A High-Wet-Strength Biofilm for Readable and Highly Sensitive Humidity Sensors

Antibacterial and degradable humidity sensor based on boat-fruited sterculia seeds polysaccharides/silk nanofibers for respiratory monitoring with ultrahigh sensitivity

Humidity sensors are attracting growing attention due to their extensive potential applications in wearable gadgets, health tracking, smart control systems, and other fields. However, traditional sensors often release harmful substances upon disposal, polluting the environment. Thus, developing environmentally friendly, biodegradable, and antibacterial humidity sensors is essential to reduce electronic waste and ensure safety. Herein, the flexible matrix of silk nanofibers and boat-fruited sterculia seeds polysaccharides was selected to chelate silver ions and made it reduced in-situ to obtain silver nanoparticles, combined with graphene, to construct a humidity sensing BSP/SNF/GN/AgNPs film (BSGA). The sensor exhibits high sensitivity (416.4 %/%RH), reversible cyclic response within a widely humidity range of 22-94 %, and low hysteresis (0.96 %). Notably, it demonstrates rapidly water absorption capability, antibacterial property, structural stability and water resistance. Moreover, the sensor demonstrates a rapid response (0.3 s)/recovery time (0.4 s). Hence, BSGA film is expected to be integrated into sensors, assembled into intelligent devices or non-contact human-computer interaction systems, and promote the progress of intelligent healthcare technologies.

Cellulose fiber drainage improvement via citric acid crosslinking

Wheat straw, as a non-wood fiber waste, is available worldwide and can be used in cellulosic matric production, promoting the application of sustainable materials. However, poor fiber properties and water drainage are the primary obstacles to its utilization. In this study, wheat straw pulp fibers were chemically crosslinked by citric acid (CA) in an environmentally friendly process. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectra confirmed that the chemical treatment introduced carboxylic groups to cellulose fibers. Meanwhile, X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the crystallinity of cellulose was reduced. The average fiber length and water retention value of the pulp decreased with increasing CA dosage under the conditions of 3 mL/g CA4 (4 wt% CA), and the drainage performance of the cellulose pulp improved by 21 %. Also, the crosslinking of fibers contributed to the mechanical properties of the cellulosic matrix, increasing the dry and wet strength by 21 % and 282 %, respectively. These results demonstrated that citric acid could be a sustainable method for improving the properties of wheat straw fibers, thereby promoting its application in fabricating sustainable materials.

Fire-resistant and low-temperature self-healing bio-based hydrogel electrolytes based on peach gum polysaccharide/sisal nanofibers for flexible supercapacitors

The introduction of flame retardancy and low-temperature self-healing capacities in hydrogel electrolytes are crucial for promoting the cycle stability and durability of the flexible supercapacitors in extreme environments. Herein, biomass-based dual-network hydrogel electrolyte (named PSBGL), was synthesized with borax crosslinked peach gum polysaccharide/sisal nanofibers composite, and its application in flexible supercapacitors was also investigated in detail. The dynamic cross-linking of the dual-network endows the PSBGL with excellent self-healing performance, enabling ultrafast self-healing within seconds at both room temperature and extreme low temperatures. The PSBGL bio-based hydrogel electrolyte can maintain the integrity of the carbon layer structure with limiting oxygen index of 56 % after 60 s of combustion under a flame gun. Additionally, the PSBGL exhibits high ionic conductivity (30.12 mS cm-1), good tensile strength (1.78 MPa), and robust adhesion to electrodes (1.15 MPa). The assembled supercapacitors demonstrate a high specific capacitance of 187.8 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1, with 95.9 % capacitance retention rate after 10,000 cycles at room temperature. Importantly, even under extreme temperatures of 60 °C and -35 °C, the supercapacitors can also maintain high capacitance retention rates of 90.1 % and 86.5 % after 10,000 cycles. This work fills the gap between biomaterial design and high-performance flexible supercapacitors.

High-Performance Flexible Sensor with Sensitive Strain/Magnetic Dual-Mode Sensing Characteristics Based on Sodium Alginate and Carboxymethyl Cellulose

Flexible sensors can measure various stimuli owing to their exceptional flexibility, stretchability, and electrical properties. However, the integration of multiple stimuli into a single sensor for measurement is challenging. To address this issue, the sensor developed in this study utilizes the natural biopolymers sodium alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose to construct a dual interpenetrating network, This results in a flexible porous sponge that exhibits a dual-modal response to strain and magnetic stimulation. The dual-mode flexible sensor achieved a maximum tensile strength of 429 kPa and elongation at break of 24.7%. It also exhibited rapid response times and reliable stability under both strain and magnetic stimuli. The porous foam sensor is intended for use as a wearable electronic device for monitoring joint movements of the body. It provides a swift and stable sensing response to mechanical stimuli arising from joint activities, such as stretching, compression, and bending. Furthermore, the sensor generates opposing response signals to strain and magnetic stimulation, enabling real-time decoupling of different stimuli. This study employed a simple and environmentally friendly manufacturing method for the dual-modal flexible sensor. Because of its remarkable performance, it has significant potential for application in smart wearable electronics and artificial electroskins.

