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Figueiredo S, Fernandes AI, Carvalho FG, Pinto JF. Exploring Environmental Settings to Improve the Printability of Paroxetine-Loaded Filaments by Fused Deposition Modelling. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2636. [PMID: 38004614 PMCID: PMC10675712 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful integration of hot-melt extrusion (HME) and fused deposition modelling (FDM) depends on a better understanding of the impact of environmental conditions on the printability of formulations, since they significantly affect the properties of the raw materials, whose control is crucial to enable three-dimensional printing (3DP). Hence, the objective of this work was to investigate the correlation between the environmental settings and the properties of paroxetine (PRX)-loaded filaments, previously produced by HME, which affect printability by FDM. The influence of different drying methods of the physical mixtures (PMs) and HME-filaments (FILs) on the quality and printability of these products was also assessed. The printability of FILs was evaluated in terms of the water content, and the mechanical and thermal properties of the products. Stability studies and physicochemical, thermal, and in vitro dissolution tests were carried out on the 3D-printed tablets. Stability studies demonstrated the high ductility of the PRX loaded FILs, especially under high humidity conditions. Under low humidity storage conditions (11% RH), the FILs became stiffer and were successfully used to feed the FDM printer. Water removal was slow when carried out passively in a controlled atmosphere (desiccator) or accelerated by using active drying methods (heat or microwave). Pre-drying of the PRX/excipients and/or PMs did not show any positive effect on the printability of the FIL. On the contrary, dry heat and, preferably, microwave mediated drying processes were shown to reduce the holding time required for successful FDM printing, enabling on-demand production at the point of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Figueiredo
- iMed.Ulisboa—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.F.); (J.F.P.)
- LEF-Infosaúde, Laboratório de Estudos Farmacêuticos, Rua das Ferrarias del Rei nº6, Urbanização da Fábrica da Pólvora, 2730-269 Barcarena, Portugal;
| | - Ana I. Fernandes
- Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, Campus Universitário, Quinta da Granja, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Fátima G. Carvalho
- LEF-Infosaúde, Laboratório de Estudos Farmacêuticos, Rua das Ferrarias del Rei nº6, Urbanização da Fábrica da Pólvora, 2730-269 Barcarena, Portugal;
| | - João F. Pinto
- iMed.Ulisboa—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.F.); (J.F.P.)
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Digkas T, Porfire A, Van Renterghem J, Samaro A, Borodi G, Vervaet C, Crișan AG, Iurian S, De Beer T, Tomuta I. Development of Diclofenac Sodium 3D Printed Cylindrical and Tubular-Shaped Tablets through Hot Melt Extrusion and Fused Deposition Modelling Techniques. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1062. [PMID: 37630976 PMCID: PMC10459775 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop 3D printed dosage forms, using custom-made filaments loaded with diclofenac sodium (DS). The printed tablets were developed by implementing a quality by design (QbD) approach. Filaments with adequate FDM 3D printing characteristics were produced via hot melt extrusion (HME). Their formulation included DS as active substance, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a polymer, different types of plasticisers (mannitol, erythritol, isomalt, maltodextrin and PEG) and superdisintegrants (crospovidone and croscarmellose sodium). The physicochemical and mechanical properties of the extruded filaments were investigated through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and tensile measurements. In addition, cylindrical-shaped and tubular-shaped 3D dosage forms were printed, and their dissolution behaviour was assessed via various drug release kinetic models. DSC and XRD results demonstrated the amorphous dispersion of DS into the polymeric filaments. Moreover, the 3D printed tablets, regardless of their composition, exhibited a DS release of nearly 90% after 45 min at pH 6.8, while their release behaviour was effectively described by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Notably, the novel tube design, which was anticipated to increase the drug release rate, proved the opposite based on the in vitro dissolution study results. Additionally, the use of crospovidone increased DS release rate, whereas croscarmellose sodium decreased it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tryfon Digkas
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.D.); (J.V.R.); (T.D.B.)
| | - Alina Porfire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, 41 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.G.C.); (S.I.); (I.T.)
| | - Jeroen Van Renterghem
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.D.); (J.V.R.); (T.D.B.)
| | - Aseel Samaro
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.S.); (C.V.)
| | - Gheorghe Borodi
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 65-103 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Chris Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.S.); (C.V.)
| | - Andrea Gabriela Crișan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, 41 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.G.C.); (S.I.); (I.T.)
| | - Sonia Iurian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, 41 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.G.C.); (S.I.); (I.T.)
| | - Thomas De Beer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.D.); (J.V.R.); (T.D.B.)
| | - Ioan Tomuta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, 41 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.G.C.); (S.I.); (I.T.)
