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Ellis RJ, Pal S, Achim CL, Sundermann E, Moore DJ, Soontornniyomkij V, Feldman H. Alzheimer-Type Cerebral Amyloidosis in the Context of HIV Infection: Implications for a Proposed New Treatment Approach. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2024; 19:27. [PMID: 38829507 PMCID: PMC11147830 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-024-10126-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) are currently broadly prescribed for the treatment of HIV infection but are also thought to prevent Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression by protecting against amyloidosis. Our study evaluates the hypothesis that reverse transcriptase inhibitors protect against Alzheimer-type brain amyloidogenesis in the context of HIV infection. We compiled a case series of participants from a prospective study of the neurological consequences of HIV infection at the HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program (HNRP) who had serial neuropsychological and neurological assessments and were on RTIs. Two participants had gross and microscopic examination and immunohistochemistry of the brain at autopsy; one was assessed clinically for Alzheimer's disease by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis of phosphorylated-Tau, Total-Tau and Aβ42. Additionally, a larger cohort of 250 autopsied individuals was evaluated for presence of amyloid plaques, Tau, and related pathologies. Three older, virally suppressed individuals with HIV who had long-term treatment with RTIs were included in analyses. Two cases demonstrated substantial cerebral amyloid deposition at autopsy. The third case met clinical criteria for AD based on a typical clinical course and CSF biomarker profile. In the larger cohort of autopsied individuals, the prevalence of cerebral amyloidosis among people with HIV (PWH) was greater for those on RTIs. Our study showed that long-term RTI therapy did not protect against Alzheimer-type brain amyloidogenesis in the context of HIV infection in these patients. Given the known toxicities of RTIs, it is premature to recommend them to individuals at risk or with Alzheimer's disease who do not have HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Ellis
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Shibangi Pal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cristian L Achim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Erin Sundermann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David J Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Howard Feldman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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Mas-Bargues C. Mitochondria pleiotropism in stem cell senescence: Mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 208:657-671. [PMID: 37739140 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a complex biological process characterized by a progressive decline in cellular and tissue function, ultimately leading to organismal aging. Stem cells, with their regenerative potential, play a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and repair throughout an organism's lifespan. Mitochondria, the powerhouses of the cell, have emerged as key players in the aging process, impacting stem cell function and contributing to age-related tissue dysfunction. Here are discuss the mechanisms through which mitochondria influence stem cell fate decisions, including energy production, metabolic regulation, ROS signalling, and epigenetic modifications. Therefore, this review highlights the role of mitochondria in driving stem cell senescence and the subsequent impact on tissue function, leading to overall organismal aging and age-related diseases. Finally, we explore potential anti-aging therapies targeting mitochondrial health and discuss their implications for promoting healthy aging. This comprehensive review sheds light on the critical interplay between mitochondrial function, stem cell senescence, and organismal aging, offering insights into potential strategies for attenuating age-related decline and promoting healthy longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mas-Bargues
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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3
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Ellis RJ, Marquine MJ, Kaul M, Fields JA, Schlachetzki JCM. Mechanisms underlying HIV-associated cognitive impairment and emerging therapies for its management. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:668-687. [PMID: 37816937 PMCID: PMC11052664 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00879-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
People living with HIV are affected by the chronic consequences of neurocognitive impairment (NCI) despite antiretroviral therapies that suppress viral replication, improve health and extend life. Furthermore, viral suppression does not eliminate the virus, and remaining infected cells may continue to produce viral proteins that trigger neurodegeneration. Comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus are likely to contribute substantially to CNS injury in people living with HIV, and some components of antiretroviral therapy exert undesirable side effects on the nervous system. No treatment for HIV-associated NCI has been approved by the European Medicines Agency or the US Food and Drug Administration. Historically, roadblocks to developing effective treatments have included a limited understanding of the pathophysiology of HIV-associated NCI and heterogeneity in its clinical manifestations. This heterogeneity might reflect multiple underlying causes that differ among individuals, rather than a single unifying neuropathogenesis. Despite these complexities, accelerating discoveries in HIV neuropathogenesis are yielding potentially druggable targets, including excessive immune activation, metabolic alterations culminating in mitochondrial dysfunction, dysregulation of metal ion homeostasis and lysosomal function, and microbiome alterations. In addition to drug treatments, we also highlight the importance of non-pharmacological interventions. By revisiting mechanisms implicated in NCI and potential interventions addressing these mechanisms, we hope to supply reasons for optimism in people living with HIV affected by NCI and their care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Ellis
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - María J Marquine
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marcus Kaul
- School of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jerel Adam Fields
