correlations between the polymer network structures and the crystallization behavior of PEG-based hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Nanostrukturierte Biomaterialien, Sekr. TC 1, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Cigdem Yesildag
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Nanostrukturierte Biomaterialien, Sekr. TC 1, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christoph Bartsch
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Nanostrukturierte Biomaterialien, Sekr. TC 1, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Axel Loebus
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Nanostrukturierte Biomaterialien, Sekr. TC 1, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Zhiqiang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Marga C Lensen
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Nanostrukturierte Biomaterialien, Sekr. TC 1, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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15
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Luo YH, Chen C, He C, Zhu YY, Hong DL, He XT, An PJ, Wu HS, Sun BW. Single-Layered Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Framework Nanosheets as an in Situ Visual Test Paper for Solvents. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:28860-28867. [PMID: 30047267 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b08739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Through a facile-operating ultrasonic force-assisted liquid exfoliation technology, the single-layered two-dimensional (2D) [Co(CNS)2(pyz)2] n (pyz = pyrazine) nanosheets, with a thickness of sub-1.0 nm, have been prepared from the bulk precursors. The atomically thickness and the presence of abundant sulfur atoms with high electronegativity arrayed on the double surfaces of the sheets are making this kind of 2D MOF (metal-organic framework) nanosheets highly sensitive to intermolecular interactions. As a result, it can be well dispersed in all kinds of solvents to give a stable colloidal suspension that can be maintained for at least one month, accompanied by significant solvatochromic behavior and various optical properties, which thus have shown the potential to be practically applicated as in situ visual test paper for solvent identification and solvent polarity measurements. More importantly, combined with a smartphone, this kind of 2D-MOF nanosheets can be developed into in situ visual test paper to identify isomers and determine the polarity of mixed solvents quantitatively and qualitatively, suggesting the promising application of a portable, economical, and in situ visual test strategy in real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Hui Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , P. R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , P. R. China
| | - Chang He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , P. R. China
| | - Ying-Yu Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , P. R. China
| | - Dan-Li Hong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Tong He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , P. R. China
| | - Pei-Jing An
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , P. R. China
| | - Hong-Shuai Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , P. R. China
| | - Bai-Wang Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , P. R. China
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Brigham N, Nardi C, Carandang A, Allen K, Van Horn RM. Manipulation of Crystallization Sequence in PEO-b-PCL Films Using Solvent Interactions. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Brigham
- Department of Chemistry, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania 16335, United States
| | - Christopher Nardi
- Department of Chemistry, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania 16335, United States
| | - Allison Carandang
- Department of Chemistry, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania 16335, United States
| | - Kristi Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania 16335, United States
| | - Ryan M. Van Horn
- Department of Chemistry, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania 16335, United States
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Chen Z, McDonald S, FitzGerald P, Warr GG, Atkin R. Small angle neutron scattering study of the conformation of poly(ethylene oxide) dissolved in deep eutectic solvents. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 506:486-492. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Martínez-Tong DE, Miccio LA, Alegria A. Ionic transport in the amorphous phase of semicrystalline polyethylene oxide thin films. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:5597-5603. [PMID: 28730197 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00651a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a detailed study on the ionic transport properties of polyethylene oxide (PEO) thin films prepared under different conditions. Using a state-of-the-art Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) methodology, we simultaneously acquired the nanostructured topography of these semicrystalline polymer films as well as the corresponding dielectric function; in the latter case by probing the frequency-dependent tip-sample electrical interactions. By means of this AFM protocol, we studied the ionic conductivity in the PEO amorphous phase and its dependence on film preparation conditions. In general, for any preparation method, we found a distribution of conductivities ranging from 10-14 to 10-6 S cm-1. Specifically, PEO thin films crystallized from the melt presented relatively high conductivity values, which decreased in the PEO films prepared from solutions at room temperature depending on solvent polarity. We discuss our results by considering the molecular arrangement of the polymer segments in the complex amorphous phase, which is strongly influenced by the PEO crystallization route.
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Salminen R, Baccile N, Reza M, Kontturi E. Surface-Induced Frustration in Solid State Polymorphic Transition of Native Cellulose Nanocrystals. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:1975-1982. [PMID: 28462998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The presence of an interface generally influences crystallization of polymers from melt or from solution. Here, by contrast, we explore the effect of surface immobilization in a direct solid state polymorphic transition on individual cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), extracted from a plant-based origin. The conversion from native cellulose I to cellulose III crystal occurred via a host-guest inclusion of ethylene diamine inside the crystal. A 60% reduction in CNC width (height) in atomic force microscopy images suggested that when immobilized on a flat modified silica surface, the stresses caused by the inclusion or the subsequent regeneration resulted in exfoliation, hypothetically, between the van der Waals bonded sheets within the crystal. Virtually no changes in dimensions were visible when the polymorphic transition was performed to nonimmobilized CNCs in bulk dispersion. With reservations and by acknowledging the obvious dissimilarities, the exfoliation of cellulose crystal sheets can be viewed as analogous to exfoliation of 2D structures like graphene from a van der Waals stacked solid. Here, the detachment is triggered by an inclusion of a guest molecule inside a host cellulose crystal and the stresses caused by the firm attachment of the CNC on a solid substrate, leading to detachment of molecular sheets or stacks of sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeta Salminen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University , P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Niki Baccile
- Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, Sorbonne Universités , 75005, Paris, France
| | - Mehedi Reza
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University , P.O. Box 11100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University , P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
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Radzevicius P, Krivorotova T, Makuska R. Synthesis by one-pot RAFT polymerization and properties of amphiphilic pentablock copolymers with repeating blocks of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and poly(butyl methacrylate). Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Agbolaghi S, Abbasi F, Abbaspoor S. Double/single phase segregation and vertical stratification induced by crystallization in all-crystalline tri/diblock copolymers and homopolymer blends of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and poly(ethylene glycol). SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samira Agbolaghi
- Institute of Polymeric Materials; Sahand University of Technology; Tabriz Iran
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering; Sahand University of Technology; Tabriz Iran
| | - Farhang Abbasi
- Institute of Polymeric Materials; Sahand University of Technology; Tabriz Iran
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering; Sahand University of Technology; Tabriz Iran
| | - Saleheh Abbaspoor
- Institute of Polymeric Materials; Sahand University of Technology; Tabriz Iran
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering; Sahand University of Technology; Tabriz Iran
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Wang M, Khasanah K, Sato H, Takahashi I, Zhang J, Ozaki Y. Higher-order structure formation of a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) film during solvent evaporation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20410d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystallization behavior of PHB from PHB/chloroform solution during solvent evaporation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfan Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science and Technology
- Kwansei Gakuin University
- Sanda
- Japan
| | - Khasanah Khasanah
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science and Technology
- Kwansei Gakuin University
- Sanda
- Japan
| | - Harumi Sato
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment
- Kobe University
- Kobe
- Japan
| | - Isao Takahashi
- Department of Physics
- School of Science and Technology
- Kwansei Gakuin University
- Sanda
- Japan
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics
- Ministry of Education
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao City 266042
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yukihiro Ozaki
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science and Technology
- Kwansei Gakuin University
- Sanda
- Japan
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