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Felicijan T, Bogataj M. Forecasting the effect of water gastric emptying patterns on model drug release in an in vitro glass-bead flow-through system. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2024; 74:269-287. [PMID: 38815199 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2024-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Oral solid dosage forms are most frequently administered with a glass of water which empties from the stomach relatively fast, but with a certain variability in its emptying kinetics. The purpose of this study was thus to simulate different individual water gastric emptying (GE) patterns in an in vitro glass-bead flow-through dissolution system. Further, the effect of GE on the dissolution of model drugs from immediate-release tablets was assessed by determining the amount of dissolved drug in the samples pumped out of the stomach compartment. Additionally, different HCl solutions were used as dissolution media to assess the effect of the variability of pH of the gastric fluid on the dissolution of three model drugs: paracetamol, diclofenac sodium, and dipyridamole. The difference in fast and slow GE kinetics resulted in different dissolution profiles of paracetamol in all studied media. For diclofenac sodium and dipyridamole tablets, the effect of GE kinetics was well observed only in media, where the solubility was not a limiting factor. Therefore, GE kinetics of co-ingested water influences the drug release from immediate-release tablets, however, in certain cases, other parameters influencing drug dissolution can partly or fully hinder the expression of this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjaša Felicijan
- 1University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marija Bogataj
- 1University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Development of Dipeptide N–acetyl–L–cysteine Loaded Nanostructured Carriers Based on Inorganic Layered Hydroxides. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030955. [PMID: 36986816 PMCID: PMC10054814 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
N–acetyl–L–cysteine (NAC), a derivative of the L–cysteine amino acid, presents antioxidant and mucolytic properties of pharmaceutical interest. This work reports the preparation of organic-inorganic nanophases aiming for the development of drug delivery systems based on NAC intercalation into layered double hydroxides (LDH) of zinc–aluminum (Zn2Al–NAC) and magnesium–aluminum (Mg2Al–NAC) compositions. A detailed characterization of the synthesized hybrid materials was performed, including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and pair distribution function (PDF) analysis, infrared and Raman spectroscopies, solid-state 13carbon and 27aluminum nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), simultaneous thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry coupled to mass spectrometry (TG/DSC–MS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and elemental chemical analysis to assess both chemical composition and structure of the samples. The experimental conditions allowed to isolate Zn2Al–NAC nanomaterial with good crystallinity and a loading capacity of 27.3 (m/m)%. On the other hand, NAC intercalation was not successful into Mg2Al–LDH, being oxidized instead. In vitro drug delivery kinetic studies were performed using cylindrical tablets of Zn2Al–NAC in a simulated physiological solution (extracellular matrix) to investigate the release profile. After 96 h, the tablet was analyzed by micro-Raman spectroscopy. NAC was replaced by anions such as hydrogen phosphate by a slow diffusion-controlled ion exchange process. Zn2Al–NAC fulfil basic requirements to be employed as a drug delivery system with a defined microscopic structure, appreciable loading capacity, and allowing a controlled release of NAC.
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Han M, Xu J, Lin Y. Approaches of formulation bridging in support of orally administered drug product development. Int J Pharm 2022; 629:122380. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hofstetter RK, Schulig L, Bethmann J, Grimm M, Sager M, Aude P, Keßler R, Kim S, Weitschies W, Link A. Supercritical fluid extraction-supercritical fluid chromatography of saliva: Single-quadrupole mass spectrometry monitoring of caffeine for gastric emptying studies †. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3700-3716. [PMID: 34355502 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Saliva is an attractive sampling matrix for measuring various endogenous and exogeneous substances but requires sample treatment prior to chromatographic analysis. Exploiting supercritical CO2 for both extraction and chromatography simplifies sample preparation, reduces organic solvent consumption, and minimizes exposure to potentially infectious samples, but has not yet been applied to oral fluid. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of online supercritical fluid extraction coupled to supercritical fluid chromatography and single-quadrupole mass spectrometry for monitoring the model salivary tracer caffeine. A comparison of 13 C- and 32 S-labeled internal standards with external standard calibration confirmed the superiority of stable isotope-labeled caffeine over nonanalogous internal standards. As proof of concept, the validated method was applied to saliva from a magnetic resonance imaging study of gastric emptying. After administration of 35 mg caffeine via ice capsule, salivary levels correlated with magnetic resonance imaging data, corroborating caffeine's usefulness as tracer of gastric emptying (R2 = 0.945). In contrast to off-line methods, online quantification required only minute amounts of organic solvents and a single manual operation prior to online bioanalysis of saliva, thus demonstrating the usefulness of CO2 -based extraction and separation techniques for potentially infective biomatrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Hofstetter
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lukas Schulig
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jonas Bethmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Grimm
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maximilian Sager
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Philipp Aude
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rebecca Keßler
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Simon Kim
- Department of Trauma, Reconstructive Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas Link
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Six years of progress in the oral biopharmaceutics area – A summary from the IMI OrBiTo project. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 152:236-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Comparison of In Vitro and In Vivo Results Using the GastroDuo and the Salivary Tracer Technique: Immediate Release Dosage Forms under Fasting Conditions. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11120659. [PMID: 31817867 PMCID: PMC6956200 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11120659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The fasted state administration of immediate release (IR) dosage forms is often regarded as uncritical since physiological aspects seem to play a minor role for disintegration and drug release. However, recent in vivo studies in humans have highlighted that fasted state conditions are in fact highly dynamic. It was therefore the aim of this study to investigate the disintegration and drug release behavior of four different IR formulations of the probe drug caffeine under physiologically relevant conditions with the aid of the GastroDuo. One film-coated tablet and three different capsule formulations based on capsule shells either made from hard gelatin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) were tested in six different test programs. To evaluate the relevance of the data generated, the four IR formulations were also studied in a four-way cross-over study in 14 healthy volunteers by using the salivary tracer technique (STT). It could be shown that the IR formulations behaved differently in the in vitro test programs. Thereby, the simulated parameters affected the disintegration and dissolution behavior of the four IR formulations in different ways. Whereas drug release from the tablet started early and was barely affected by temperature, pH or motility, the different capsule formulations showed a longer lag time and were sensitive to specific parameters. However, once drug release was initiated, it typically progressed with a higher rate for the capsules compared to the tablet. Interestingly, the results obtained with the STT were not always in line with the in vitro data. This observation was due to the fact that the probability of the different test programs was not equal and that certain scenarios were rather unlikely to occur under the controlled and standardized conditions of clinical studies. Nonetheless, the in vitro data are still valuable as they allowed to discriminate between different formulations.