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Johannes C M Schlachetzki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Muddu Krishna C, Kolla JN, Bollikolla HB, Sravan Kumar Reddy T, Asha S. Ethyl Gallate: Promising Cytoprotective against HIV-1-Induced Cytopathy and Antiretroviral-Induced Cytotoxicity. Adv Virol 2023; 2023:6727762. [PMID: 37475729 PMCID: PMC10356543 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6727762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction HIV-1 infection in cell culture is typically characterized by certain cytopathic effects such as vacuolization of cells and development of syncytia, which further lead to cell death. In addition, the majority of drugs during HIV treatment exhibit serious adverse effects in patients, apart from their beneficial role. During the screening of cytoprotective agents to protect the cells from HIV-1-associated cell death and also drug-associated toxicity, antioxidants from a natural source are assumed to be a choice. A well-known antioxidant, ethyl gallate (EG), was selected for cytoprotection studies which have already been proven as an anti-HIV agent. Objective The main objective of the study was to explore the cytoprotective potential of EG against HIV-1-induced cytopathic effect and antiretroviral drug toxicity. Methods DPPH free radical scavenging assay was performed with EG to find the effective concentration for antioxidant activity. HIV-1infection-associated cytopathic effects and further rescue by EG were studied in MT-2 lymphocytes by the microscopic method and XTT cytopathic assays. The cellular toxicity of different antiretroviral drugs in different cell lines and the consequent cytoprotective effectiveness of EG were investigated using an MTT cell viability assay. Results Like ascorbic acid, EG exhibited promising antioxidant activity. HIV-1 infection of MT2 cells induces cell death often referred to as the cytopathic effect. In addition, the usage of antiretroviral drugs also causes severe adverse effects like cytotoxicity. In this context, EG was tested for its cytoprotective properties against HIV-1-induced cytopathic effect and drug-mediated cellular toxicity. EG reclaimed back the MT2 cells from HIV-1-induced cell death. Antiretroviral drugs, such as ritonavir, efavirinz, AZT, and nevirapine, were tested for their toxicity and induced more cell death at higher concentrations in different tissue models such as the liver (THLE-3), lung (AEpiCM), colorectal (HT-29), and brain (U87 MG). Pretreated cells with EG were rescued from the toxic doses of ART. Conclusion EG was found to be exhibited cytoprotection not only from HIV-1-linked cell death but also from the chemotoxicity of antiretroviral drugs. Evidently, EG could be a cytoprotective supplement in the management of AIDS along with its enormous antioxidant benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Muddu Krishna
- Department of Biotechnology, VFSTR (Deemed to be University), Vadlamudi, Guntur, AP, India
- Discovery Biology, Hetero Research Foundation, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - J. N. Kolla
- CZ-OPENSCREEN, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hari Babu Bollikolla
- Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, NNagar, Guntur-522510, AP, India
| | | | - S. Asha
- Department of Biotechnology, VFSTR (Deemed to be University), Vadlamudi, Guntur, AP, India
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Ellis RJ, Pal S, Achim CL, Sundermann E, Moore DJ, Soontornniyomkij V, Feldman H. Alzheimer-type cerebral amyloidosis in the context of HIV infection: implications for a proposed new treatment approach. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3040756. [PMID: 37398361 PMCID: PMC10312930 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3040756/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) are currently broadly prescribed for the treatment of HIV infection but are also thought to prevent Alzheimer's Disease (AD) progression by protecting against amyloidosis. Our study evaluates the hypothesis that reverse transcriptase inhibitors protect against Alzheimer-type brain amyloidogenesis in the context of HIV infection. We compiled a case series of participants from a prospective study of the neurological consequences of HIV infection at the HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program (HNRP) who had serial neuropsychological and neurological assessments and were on RTIs. Two participants had gross and microscopic examination and immunohistochemistry of the brain at autopsy; one was assessed clinically for Alzheimer's Disease by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis of phosphorylated-Tau, Total-Tau and Aβ42. Additionally, a larger cohort of autopsied individuals was evaluated for presence of amyloid plaques, Tau, and related pathologies. Three older, virally suppressed individuals with HIV who had long-term treatment with RTIs were included in analyses. Two cases demonstrated substantial cerebral amyloid deposition at autopsy. The third case met clinical criteria for AD based on a typical clinical course and CSF biomarker profile. In the larger cohort of autopsied individuals, the prevalence of cerebral amyloidosis among people with HIV (PWH) was greater for those on RTIs. Our study showed that long-term RTI therapy did not protect against Alzheimer-type brain amyloidogenesis in the context of HIV infection in these patients. Given the known toxicities of RTIs, it is premature to recommend them to individuals at risk or with Alzheimer's disease who do not have HIV infection.
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Salgado B, Sastre I, Bullido MJ, Aldudo J. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Induces AD-like Neurodegeneration Markers in Human Progenitor and Differentiated ReNcell VM Cells. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1205. [PMID: 37317179 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence strongly suggests that infections or reactivations of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) may be closely linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Promising results have been obtained using cell and animal models of HSV-1 infection, contributing to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking HSV-1 infection and AD neurodegeneration. ReNcell VM is a human neural stem cell line that has been used as a model system to study the impact of various infectious agents on the central nervous system. In this study, we demonstrate the suitability of the ReNcell VM cell line for developing a new in vitro model of HSV-1 infection. By following standard differentiation protocols, we were able to derive various nervous cell types, including neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, from neural precursors. Additionally, we demonstrated the susceptibility of ReNcell VM cells, including precursor and differentiated cells, to HSV-1 infection and subsequent viral-induced AD-like neurodegeneration. Our findings support the use of this cell line to generate a new research platform for investigating AD neuropathology and its most significant risk factors, which may lead to important discoveries in the context of this highly impactful disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Salgado