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Zupančič O, Doğan A, Matić J, Kushwah V, Alva C, Spoerk M, Paudel A. SEDEX-Self-Emulsifying Delivery Via Hot Melt Extrusion: A Continuous Pilot-Scale Feasibility Study. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14. [PMID: 36559111 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a continuous pilot-scale solidification and characterization of self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDSs) via hot melt extrusion (HME) using Soluplus® and Kollidon® VA-64. First, an oil-binding capacity study was performed to estimate the maximal amount of SEDDSs that the polymers could bind. Then, HME was conducted using a Coperion 18 mm ZSK18 pilot plant-scale extruder with split-feeding of polymer and SEDDS in 10, 20, and 30% w/w SEDDSs was conducted. The prepared extrudates were characterized depending on appearance, differential scanning calorimetry, wide-angle X-ray scattering, emulsification time, droplet size, polydispersity index, and cloud point. The oil-binding studies showed that the polymers were able to bind up to 50% w/w of liquid SEDDSs. The polymers were processed via HME in a temperature range between 110 and 160 °C, where a plasticizing effect of the SEDDSs was observed. The extrudates were found to be stable in the amorphous state and self-emulsified in demineralized water at 37 °C with mean droplet sizes between 50 and 300 nm. A cloud point and phase inversion were evident in the Soluplus® samples. In conclusion, processing SEDDSs with HME could be considered a promising alternative to the established solidification techniques as well as classic amorphous solid dispersions for drug delivery.
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Zupančič O, Spoerk M, Paudel A. Lipid-based solubilization technology via hot melt extrusion: promises and challenges. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:1013-1032. [PMID: 35943158 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2112173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) are a promising strategy to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs (PWSD). The excipients of SEDDS enable permeation through the mucus and gastro-intestinal barrier, inhibiting efflux transporters (e.g. P-glycoprotein) of drugs. Poor drug loading capacity and formulation instability are the main setbacks of traditional SEDDS. The use of polymeric precipitation inhibitors was shown to create supersaturable SEDDS with increased drug payload, and their solidification can help to overcome the instability challenge. As an alternative to several existing SEDDS solidification technologies, hot melt extrusion (HME) holds the potential for lean and continuous manufacturing of supersaturable solid-SEDDS. Despite being ubiquitously applied in solid lipid and polymeric processing, HME has not yet been widely considered for the preparation of SEDDS. AREAS COVERED The review begins with the rationale why SEDDS as the preferred lipid-based delivery systems (LBDS) is suitable for the oral delivery of PWSD and discusses the common barriers to oral administration. The potential of LBDS to surmount them is discussed. SEDDS as the flagship of LBDS for PWSD is proposed with a special emphasis on solid-SEDDS. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of HME from the lipid-based excipient (LBE) processing and product performance standpoint are highlighted. EXPERT OPINION HME can be a continuous, solvent-free, cost-effective, and scalable technology for manufacturing solid supersaturable SEDDS. Several critical formulations and process parameters in successfully preparing SEDDS via HME are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ožbej Zupančič
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Spoerk
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Skalická B, Matzick K, Komersová A, Svoboda R, Bartoš M, Hromádko L. 3D-Printed Coating of Extended-Release Matrix Tablets: Effective Tool for Prevention of Alcohol-Induced Dose Dumping Effect. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2123. [PMID: 34959404 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tablets used for extended drug release commonly contain large amounts of drugs. The corresponding drug release mechanism thus has to be well-known and invariable under numerous conditions in order to prevent any uncontrolled drug release. Particularly important is the stability and invariability of the release mechanism in the presence of alcohol due to the possible occurrence of the dose dumping effect. The effect of 3D printing (3DP) coating on the drug release mechanism and the drug release rate was studied as a possible tool for the prevention of the alcohol-induced dose dumping effect. Three types of matrix tablets (hydrophilic, lipophilic, and hydrophilic-lipophilic) were prepared by the direct compression method and coated using 3DP. The commercial filament of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and the filament prepared from hypromellose by hot melt extrusion (HME) were used as coating materials. Both coating materials were characterized by SEM, DSC, Raman spectroscopy, and PXRD during particular stages of the processing/coating procedure. The dissolution behavior of the uncoated and coated tablets was studied in the strongly acidic (pH 1.2) and alcoholic (40% of ethanol) dissolution media. The dissolution tests in the alcoholic medium showed that the Affinisol coating was effective in preventing the dose dumping incidence. The dissolution tests in the acidic dissolution media showed that the Affinisol coating can also be useful for the delayed release of active substances.
