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Patros Zagaja KM, Roy MC, Jakuba K, Quino J, Bartlett JA, Oduro MS, Sarkar A, Schmidt HF, Mei Y, Liu Y, Harrington B, Samas B. Deconstructing Annealing Phenomena in Modified Release Lipid Multiparticulates. Mol Pharm 2025. [PMID: 40271933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c01403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2025]
Abstract
This work investigates annealing-induced changes in modified release lipid multiparticulates composed of glyceryl behenate and poloxamer 407. Multiparticulates were manufactured using multiple lots of excipients and then annealed at 3 different temperatures across 45-50 °C (75% RH) until kinetically stable dissolution profiles were achieved. Throughout annealing, multiparticulates were analyzed using powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, quantitative 1H NMR, Raman spectroscopy, and novel flow-NMR dissolution techniques. Supporting nonlinear mixed effects models helped systematically link these orthogonal tools to dissolution, altogether providing strong evidence of concurrent glyceryl behenate crystal refinement with phase separation and migration of the poloxamer 407 from glyceryl behenate as the drivers for changes in dissolution with annealing. These findings demonstrate the importance of annealing glyceryl behenate-poloxamer 407 multiparticulates to achieve the complex matrix needed for modified release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael C Roy
- Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kavan Jakuba
- Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jaypee Quino
- Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jeremy A Bartlett
- Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michael Safo Oduro
- Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Aritra Sarkar
- Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Yong Mei
- Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Yizhou Liu
- Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Brent Harrington
- Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Brian Samas
- Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Tăut MA, Moldovan M, Filip M, Petean I, Saroşi C, Cuc S, Taut AC, Ardelean I, Lazăr V, Man SC. Synthesis and Characterization of Microcapsules as Fillers for Self-Healing Dental Composites. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1853. [PMID: 39591093 PMCID: PMC11597690 DOI: 10.3390/nano14221853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2024] [Revised: 11/15/2024] [Accepted: 11/18/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024]
Abstract
This article proposes the synthesis and characterization of (triethylene glycol dimethacrylate-N,N-dihydroxyethyl-p-toluidine) TEGDMA-DHEPT self-healing microcapsules for their inclusion in dental composite formulations. The obtaining method is the in situ emulsion polymerization of the (poly urea-formaldehyde) (PUF) coatings. The microcapsules were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. The optimal formation of uniform microcapsules is achieved at a stirring speed of 800 rpm and centrifugation is no longer necessary. HPLC demonstrates that the microcapsules formed at 800 rpm show a better control of liquid release than the heterogeneous ones obtained at a lower stirring speed. The centrifuged samples have rounded shapes, with dimensions between 80 and 800 nm, while the non-centrifuged samples are more uniform, with a spherical shape and dimensions of approximately 800 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Amalia Tăut
- Physics and Chemistry Department, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 103-105 Bulevardul Muncii Street, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.A.T.); (I.A.)
| | - Marioara Moldovan
- Raluca Ripan Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babeș-Bolyai University, 30 Fantanele Street, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.M.); (M.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Miuţa Filip
- Raluca Ripan Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babeș-Bolyai University, 30 Fantanele Street, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.M.); (M.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Ioan Petean
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos Street, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Codruţa Saroşi
- Raluca Ripan Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babeș-Bolyai University, 30 Fantanele Street, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.M.); (M.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Stanca Cuc
- Raluca Ripan Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babeș-Bolyai University, 30 Fantanele Street, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.M.); (M.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Adrian Catalin Taut
- Applied Electronics Department, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 26-28 George Barițiu Street, 400027 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Ioan Ardelean
- Physics and Chemistry Department, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 103-105 Bulevardul Muncii Street, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.A.T.); (I.A.)