- Centro de Biologia Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (C.S.I.C.-U.A.M.), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Sastre
- Centro de Biologia Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (C.S.I.C.-U.A.M.), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Bullido
- Centro de Biologia Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (C.S.I.C.-U.A.M.), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus Aldudo
- Centro de Biologia Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (C.S.I.C.-U.A.M.), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain
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Adesse D, Gladulich L, Alvarez-Rosa L, Siqueira M, Marcos AC, Heider M, Motta CS, Torices S, Toborek M, Stipursky J. Role of aging in Blood-Brain Barrier dysfunction and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection: impacts on neurological symptoms of COVID-19. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:63. [PMID: 35982454 PMCID: PMC9386676 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00357-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, which is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in devastating morbidity and mortality worldwide due to lethal pneumonia and respiratory distress. In addition, the central nervous system (CNS) is well documented to be a target of SARS-CoV-2, and studies detected SARS-CoV-2 in the brain and the cerebrospinal fluid of COVID-19 patients. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) was suggested to be the major route of SARS-CoV-2 infection of the brain. Functionally, the BBB is created by an interactome between endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, and neurons, which form the neurovascular units (NVU). However, at present, the interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with the NVU and the outcomes of this process are largely unknown. Moreover, age was described as one of the most prominent risk factors for hospitalization and deaths, along with other comorbidities such as diabetes and co-infections. This review will discuss the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the NVU, the expression profile of SARS-CoV-2 receptors in the different cell types of the CNS and the possible role of aging in the neurological outcomes of COVID-19. A special emphasis will be placed on mitochondrial functions because dysfunctional mitochondria are also a strong inducer of inflammatory reactions and the "cytokine storm" associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Finally, we will discuss possible drug therapies to treat neural endothelial function in aged patients, and, thus, alleviate the neurological symptoms associated with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Adesse
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, sala 307b, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Luis Gladulich
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, sala 307b, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Liandra Alvarez-Rosa
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, sala 307b, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
- Laboratório Compartilhado, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michele Siqueira
- Laboratório Compartilhado, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anne Caroline Marcos
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, sala 307b, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Marialice Heider
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, sala 307b, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Caroline Soares Motta
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, sala 307b, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Silvia Torices
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Joice Stipursky
- Laboratório Compartilhado, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Rudd H, Toborek M. Pitfalls of Antiretroviral Therapy: Current Status and Long-Term CNS Toxicity. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070894. [PMID: 35883450 PMCID: PMC9312798 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV can traverse the BBB using a Trojan horse-like mechanism. Hidden within infected immune cells, HIV can infiltrate the highly safeguarded CNS and propagate disease. Once integrated within the host genome, HIV becomes a stable provirus, which can remain dormant, evade detection by the immune system or antiretroviral therapy (ART), and result in rebound viraemia. As ART targets actively replicating HIV, has low BBB penetrance, and exposes patients to long-term toxicity, further investigation into novel therapeutic approaches is required. Viral proteins can be produced by latent HIV, which may play a synergistic role alongside ART in promoting neuroinflammatory pathophysiology. It is believed that the ability to specifically target these proviral reservoirs would be a vital driving force towards a cure for HIV infection. A novel drug design platform, using the in-tandem administration of several therapeutic approaches, can be used to precisely target the various components of HIV infection, ultimately leading to the eradication of active and latent HIV and a functional cure for HIV. The aim of this review is to explore the pitfalls of ART and potential novel therapeutic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Rudd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(305)-243-0230
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The Role of Antioxidants in the Interplay between Oxidative Stress and Senescence. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071224. [PMID: 35883714 PMCID: PMC9311946 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is an irreversible state of cell cycle arrest occurring in response to stressful stimuli, such as telomere attrition, DNA damage, reactive oxygen species, and oncogenic proteins. Although beneficial and protective in several physiological processes, an excessive senescent cell burden has been involved in various pathological conditions including aging, tissue dysfunction and chronic diseases. Oxidative stress (OS) can drive senescence due to a loss of balance between pro-oxidant stimuli and antioxidant defences. Therefore, the identification and characterization of antioxidant compounds capable of preventing or counteracting the senescent phenotype is of major interest. However, despite the considerable number of studies, a comprehensive overview of the main antioxidant molecules capable of counteracting OS-induced senescence is still lacking. Here, besides a brief description of the molecular mechanisms implicated in OS-mediated aging, we review and discuss the role of enzymes, mitochondria-targeting compounds, vitamins, carotenoids, organosulfur compounds, nitrogen non-protein molecules, minerals, flavonoids, and non-flavonoids as antioxidant compounds with an anti-aging potential, therefore offering insights into innovative lifespan-extending approaches.