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Regev G, Patel SK, Moncla BJ, Twist J, Devlin B, Rohan LC. Novel Application of Hot Melt Extrusion for the Manufacturing of Vaginal Films Containing Microbicide Candidate Dapivirine. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:239. [PMID: 31243640 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1442-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymeric films are safe and effective and can be used for vaginal administration of microbicide drug candidates. Dapivirine (DPV), an investigational and clinically advanced antiretroviral drug, was selected as a model compound for this study. We have previously developed and clinically tested a quick-dissolving DPV film using solvent cast (SC) manufacturing technique. As an alternative to current pharmaceutical film manufacturing techniques, we investigated hot melt extrusion (HME) process in this study because it has several benefits, including its capacity as a continuous manufacturing process, lack of solvents, smaller footprint, and ease of scalability. The goal of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of using HME for DPV vaginal film manufacturing and to develop a robust manufacturing process using HME by evaluating the effect of process parameters on film quality and performance. DPV was successfully incorporated into a vaginal film using HME and maintained acceptable characteristics. Three process parameters (zone temperature, screw speed, and feed rate) had an impact on film quality and performance. Of these, the zone temperature was found to most significantly affect weight, thickness, puncture strength, and dissolution of films. Additionally, film manufacturing using HME was highly reproducible. Finally, the DPV HME film was comparable to films manufactured using SC in terms of physicochemical, biological, and safety characteristics including in vitro drug release, mechanical strength, tissue permeability, compatibility with commensal vaginal Lactobacilli, and in vitro bioactivity. These results demonstrate that HME is an effective, robust, and viable manufacturing method to produce vaginal films.
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Vo AQ, He H, Zhang J, Martin S, Chen R, Repka MA. Application of FT-NIR Analysis for In-line and Real-Time Monitoring of Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion: a Technical Note. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:3425-3429. [PMID: 29948985 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous manufacturing, a gaining interest paradigm in the pharmaceutical industry, requires in-process monitoring of critical process parameters to ensure product consistency. This study demonstrated the application of Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy in conjunction with chemometrics modeling for in-line hot melt extrusion process monitoring. The obtained results suggested that inline FT-NIR analysis, along with a tailored NIR reflector, is a viable process analytical tool to monitor active pharmaceutical ingredient concentration as well as processing parameters.
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Schlindwein W, Bezerra M, Almeida J, Berghaus A, Owen M, Muirhead G. In-Line UV-Vis Spectroscopy as a Fast-Working Process Analytical Technology (PAT) during Early Phase Product Development Using Hot Melt Extrusion (HME). Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E166. [PMID: 30249025 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper displays the potential of an in-line PAT system for early phase product development during pharmaceutical continuous manufacturing following a Quality by Design (QbD) framework. Hot melt extrusion (HME) is used as continuous manufacturing process and UV–Vis spectroscopy as an in-line monitoring system. A sequential design of experiments (DoE) (screening, optimisation and verification) was used to gain process understanding for the manufacture of piroxicam (PRX)/Kollidon® VA64 amorphous solid dispersions. The influence of die temperature, screw speed, solid feed rate and PRX concentration on the critical quality attributes (CQAs) absorbance and lightness of color (L*) of the extrudates was investigated using multivariate tools. Statistical analysis results show interaction effects between concentration and temperature on absorbance and L* values. Solid feed rate has a significant effect on absorbance only and screw speed showed least impact on both responses for the screening design. The optimum HME process conditions were confirmed by 4 independent studies to be 20% w/w of PRX, temperature 140 °C, screw speed 200 rpm and feed rate 6 g/min. The in-line UV-Vis system was used to assess the solubility of PRX in Kollidon® VA64 by measuring absorbance and L* values from 230 to 700 nm. Oversaturation was observed for PRX concentrations higher than 20% w/w. Oversaturation can be readily identified as it causes scattering in the visible range. This is observed by a shift of the baseline in the visible part of the spectrum. Extrudate samples were analyzed for degradation using off-line High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) standard methods. Results from off-line experiments using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are also presented.