| | - Viorica Lazăr
- Department of General Medicine, Vasile Goldis University of Medicine, 310048 Arad, Romania;
- Pediatric Clinic II, Clinical Hospital Emergency of Arad County, 310037 Arad, Romania
| | - Sorin Claudiu Man
- Department of Pediatrics, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400124 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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Saraf I, Jakasanovski O, Stanić T, Kralj E, Petek B, Williams JD, Dmytro N, Georg G, Bernd W, Klaus Z, Perhavec P, German Ilić I, Paudel A, Kushwah V. Investigation of the Influence of Copovidone Properties and Hot-Melt Extrusion Process on Level of Impurities, In Vitro Release, and Stability of an Amorphous Solid Dispersion Product. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:5703-5715. [PMID: 39265053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Hot-melt extrusion (HME) is a widely used method for creating amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) of poorly soluble drug substances, where the drug is molecularly dispersed in a solid polymer matrix. This study examines the impact of three different copovidone excipients, their reactive impurity levels, HME barrel temperature, and the distribution of colloidal silicon dioxide (SiO2) on impurity levels, stability, and drug release of ASDs and their tablets. Initial peroxide levels were higher in Kollidon VA 64 (KVA64) and Plasdone S630 (PS630) compared to Plasdone S630 Ultra (PS630U), leading to greater oxidative degradation of the drug in fresh ASD tablets. However, stability testing (50 °C, closed container, 50 °C/30% RH, open conditions) showed lower oxidative degradation impurities in ASD tablets prepared at higher barrel temperatures, likely due to greater peroxide degradation. Plasdone S630 is suitable for ASDs with drugs prone to oxidative degradation, while standard purity grades may benefit drugs susceptible to free radical degradation, as they generate fewer free radicals post-HME. ASD tablets exhibited greater physical stability than milled extrudate samples, likely due to reduced exposure to stability conditions within the tablet matrix. Including SiO2 in the extrudate composition resulted in greater physical stability of the ASD system in the tablet; however, it negatively affected chemical stability, promoting greater oxidative degradation and hydroxylation of the drug substance. No impact of the distribution of SiO2 on drug release was observed. The study also confirmed the congruent release of copovidone, the drug substance, and Tween 80 using flow NMR coupled with in-line UV/vis. This research highlights the critical roles of peroxide levels and SiO2 in influencing the dissolution and physical and chemical stability of ASDs. The findings provide valuable insights for developing stable and effective pharmaceutical formulations, emphasizing the importance of controlling reactive impurities and excipient characteristics in ASD products prepared by using HME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Saraf
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ognen Jakasanovski
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Product Development, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Verovškova 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tijana Stanić
- Product Development, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Verovškova 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Kralj
- Product Development, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Verovškova 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan Petek
- Product Development, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Verovškova 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jason D Williams
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Neshchadin Dmytro
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gescheidt Georg
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Werner Bernd
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstr. 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Zangger Klaus
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstr. 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Petra Perhavec
- Product Development, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Verovškova 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ilija German Ilić
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Varun Kushwah
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Saraf I, Kushwah V, Alva C, Koutsamanis I, Rattenberger J, Schroettner H, Mayrhofer C, Modhave D, Braun M, Werner B, Zangger K, Paudel A. Influence of PLGA End Groups on the Release Profile of Dexamethasone from Ocular Implants. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1307-1322. [PMID: 36680524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The present study deals with the development of dexamethasone (DM)-loaded implants using ester end-capped Resomer RG 502 poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) (502), acid end-capped Resomer RG 502H PLGA (502H), and a 502H:502 mixture (3:1) via hot melt extrusion (HME). The prepared intravitreal implants (20 and 40% DM loaded in each PLGA) were thoroughly investigated to determine the effect of different end-capped PLGA and drug loading on the long-term release profile of DM. The implants were characterized for solid-state active pharmaceutical ingredient (APIs) using DSC and SWAXS, water uptake during stability study, the crystal size of API in the implant matrix using hot-stage polarized light microscopy, and in vitro release profile. The kinetics of PLGA release was thoroughly investigated using quantitative 1H NMR spectroscopy. The polymorph of DM crystal was found to remain unchanged after the extrusion and stability study. However, around 3 times reduction in API particle size was observed after the HME process. The morphology and content uniformity of the RT-stored samples were found to be comparable to the initial implant samples. Interestingly, the samples (mainly 502H) stored at 40 °C and 75% RH for 30 d demonstrated marked deformation and a change in content uniformity. The rate of DM release was higher in the case of 502H samples with a higher drug loading (40% w/w). Furthermore, a simple digital in vitro DM release profile derived for the formulation containing a 3:1 ratio of 502H and 502 was comparable with the experimental release profile of the respective polymer mixture formulation. The temporal development of pores and/or voids in the course of drug dissolution, evaluated using μCT, was found to be a precursor for the PLGA release. Overall, the release profile of DM was found to be dependent on the PLGA type (independent of subtle changes in the formulation mass and diameter). However, the extent of release was found to be dependent on DM loading. Thus, the present investigation led to a thorough understanding of the physicochemical properties of different end-capped PLGAs and the underlying formulation microstructure on the release profile of a crystalline water-insoluble drug, DM, from the PLGA-based implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Saraf
- Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13/2, Graz8010, Austria
| | - Varun Kushwah
- Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13/2, Graz8010, Austria
| | - Carolina Alva
- Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13/2, Graz8010, Austria
| | - Ioannis Koutsamanis
- Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13/2, Graz8010, Austria
| | | | - Hartmuth Schroettner
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy (ZFE), Steyrergasse 17, Graz8010, Austria.,Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis (FELMI), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, Graz8010, Austria
| | - Claudia Mayrhofer
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy (ZFE), Steyrergasse 17, Graz8010, Austria
| | - Dattatray Modhave
- Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13/2, Graz8010, Austria
| | - Michael Braun
- Pharmaceutical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach88397, Germany
| | - Bernd Werner
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstr. 28, Graz8010, Austria
| | - Klaus Zangger
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstr. 28, Graz8010, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13/2, Graz8010, Austria.,Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13/3, Graz8010, Austria
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SEDEX-Self-Emulsifying Delivery Via Hot Melt Extrusion: A Continuous Pilot-Scale Feasibility Study. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122617. [PMID: 36559111 PMCID: PMC9783592 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a continuous pilot-scale solidification and characterization of self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDSs) via hot melt extrusion (HME) using Soluplus® and Kollidon® VA-64. First, an oil-binding capacity study was performed to estimate the maximal amount of SEDDSs that the polymers could bind. Then, HME was conducted using a Coperion 18 mm ZSK18 pilot plant-scale extruder with split-feeding of polymer and SEDDS in 10, 20, and 30% w/w SEDDSs was conducted. The prepared extrudates were characterized depending on appearance, differential scanning calorimetry, wide-angle X-ray scattering, emulsification time, droplet size, polydispersity index, and cloud point. The oil-binding studies showed that the polymers were able to bind up to 50% w/w of liquid SEDDSs. The polymers were processed via HME in a temperature range between 110 and 160 °C, where a plasticizing effect of the SEDDSs was observed. The extrudates were found to be stable in the amorphous state and self-emulsified in demineralized water at 37 °C with mean droplet sizes between 50 and 300 nm. A cloud point and phase inversion were evident in the Soluplus® samples. In conclusion, processing SEDDSs with HME could be considered a promising alternative to the established solidification techniques as well as classic amorphous solid dispersions for drug delivery.
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Zupančič O, Spoerk M, Paudel A. Lipid-based solubilization technology via hot melt extrusion: promises and challenges. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:1013-1032. [PMID: 35943158 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2112173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) are a promising strategy to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs (PWSD). The excipients of SEDDS enable permeation through the mucus and gastro-intestinal barrier, inhibiting efflux transporters (e.g. P-glycoprotein) of drugs. Poor drug loading capacity and formulation instability are the main setbacks of traditional SEDDS. The use of polymeric precipitation inhibitors was shown to create supersaturable SEDDS with increased drug payload, and their solidification can help to overcome the instability challenge. As an alternative to several existing SEDDS solidification technologies, hot melt extrusion (HME) holds the potential for lean and continuous manufacturing of supersaturable solid-SEDDS. Despite being ubiquitously applied in solid lipid and polymeric processing, HME has not yet been widely considered for the preparation of SEDDS. AREAS COVERED The review begins with the rationale why SEDDS as the preferred lipid-based delivery systems (LBDS) is suitable for the oral delivery of PWSD and discusses the common barriers to oral administration. The potential of LBDS to surmount them is discussed. SEDDS as the flagship of LBDS for PWSD is proposed with a special emphasis on solid-SEDDS. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of HME from the lipid-based excipient (LBE) processing and product performance standpoint are highlighted. EXPERT OPINION HME can be a continuous, solvent-free, cost-effective, and scalable technology for manufacturing solid supersaturable SEDDS. Several critical formulations and process parameters in successfully preparing SEDDS via HME are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ožbej Zupančič
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Spoerk