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Shah AS, Surnar B, Kolishetti N, Dhar S. Intersection of Inorganic Chemistry and Nanotechnology for the Creation of New Cancer Therapies. ACCOUNTS OF MATERIALS RESEARCH 2022; 3:283-296. [PMID: 37091880 PMCID: PMC10117633 DOI: 10.1021/accountsmr.1c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1965, the inorganic drug cisplatin has become a mainstay of cancer therapies and has inspired many platinum (Pt)-based compounds to solve various issues of toxicity and limitations associated with the original cisplatin. However, many of these drugs/prodrugs continue to be plagued by an array of side effects, limited circulation, and half-life and off-target effects. To solve this issue, we have constructed an array of platinum-based prodrugs on a Pt(IV) skeleton, which provides more favorable geometry and hydrophobicity, easier functionalization, and ultimately better targeting abilities. Each of these Pt(IV) prodrugs aims to either combine cisplatin with other agents for a combination therapeutic effect or improve the targeting of cisplatin itself, all for the more effective treatment of specific cancers. Our developed prodrugs include Platin-A, which combines cisplatin with the anti-inflammatory agent aspirin, Platin-M, which is functionalized with a mitochondria-targeting moiety, and Platin-B and Platin-Cbl, which combine cisplatin with components to combat cellular resistance to chemotherapy. At the same time, however, we recognize the crucial role of nanotechnology in improving the efficacy of cisplatin prodrugs and other inorganic compounds for the treatment of cancers. We describe several key benefits provided by nanomedicine that vastly improve the reach and utility of cisplatin prodrugs, including the ability of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) to deliver these agents with precision to the mitochondria, transport drugs across the blood-brain barrier, and target cisplatin prodrugs to specific cancers using various ligands. In addition, we highlight our progress in the engineering of innovative new polymers to improve the release patterns, pharmacokinetics, and dosages of cancer therapies. In this Account, we aim to describe the growing need for collaboration between the fields of inorganic chemistry and nanotechnology and how new advancements can not only improve on traditional chemotherapeutic agents but also expand their reach to entirely new subsets of cancers. In addition to detailing the design and principles behind our modifications of cisplatin and the efficacy of these new prodrugs against aggressive, cisplatin-resistant, or metastatic cancers, we also shed light on nanotechnology's essential role in protecting inorganic drugs and the human body from one another for more effective disease treatment without the off-target effects with which it is normally associated. We hope that this perspective into the important intersection between inorganic medicinal chemistry and nanotechnology will inspire future research on cisplatin prodrugs and other inorganic agents, innovative polymer and NP design, and the ways in which these two fields can greatly advance cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj S Shah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Bapurao Surnar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Nagesh Kolishetti
- Department of Immunology & Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Shanta Dhar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
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Brain antioxidants and hippocampal microanatomical alterations following the administration of Efavirenz/Lamivudine/Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and Lamivudine/Nevirapine/Zidovudine in adult male Wistar rats. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 12:210-216. [PMID: 35340763 PMCID: PMC8941179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Rodés B, Cadiñanos J, Esteban-Cantos A, Rodríguez-Centeno J, Arribas JR. Ageing with HIV: Challenges and biomarkers. EBioMedicine 2022; 77:103896. [PMID: 35228014 PMCID: PMC8889090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiretroviral treatment (ART) developed to control HIV infection led to a revolution in the prognosis of people living with HIV (PLWH). PLWH underwent from suffering severe disease and often fatal complications at young ages to having a chronic condition and a life expectancy close to the general population. Nevertheless, chronic age-related diseases increase as PLWH age. The harmful effect of HIV infection on the individual's immune system adds to its deterioration during ageing, exacerbating comorbidities. In addition, PLWH are more exposed to risk factors affecting ageing, such as coinfections or harmful lifestyles. The ART initiation reverses the biological ageing process but only partially, and additionally can have some toxicities that influence ageing. Observational studies suggest premature ageing in PLWH. Therefore, there is considerable interest in the early prediction of unhealthy ageing through validated biomarkers, easy to implement in HIV-clinical settings. The most promising biomarkers are second-generation epigenetic clocks and integrative algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Rodés
- HIV/AIDS and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Hospital Universitario La Paz Institute for Health Research-IdiPAZ, Paseo de la Castellana 261, Madrid 28046, Spain; CIBER of Infectious Diseases (CIBER-INFECT), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Julen Cadiñanos
- HIV/AIDS and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Hospital Universitario La Paz Institute for Health Research-IdiPAZ, Paseo de la Castellana 261, Madrid 28046, Spain; Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Paseo de la Castellana 261, Madrid 28046, Spain; CIBER of Infectious Diseases (CIBER-INFECT), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Esteban-Cantos
- HIV/AIDS and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Hospital Universitario La Paz Institute for Health Research-IdiPAZ, Paseo de la Castellana 261, Madrid 28046, Spain; CIBER of Infectious Diseases (CIBER-INFECT), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Rodríguez-Centeno
- HIV/AIDS and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Hospital Universitario La Paz Institute for Health Research-IdiPAZ, Paseo de la Castellana 261, Madrid 28046, Spain; CIBER of Infectious Diseases (CIBER-INFECT), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Ramón Arribas
- HIV/AIDS and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Hospital Universitario La Paz Institute for Health Research-IdiPAZ, Paseo de la Castellana 261, Madrid 28046, Spain; Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Paseo de la Castellana 261, Madrid 28046, Spain; CIBER of Infectious Diseases (CIBER-INFECT), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Yoshinaga N, Numata K. Rational Designs at the Forefront of Mitochondria-Targeted Gene Delivery: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:348-359. [PMID: 34979085 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play an essential role in cellular metabolism and generate energy in cells. To support these functions, several proteins are encoded in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The mutation of mtDNA causes mitochondrial dysfunction and ultimately results in a variety of inherited diseases. To date, gene delivery systems targeting mitochondria have been developed to ameliorate mtDNA mutations. However, applications of these strategies in mitochondrial gene therapy are still being explored and optimized. Thus, from this perspective, we herein highlight recent mitochondria-targeting strategies for gene therapy and discuss future directions for effective mitochondria-targeted gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Yoshinaga
- Biomacromolecule Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Keiji Numata
- Biomacromolecule Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Material Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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14
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Kolishetti N, Vashist A, Arias AY, Atluri V, Dhar S, Nair M. Recent advances, status, and opportunities of magneto-electric nanocarriers for biomedical applications. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 83:101046. [PMID: 34743901 PMCID: PMC8792247 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Magneto-electric (ME) materials with core-shell architecture where the core is made of magnetic materials have emerged as an attractive nanomaterial due to the coupling of magnetic and electric properties in the same material and the fact that both fields can be controlled which allows an on-demand, transport and release of loaded cargo. Over the last decade, biomedical engineers and researchers from various interdisciplinary fields have successfully demonstrated promising properties ranging from therapeutic delivery to sensing, and neuromodulation using ME materials. In this review, we systematically summarize developments in various biomedical fields using the nanoforms of these materials. Herein, we also highlight various promising biomedical applications where the ME nanocarriers are encapsulated in other materials such as gels and liposomes and their potential for promising therapeutics and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagesh Kolishetti