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Ellenberger DJ, Miller DA, Williams RO. Expanding the Application and Formulation Space of Amorphous Solid Dispersions with KinetiSol®: a Review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:1933-1956. [PMID: 29846889 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the high number of poorly soluble drugs in the development pipeline, novel processes for delivery of these challenging molecules are increasingly in demand. One such emerging method is KinetiSol, which utilizes high shear to produce amorphous solid dispersions. The process has been shown to be amenable to difficult to process active pharmaceutical ingredients with high melting points, poor organic solubility, or sensitivity to heat degradation. Additionally, the process enables classes of polymers not conventionally processable due to their high molecular weight and/or poor organic solubility. Beyond these advantages, the KinetiSol process shows promise with other applications, such as the production of amorphous mucoadhesive dispersions for delivery of compounds that would also benefit from permeability enhancement.
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Lamm MS, DiNunzio J, Khawaja NN, Crocker LS, Pecora A. Assessing Mixing Quality of a Copovidone-TPGS Hot Melt Extrusion Process with Atomic Force Microscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:89-98. [PMID: 26283196 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0387-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and modulated differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC) were used to evaluate the extent of mixing of a hot melt extrusion process for producing solid dispersions of copovidone and D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS 1000). In addition to composition, extrusion process parameters of screw speed and thermal quench rate were varied. The data indicated that for 10% TPGS and 300 rpm screw speed, the mixing was insufficient to yield a single-phase amorphous material. AFM images of the extrudate cross section for air-cooled material indicate round domains 200 to 700 nm in diameter without any observed alignment resulting from the extrusion whereas domains in extrudate subjected to chilled rolls were elliptical in shape with uniform orientation. Thermal analysis indicated that the domains were predominantly semi-crystalline TPGS. For 10% TPGS and 600 rpm screw speed, AFM and mDSC data were consistent with that of a single-phase amorphous material for both thermal quench rates examined. When the TPGS concentration was reduced to 5%, a single-phase amorphous material was achieved for all conditions even the slowest screw speed studied (150 rpm).
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A Ashour E, Kulkarni V, Almutairy B, Park JB, Shah SP, Majumdar S, Lian Z, Pinto E, Bi V, Durig T, Martin ST, Repka MA. Influence of pressurized carbon dioxide on ketoprofen-incorporated hot-melt extruded low molecular weight hydroxypropylcellulose. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 42:123-130. [PMID: 25997363 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1035282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the current research project was to investigate the effect of pressurized carbon dioxide (P-CO2) on the physico-mechanical properties of ketoprofen (KTP)-incorporated hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) (Klucel™ ELF, EF, and LF) produced using hot-melt extrusion (HME) techniques and to assess the plasticization effect of P-CO2 on the various polymers tested. METHODS The physico-mechanical properties of extrudates with and without injection of P-CO2 were examined and compared with extrudates with the addition of 5% liquid plasticizer of propylene glycol (PG). The extrudates were milled and compressed into tablets. Tablet characteristics of the extrudates with and without injection of P-CO2 were evaluated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION P-CO2 acted as a plasticizer for tested polymers, which allowed for the reduction in extrusion processing temperature. The microscopic morphology of the extrudates was changed to a foam-like structure due to the expansion of the CO2 at the extrusion die. The foamy extrudates demonstrated enhanced KTP release compared with the extrudates processed without P-CO2 due to the increase of porosity and surface area of those extrudates. Furthermore, the hardness of the tablets prepared by foamy extrudates was increased and the percent friability was decreased. Thus, the good binding properties and compressibility of the extrudates were positively influenced by utilizing P-CO2 processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A Ashour
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
| | - Vijay Kulkarni
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
| | - Bjad Almutairy
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
| | - Jun-Bom Park
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
| | - Sejal P Shah
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
| | - Soumyajit Majumdar
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA.,d Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
| | - Zhuoyang Lian
- b Ashland Specialty Ingredients, Global Pharma R&D , Wilmington , DE , USA
| | - Elanor Pinto
- b Ashland Specialty Ingredients, Global Pharma R&D , Wilmington , DE , USA
| | - Vivian Bi
- b Ashland Specialty Ingredients, Global Pharma R&D , Wilmington , DE , USA
| | - Thomas Durig
- b Ashland Specialty Ingredients, Global Pharma R&D , Wilmington , DE , USA
| | | | - Michael A Repka
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA.,d Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
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