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Ali S, Tiwari A, Yeoh T, Doshi P, Kelkar N, Shah JC, Seth JR. Crystallization and Rheology of Mono- and Diglycerides and Their Role in Stabilization of Emulsion Droplets in Model Topical Ointments. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:8502-8512. [PMID: 35797452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The crystallization behavior of commercial mono- and diglycerides (MDG) in paraffin oil is studied to develop an in-depth understanding of the polymorphic transitions useful for the physical stability of petroleum oil-based topical emulsions. Optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry measurements showed the formation of plate-like and spherulite crystals at high and low temperatures, in sequence, while cooling a solution of MDG dissolved in oil. High-resolution NMR and X-ray scattering demonstrate that 1-monoglycerides (mixture of 1-glyceride monostearate and 1-glyceride monopalmitate) cocrystallize to an inverse-lamellar structure (Lα polymorph) that mainly forms plate-like crystals at a higher temperature. The Lα polymorph is seen to exist up to room temperature during the cooling process. At lower temperatures, 1,3-diglycerides (mixture of 1,3-glyceryl distearate and 1,3-glyceryl dipalmitate) crystallize into β-polymorphs that form spherulites. The spherulites tend to assemble into elongated strands via aggregation, leading to the formation of a percolating network structure. The sizes of both types of crystals decrease with an increasing cooling rate, leading to a higher mechanical modulus due to the increased network connectivity of spherulites. In an emulsion, monoglycerides in the form of Lα polymorphs having plate-like crystal morphology show a higher affinity to the polar liquid/oil interface, thereby providing better interfacial stability compared to the spherulitic β-polymorphs. However, diglycerides in the form of spherulites form bulk network structures which provide network stabilization to the suspended droplets. This work demonstrates that MDG, a commercially available ingredient that combines the differential functionality of monoglycerides and diglycerides, is an effective, bifunctional, emulsifying agent for petrolatum-based topical emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samim Ali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Anju Tiwari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Thean Yeoh
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Pankaj Doshi
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Narayani Kelkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Jaymin C Shah
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jyoti R Seth
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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Quantitative chemical profiling of cellulose acetate excipient via 13C-NMR spectroscopy in controlled release formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 217:114791. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kushwah V, Gomes Lopes D, Saraf I, Koutsamanis I, Werner B, Zangger K, Roy MC, Bartlett JA, Frericks Schmidt H, Shamblin SL, Laggner P, Paudel A. Phase Behavior of Drug-Lipid-Surfactant Ternary Systems toward Understanding the Annealing-Induced Change. Mol Pharm 2021; 19:532-546. [PMID: 34958588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study systematically investigates the effect of annealing conditions and the Kolliphor P 407 content on the physicochemical and structural properties of Compritol (glyceryl behenate) and ternary systems prepared via melt cooling (Kolliphor P 407, Compritol, and a hydrophilic API) representing solid-lipid formulations. The physical properties of Compritol and the ternary systems with varying ratios of Compritol and Kolliphor P 407 were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SWAXS) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and hot-stage microscopy (HSM), before and after annealing. The change in the chemical profiles of different Compritol components as a function of annealing was evaluated using 1H NMR spectroscopy. While no change in the polymorphic form of API and Kolliphor P 407 occurred during annealing, a systematic conversion of the α- to β-form was observed in the case of Compritol. Furthermore, the polymorphic transformation of Compritol was found to be dependent on the Kolliphor P 407 content. As per the Flory-Huggins mixing theory, higher miscibility was observed in the case of monobehenin-Kolliphor P 407, monobehenin-dibehenin, and dibehenin-tribehenin binary mixtures. The miscibility of Kolliphor P 407 with monobehenin and 1,2-dibehenin was confirmed by 1H NMR analysis. The observed higher miscibility of Kolliphor P 407 with monobehenin and 1,2-dibehenin is proposed as the trigger for the physical separation from the 1,3-diglyceride and triglycerides during melt solidification of the formulations. The phase separation is postulated as the mechanism underlying the formation of a stable β-polymorphic form (a native form of 1,3-diglyceride) of Compritol upon annealing. This finding is expected to have an important implication for developing stable solid-lipid-surfactant-based drug formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Kushwah
- Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Diogo Gomes Lopes
- Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Isha Saraf
- Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ioannis Koutsamanis
- Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Werner
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstr. 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Klaus Zangger
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstr. 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael C Roy
- Drug Product Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, 280 Shennecossett Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jeremy A Bartlett
- Drug Product Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, 280 Shennecossett Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Heather Frericks Schmidt
- Drug Product Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, 280 Shennecossett Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sheri L Shamblin
- Drug Product Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, 280 Shennecossett Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Peter Laggner
- Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13/2, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
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