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA; Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
| | - Arti Vashist
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA; Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Adriana Yndart Arias
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA; Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Venkata Atluri
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA; Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine, Provo, UT, 84606, USA
| | - Shanta Dhar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Madhavan Nair
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA; Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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15
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Sena Ozbay H, Yabanoglu-Ciftci S, Baysal I, Gultekinoglu M, Can Eylem C, Ulubayram K, Nemutlu E, Topaloglu R, Ozaltin F. Mitochondria-Targeted CoQ10 Loaded PLGA-b-PEG-TPP Nanoparticles: Their Effects on Mitochondrial Functions of COQ8B HK-2 cells. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 173:22-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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16
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Zhang Y, Yang H, Wei D, Zhang X, Wang J, Wu X, Chang J. Mitochondria-targeted nanoparticles in treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2021; 1:20210115. [PMID: 37323688 PMCID: PMC10191038 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a class of heterogeneous diseases that includes Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mitochondria play an important role in oxidative balance and metabolic activity of neurons; therefore, mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with NDs and mitochondria are considered a potential treatment target for NDs. Several obstacles, including the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and cell/mitochondrial membranes, reduce the efficiency of drug entry into the target lesions. Therefore, a variety of neuron mitochondrial targeting strategies has been developed. Among them, nanotechnology-based treatments show especially promising results. Owing to their adjustable size, appropriate charge, and lipophilic surface, nanoparticles (NPs) are the ideal theranostic system for crossing the BBB and targeting the neuronal mitochondria. In this review, we discussed the role of dysfunctional mitochondria in ND pathogenesis as well as the physiological barriers to various treatment strategies. We also reviewed the use and advantages of various NPs (including organic, inorganic, and biological membrane-coated NPs) for the treatment and diagnosis of NDs. Finally, we summarized the evidence and possible use for the promising role of NP-based theranostic systems in the treatment of mitochondrial dysfunction-related NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- School of Life SciencesTianjin University92 Weijin Road, Nankai DistrictTianjinP. R. China
| | - Han Yang
- School of Life and Health ScienceThe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhenP. R. China
| | - Daohe Wei
- School of Life SciencesTianjin University92 Weijin Road, Nankai DistrictTianjinP. R. China
| | - Xinhui Zhang
- School of Life SciencesTianjin University92 Weijin Road, Nankai DistrictTianjinP. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Life SciencesTianjin University92 Weijin Road, Nankai DistrictTianjinP. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- School of Life SciencesTianjin University92 Weijin Road, Nankai DistrictTianjinP. R. China
| | - Jin Chang
- School of Life SciencesTianjin University92 Weijin Road, Nankai DistrictTianjinP. R. China
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17
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Tousian H, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. In search of elixir: Pharmacological agents against stem cell senescence. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 24:868-880. [PMID: 34712416 PMCID: PMC8528253 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2021.51917.11773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell senescence causes different complications. In addition to the aging phenomenon, stem cell senescence has been investigated in various concepts such as cancer, adverse drug effects, and as a limiting factor in cell therapy. This manuscript examines protective medicines and supplements which are capable of hindering stem cell senescence. We searched the databases such as EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science with the keywords “stem cell,” “progenitor cell,” “satellite,” “senescence” and excluded the keywords “cancer,” “tumor,” “malignancy” and “carcinoma” until June 2020. Among these results, we chose 47 relevant studies. Our investigation indicates that most of these studies examined endothelial progenitor cells, hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, adipose-derived stem cells, and a few others were about less-discussed types of stem cells such as cardiac stem cells, myeloblasts, and induced pluripotent stem cells. From another aspect, 17β-Estradiol, melatonin, metformin, rapamycin, coenzyme Q10, N-acetyl cysteine, and vitamin C were the most studied agents, while the main protective mechanism was through telomerase activity enhancement or oxidative damage ablation. Although many of these studies are in vitro, they are still worthwhile. Stem cell senescence in the in vitro expansion stage is an essential concern in clinical procedures of cell therapy. Moreover, in vitro studies are the first step for further in vivo and clinical studies. It is noteworthy to mention the fact that these protective agents have been used in the clinical setting for various purposes for a long time. Given that, we only need to examine their systemic anti-senescence effects and effective dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hourieh Tousian
- Vice-chancellery of Food and Drug,Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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18
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Surnar B, Shah AS, Park M, Kalathil AA, Kamran MZ, Ramirez Jaime R, Toborek M, Nair M, Kolishetti N, Dhar S. Brain-Accumulating Nanoparticles for Assisting Astrocytes to Reduce Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Drug Abuse-Induced Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress. ACS NANO 2021; 15:15741-15753. [PMID: 34355558 PMCID: PMC10134441 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Human neurotropic immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ingress into the brain and its subsequent replication after infection results in viral reservoirs in the brain. The infected cells include microglia, perivascular macrophages, and astrocytes. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) affect glial cells by activating microglia and macrophages through neuroinflammation, as well as astrocytes through mitochondrial dysfunctions and the onset of oxidative stress, impairing the ability of these cells to engage in neuroprotection. Furthermore, the risk of neuroinflammation associated with HAND is magnified by recreational drug use in HIV-positive individuals. Most of the therapeutic options for HIV cannot be used to tackle the virus in the brain and treat HAND due to the inability of currently available combination antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) and neuroprotectants to cross the blood-brain barrier, even if the barrier is partially compromised by infection. Here, we report a strategy to deliver an optimized antiretroviral therapy combined with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory neuroprotectants using biodegradable brain-targeted polymeric nanoparticles to reduce the burden caused by viral reservoirs in the brain and tackle the oxidative stress and inflammation in astrocytes and microglia. Through in vitro coculture studies in human microglia and astrocytes as well as an in vivo efficacy study in an EcoHIV-infected, methamphetamine-exposed animal model, we established a nanoparticle-based therapeutic strategy with the ability to treat HIV infection in the central nervous system in conditions simulating drug use while providing enhanced protection to astrocytes, microglia, and neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapurao Surnar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Anuj S Shah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Minseon Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Akil A Kalathil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Mohammad Z Kamran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Royden Ramirez Jaime