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Schick P, Sager M, Wegner F, Wiedmann M, Schapperer E, Weitschies W, Koziolek M. Application of the GastroDuo as an in Vitro Dissolution Tool To Simulate the Gastric Emptying of the Postprandial Stomach. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4651-4660. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schick
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maximilian Sager
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Franziska Wegner
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | - Werner Weitschies
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mirko Koziolek
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
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Butler J, Hens B, Vertzoni M, Brouwers J, Berben P, Dressman J, Andreas CJ, Schaefer KJ, Mann J, McAllister M, Jamei M, Kostewicz E, Kesisoglou F, Langguth P, Minekus M, Müllertz A, Schilderink R, Koziolek M, Jedamzik P, Weitschies W, Reppas C, Augustijns P. In vitro models for the prediction of in vivo performance of oral dosage forms: Recent progress from partnership through the IMI OrBiTo collaboration. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 136:70-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Jede C, Wagner C, Kubas H, Weber C, Weigandt M, Koziolek M, Weitschies W. Automated small-scale in vitro transfer model as screening tool for the prediction of in vivo-dissolution and precipitation of poorly solubles. Int J Pharm 2019; 556:150-158. [PMID: 30553006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Precipitation testing, especially for weakly basic APIs, represents a key parameter in drug substance characterization during early development stages, where the amount of API available is limited. Therefore, it was the aim of this study to develop an automated small-scale in vitro transfer model to characterize the supersaturation and precipitation behavior of two poorly water-soluble drugs. Following automation and scale-down of the standard transfer model, the developed small-scale model was used to assess the impact of gastrointestinal variability, i.e. gastric pH, gastric emptying, and gastrointestinal fluid volumes, on supersaturation and precipitation of two weakly basic model compounds, ketoconazole and a new chemical entity from the research laboratories of Merck KGaA, MSC-A. The experiments revealed that variations in gastrointestinal parameters affected the in vitro behavior of ketoconazole, but not of MSC-A. Elevated gastric pH, as it can result from co-medication with acid-reducing drugs, resulted in lower degrees of supersaturation for both substances. This result is in agreement with the observation that the oral bioavailability of ketoconazole is lowered when proton pump inhibitors are co-administered. The small-scale transfer model presented herein represents a valuable in vitro tool to assess the risk of drug precipitation, additionally covering a broad range of gastrointestinal parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Jede
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; Pharmaceutical Technologies, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Technologies, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Holger Kubas
- Pharmaceutical Technologies, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Project and Dossier Leadership, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Weigandt
- Pharmaceutical Technologies, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Mirko Koziolek
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
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Grimm M, Koziolek M, Kühn JP, Weitschies W. Interindividual and intraindividual variability of fasted state gastric fluid volume and gastric emptying of water. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018. [PMID: 29522898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The amount and composition of gastrointestinal media are crucial parameters in oral drug delivery. In fasted state, variable residual gastric volumes and gastric emptying behavior often cause variable drug release and absorption from oral drug products. Unfortunately, interindividual and intraindividual variability of the gastric conditions in fasted state are currently insufficiently mapped. In this work, datasets from 5 MRI studies with 16 treatments in total were pooled. The interindividual and intraindividual variability of residual gastric volumes after 10 h overnight fasting and the subsequent emptying of 240 mL of water were compared in healthy human subjects under conditions mimicking clinical studies. This work shows that even under standardized clinical conditions, residual gastric volumes and water emptying are highly variable. Interestingly, interindividual and intraindividual variabilities of both parameters were comparable, suggesting that the variability within the studies was mainly resulting from intraindividual day-to-day variations. The mean resting volumes in all conducted investigations amounted to 25 ± 18 mL (n = 120). Furthermore, 85 ± 13% (n = 22) of initially available gastric volume (resting volume plus 240 mL) was emptied after 30 min. The findings of this work will hopefully contribute to a better comprehension of the variability of oral drug release and absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Grimm
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mirko Koziolek
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jens-Peter Kühn
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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