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim, College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Madhavan Nair
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim, College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Nagesh Kolishetti
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim, College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Shanta Dhar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
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19
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Kaur H, Bush WS, Letendre SL, Ellis RJ, Heaton RK, Patton SM, Connor JR, Samuels DC, Franklin DR, Hulgan T, Kallianpur AR. Higher CSF Ferritin Heavy-Chain (Fth1) and Transferrin Predict Better Neurocognitive Performance in People with HIV. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4842-4855. [PMID: 34195939 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) remains prevalent despite antiretroviral therapy and involves white matter damage in the brain. Although iron is essential for myelination and myelin maintenance/repair, its role in HAND is largely unexplored. We tested the hypotheses that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) heavy-chain ferritin (Fth1) and transferrin, proteins integral to iron delivery and myelination, are associated with neurocognitive performance in people with HIV (PWH). Fth1, transferrin, and the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 were quantified in CSF at baseline (entry) in 403 PWH from a prospective observational study who underwent serial, comprehensive neurocognitive assessments. Associations of Fth1 and transferrin with Global Deficit Score (GDS)-defined neurocognitive performance at baseline and 30-42 months of follow-up were evaluated by multivariable regression. While not associated with neurocognitive performance at baseline, higher baseline CSF Fth1 predicted significantly better neurocognitive performance over 30 months in all PWH (p < 0.05), in PWH aged < 50 at 30, 36, and 42 months (all p < 0.05), and in virally suppressed PWH at all three visit time-points (all p < 0.01). Higher CSF transferrin was associated with superior neurocognitive performance at all visits, primarily in viremic individuals (all p < 0.05). All associations persisted after adjustment for neuro-inflammation. In summary, higher CSF Fth1 is neuroprotective over prolonged follow-up in all and virally suppressed PWH, while higher CSF transferrin may be most neuroprotective during viremia. We speculate that higher CSF levels of these critical iron-delivery proteins support improved myelination and consequently, neurocognitive performance in PWH, providing a rationale for investigating their role in interventions to prevent and/or treat HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Kaur
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic/Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Ave/Mail Code R4-008, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - William S Bush
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Scott L Letendre
- Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ronald J Ellis
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert K Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie M Patton
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State/Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State/Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - David C Samuels
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Donald R Franklin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Todd Hulgan
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Asha R Kallianpur
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic/Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Ave/Mail Code R4-008, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. .,Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Systemic inflammation increases as a consequence of aging (inflammaging) and contributes to age-related morbidities. Inflammation in people living with HIV is elevated compared with the general population even after prolonged suppression of viremia with anti-retroviral therapy. Mechanisms that contribute to inflammation during aging and in treated HIV disease are potentially interactive, leading to an exaggerated inflammatory phenotype in people with HIV. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies highlight roles for anti-retroviral therapy, co-infections, immune system alterations, and microbiome perturbations as important contributors to HIV-associated inflammation. These factors likely contribute to increased risk of age-related morbidities in people living with HIV. Understanding mechanisms that exaggerate the inflammaging process in people with HIV may lead to improved intervention strategies, ultimately, extending both lifespan and healthspan.
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21
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Bertrand L, Velichkovska M, Toborek M. Cerebral Vascular Toxicity of Antiretroviral Therapy. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2021; 16:74-89. [PMID: 31209776 PMCID: PMC7952282 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09858-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
HIV infection is associated with comorbidities that are likely to be driven not only by HIV itself, but also by the toxicity of long-term use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Indeed, increasing evidence demonstrates that the antiretroviral drugs used for HIV treatment have toxic effects resulting in various cellular and tissue pathologies. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a modulated anatomophysiological interface which separates and controls substance exchange between the blood and the brain parenchyma; therefore, it is particularly exposed to ART-induced toxicity. Balancing the health risks and gains of ART has to be considered in order to maximize the positive effects of therapy. The current review discusses the cerebrovascular toxicity of ART, with the focus on mitochondrial dysfunction. Graphical Abstract Graphical representation of the interactions between HIV, antiretroviral therapy (ART), and the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Bertrand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Bldg., Room 528, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Martina Velichkovska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Bldg., Room 528, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Bldg., Room 528, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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22
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Lanman T, Letendre S, Ma Q, Bang A, Ellis R. CNS Neurotoxicity of Antiretrovirals. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2021; 16:130-143. [PMID: 31823251 PMCID: PMC7282963 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09886-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel antiretroviral treatments has led to a significant turning point in the fight against HIV. Although therapy leads to virologic suppression and prolonged life expectancies, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) remains prevalent. While various hypotheses have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, a growing body of literature explores the neurotoxic effects of antiretroviral therapy. Research to date brings into question the potential role of such medications in neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric impairment seen in HIV-positive patients. This review highlights recent findings and controversies in cellular, molecular, and clinical neurotoxicity of antiretrovirals. It explores the pathogenesis of such toxicity and relates it to clinical manifestations in each medication class. The concept of accelerated aging in persons living with HIV (PLWH) as well as potential treatments for HAND are also discussed. Ultimately, this article hopes to educate clinicians and basic scientists about the neurotoxic effects of antiretrovirals and spur future scientific investigation into this important topic. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Lanman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 200 W Arbor Dr, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92103, USA
| | - Scott Letendre
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Qing Ma
- Pharmacotherapy Research Center, University of Buffalo, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Anne Bang
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ronald Ellis
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 200 W Arbor Dr, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92103, USA.
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23
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González-Gualda E, Baker AG, Fruk L, Muñoz-Espín D. A guide to assessing cellular senescence in vitro and in vivo. FEBS J 2021; 288:56-80. [PMID: 32961620 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a physiological mechanism whereby a proliferating cell undergoes a stable cell cycle arrest upon damage or stress and elicits a secretory phenotype. This highly dynamic and regulated cellular state plays beneficial roles in physiology, such as during embryonic development and wound healing, but it can also result in antagonistic effects in age-related pathologies, degenerative disorders, ageing and cancer. In an effort to better identify this complex state, and given that a universal marker has yet to be identified, a general set of hallmarks describing senescence has been established. However, as the senescent programme becomes more defined, further complexities, including phenotype heterogeneity, have emerged. This significantly complicates the recognition and evaluation of cellular senescence, especially within complex tissues and living organisms. To address these challenges, substantial efforts are currently being made towards the discovery of novel and more specific biomarkers, optimized combinatorial strategies and the development of emerging detection techniques. Here, we compile such advances and present a multifactorial guide to identify and assess cellular senescence in cell cultures, tissues and living organisms. The reliable assessment and identification of senescence is not only crucial for better understanding its underlying biology, but also imperative for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting senescence in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela González-Gualda
- CRUK Cambridge Centre Early Detection Programme, Department of Oncology, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew G Baker
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ljiljana Fruk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Muñoz-Espín
- CRUK Cambridge Centre Early Detection Programme, Department of Oncology, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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24
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Yamada Y, Hibino M, Sasaki D, Abe J, Harashima H. Power of mitochondrial drug delivery systems to produce innovative nanomedicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 154-155:187-209. [PMID: 32987095 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria carry out various essential functions including ATP production, the regulation of apoptosis and possess their own genome (mtDNA). Delivering target molecules to this organelle, it would make it possible to control the functions of cells and living organisms and would allow us to develop a better understanding of life. Given the fact that mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in a variety of human disorders, delivering therapeutic molecules to mitochondria for the treatment of these diseases is an important issue. To date, several mitochondrial drug delivery system (DDS) developments have been reported, but a generalized DDS leading to therapy that exclusively targets mitochondria has not been established. This review focuses on mitochondria-targeted therapeutic strategies including antioxidant therapy, cancer therapy, mitochondrial gene therapy and cell transplantation therapy based on mitochondrial DDS. A particular focus is on nanocarriers for mitochondrial delivery with the goal of achieving mitochondria-targeting therapy. We hope that this review will stimulate the accelerated development of mitochondrial DDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Laboratory for Biological Drug Development Based on DDS Technology, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Mitsue Hibino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Jiro Abe
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Laboratory for Biological Drug Development Based on DDS Technology, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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25
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The Paradox of HIV Blood-Brain Barrier Penetrance and Antiretroviral Drug Delivery Deficiencies. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:695-708. [PMID: 32682564 PMCID: PMC7483662 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HIV attacks the body's immune cells, frequently compromises the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and infects the CNS in the early stages of infection. Dysfunction of the BBB further potentiates viral replication within the CNS, which can lead to HIV-associated neuropathology. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) significantly improves HIV patient outcomes and reduces mortality rates. However, there has been limited progress in targeting latent viral reservoirs within the CNS, which may eventually lead to rebound viremia. While ART drugs are shown to be effective in attenuating HIV replication in the periphery, the protection of the brain by the BBB offers an isolated sanctuary to harbor HIV and maintains chronic and persistent replication within the CNS. In this review, we elucidate the pathology of the BBB, its ability to potentiate viral replication, as well as current therapies and insufficiencies in treating HIV-infected individuals.
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Proshkina E, Shaposhnikov M, Moskalev A. Genome-Protecting Compounds as Potential Geroprotectors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4484. [PMID: 32599754 PMCID: PMC7350017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout life, organisms are exposed to various exogenous and endogenous factors that cause DNA damages and somatic mutations provoking genomic instability. At a young age, compensatory mechanisms of genome protection are activated to prevent phenotypic and functional changes. However, the increasing stress and age-related deterioration in the functioning of these mechanisms result in damage accumulation, overcoming the functional threshold. This leads to aging and the development of age-related diseases. There are several ways to counteract these changes: 1) prevention of DNA damage through stimulation of antioxidant and detoxification systems, as well as transition metal chelation; 2) regulation of DNA methylation, chromatin structure, non-coding RNA activity and prevention of nuclear architecture alterations; 3) improving DNA damage response and repair; 4) selective removal of damaged non-functional and senescent cells. In the article, we have reviewed data about the effects of various trace elements, vitamins, polyphenols, terpenes, and other phytochemicals, as well as a number of synthetic pharmacological substances in these ways. Most of the compounds demonstrate the geroprotective potential and increase the lifespan in model organisms. However, their genome-protecting effects are non-selective and often are conditioned by hormesis. Consequently, the development of selective drugs targeting genome protection is an advanced direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Proshkina
- Laboratory of Geroprotective and Radioprotective Technologies, Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia; (E.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Mikhail Shaposhnikov
- Laboratory of Geroprotective and Radioprotective Technologies, Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia; (E.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Alexey Moskalev
- Laboratory of Geroprotective and Radioprotective Technologies, Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia; (E.P.); (M.S.)
- Pitirim Sorokin Syktyvkar State University, 55 Oktyabrsky prosp., 167001 Syktyvkar, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Therapeutic Strategies for Regulating Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010083. [PMID: 31948035 PMCID: PMC7023101 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been many reports on the relationship between mitochondrial oxidative stress and various types of diseases. This review covers mitochondrial targeting photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy as a therapeutic strategy for inducing mitochondrial oxidative stress. We also discuss other mitochondrial targeting phototherapeutic methods. In addition, we discuss anti-oxidant therapy by a mitochondrial drug delivery system (DDS) as a therapeutic strategy for suppressing oxidative stress. We also describe cell therapy for reducing oxidative stress in mitochondria. Finally, we discuss the possibilities and problems associated with clinical applications of mitochondrial DDS to regulate mitochondrial oxidative stress.
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Ganta KK, Chaubey B. Mitochondrial dysfunctions in HIV infection and antiviral drug treatment. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:1043-1052. [PMID: 31715109 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1692814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: With the introduction of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), treatment of HIV infection has improved radically, shifting the concept of HIV disease from a highly mortal epidemic to a chronic illness which needs systematic management. However, HAART does not target the integrated proviral DNA. Hence, prolonged use of antiviral drugs is needed for sustaining life. As a consequence, severe side effects emerge. Several parameters involve in causing these adverse effects. Mitochondrial dysfunctions were pointed as common factor among them. It is, therefore, necessary to critically examine mitochondrial dysfunction in order to understand the side effects.Areas covered: There are many events involved in causing drug-induced side-effects; in this review, we only highlight mitochondrial dysfunctions as one of the events. We present up-to-date findings on mitochondrial dysfunction caused by HIV infection and antiviral drug treatment. Both in vivo and in vitro studies on mitochondrial dysfunction like change in morphology, membrane depolarization, mitophagy, mitochondrial DNA depletion, and intrinsic apoptosis have been discussed.Expert opinion: Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with severe complications that often lead to discontinuation or change in treatment regimen. Prior knowledge of side effects of antiviral drugs would help in better management and future research should focus to avoid mitochondrial targeting of antiviral drugs while maintaining their antiviral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kumar Ganta
- Functional Genomics Lab, Centre for Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Binay Chaubey
- Functional Genomics Lab, Centre for Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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Huang D, Jiang Y. MKP1 reduces neuroinflammation via inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:4316-4325. [PMID: 31612495 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MAP kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP1) has been identified as an antiapoptotic protein via sustaining mitochondrial function. However, the role of MKP1 in neuroinflammation has not been fully understood. The aim of this study is to figure out the influence of MKP1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated microglia BV-2 cells and investigate whether MKP1 reduces BV-2 cell death via modulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. The results of this study demonstrated that MKP1 was rapidly downregulated after exposure to LPS. However, the transfection of MKP1 adenovirus could reverse cell viability and attenuate LPS-mediated BV-2 cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, MKP1 overexpression alleviated ER stress and corrected LPS-induced calcium overloading. Besides, MKP1 adenovirus transfection also reversed mitochondrial bioenergetics, maintained mitochondrial membrane potential, and blocked mitochondria-initiated apoptosis signals. Furthermore, we found that MKP1 overexpression is associated with inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (MAPK-JNK) pathway. Interestingly, the activation of MAPK-JNK pathway could abolish the protective effects of MKP1 on BV-2 cells survival and mitochondrial function in the presence of LPS. Altogether, our results identified MKP1 as a primary defender of neuroinflammation via modulating ER stress and mitochondrial function in a manner dependent on MAPK-JNK pathway. These findings may open a new window for the treatment of neuroinflammation in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yugang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Evaluating Neurodevelopmental Consequences of Perinatal Exposure to Antiretroviral Drugs: Current Challenges and New Approaches. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 16:113-129. [PMID: 31512167 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09880-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As antiretroviral therapy (ART) becomes increasingly affordable and accessible to women of childbearing age across the globe, the number of children who are exposed to Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV) but remain uninfected is on the rise, almost all of whom were also exposed to ART perinatally. Although ART has successfully aided in the decline of mother-to-child-transmission of HIV, the long-term effects of in utero exposure to ART on fetal and postnatal neurodevelopment remain unclear. Evaluating the safety and efficacy of therapeutic drugs for pregnant women is a challenge due to the historic limitations on their inclusion in clinical trials and the dynamic physiological states during pregnancy that can alter the pharmacokinetics of drug metabolism and fetal drug exposure. Thus, much of our data on the potential consequences of ART drugs on the developing nervous system comes from preclinical animal models and clinical observational studies. In this review, we will discuss the current state of knowledge and existing approaches to investigate whether ART affects fetal brain development, and describe novel human stem cell-based strategies that may provide additional information to better predict the impact of specific drugs on the human central nervous system. Graphical Abstract Approaches to evaluate the impact of drugs on the developing brain. Dysregulation of the developing nervous system can lead to long-lasting changes. Integration of data from animal models, clinical observations, and cell culture studies is needed to predict the safety of therapeutic antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy. New approaches include human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based 2D and 3D models of neuronal networks and brain regions, as well as single cell profiling in response to drug exposure.
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