Ultra-compact and high-performance suspended aluminum scandium nitride Lamb wave humidity sensor with a graphene oxide layer

The utilization of Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) technology holds great significance for developing compact and high-performance humidity sensors in human healthcare, and the Internet of Things. However, several drawbacks of the current MEMS humidity sensors limit their applications, including their long response time, low sensitivity, relatively large sensing area, and incompatibility with a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process. To address these problems, a suspended aluminum scandium nitride (AlScN) Lamb wave humidity sensor utilizing a graphene oxide (GO) layer is firstly designed and fabricated. The theoretical and experimental results both show that the AlScN Lamb wave humidity sensor exhibits high sensing performance. The mass loading sensitivity of the sensor is one order higher than that of the normal surface acoustic wave (SAW) humidity sensor based on an aluminum nitride (AlN) film; thus the AlScN Lamb wave humidity sensor achieves high sensitivity (∼41.2 ppm per % RH) with only an 80 nm-thick GO film. In particular, the as-prepared suspended AlScN Lamb wave sensors are able to respond to the wide relative humidity (0-80% RH) change in 2 s, and the device size is ultra-compact (260 μm × 72 μm). Moreover, the sensor has an excellent linear response in the 0-80% RH range, great repeatability and long-term stability. Therefore, this work brings opportunities for the development of ultra-compact and high-performance humidity sensors.

A nanocellulose-based flexible multilayer sensor with high sensitivity to humidity and strain response for detecting human motion and respiration

Biomass-based flexible sensors with excellent mechanical and sensing properties have attracted significant attention. In this study, based on the excellent dispersibility and degradability of nanocellulose crystals, we designed a polyvinyl alcohol/nanocellulose crystals/phytic acid (PCP) composite film with good flexibility and high sensitivity to humidity. A layer of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and nanocellulose crystals (CNC) was further sandwiched between two PCP layers as a flexible multifunctional sensor (PCPW) to detect human movement and respiration. Phytic acid contains abundant phosphate groups that enhance proton conduction, allowing the PCPW composite film to change its electrical resistance in a sensitive and repeatable manner when the relative humidity was varied between 35 %-93 %. Meanwhile, CNC derived from sisal fibers enhanced the PCPW sensor's conductivity (3.3 S/m) and mechanical properties (elongation at break: 99 %) by improving the dispersion and connectivity of MWCNT. The PCPW sensor displayed a high sensitivity to strain (gauge factor: 49.5) and could monitor both facial expressions (smiling and winking) and the bending of joints. The sensor also generated stable electrical responses during breathing and blowing due to the change in humidity. Therefore, this biodegradable and multifunctional sensor has good application prospects.

Biodegradable ion-conductive polyvinyl alcohol/okra polysaccharide composite films for fast-response respiratory monitoring sensors

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and okra polysaccharide (OP) are biodegradable polymers with high hydrophilicity and good biocompatibility with potential for use as flexible humidity-sensitive materials. Herein, biodegradable flexible composite films (named POP films) were prepared from PVA, OP, and phytic acid using a solution-casting method based on. POP films exhibited excellent mechanical strength, flexibility, flame retardancy, water resistance, humidity response, and humidity-sensing characteristics. Notably, the POP humidity sensors exhibited a hysteresis value of 1.88 % relative humidity for the adsorption and desorption processes and good sensitivity over a wide humidity range of 35-95 %. In addition, the humidity sensor distinguished the frequency of nose breathing, and its response and recovery times were 0.9 and 1.98 s, respectively. The excellent performance of POP sensors in monitoring humidity and human respiratory rates demonstrates the sensor's potential for wearable smart devices.

Conductive, water-retaining and knittable hydrogel fiber from xanthan gum and aniline tetramer modified-polysaccharide for strain and pressure sensors

Herein, we explored strategies for defoaming and controllable adjustment of spinnable and mechanical properties of polyanion polysaccharide-based hydrogels to fabricate conductive, water-retaining, and knittable hydrogel fibers for next-generation flexible electronics. Xanthan gum (XG) and aniline tetramer modified-polysaccharide (TMAT38) were crosslinked with sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) and subsequently by Fe3+/Fe2+ ions coordination to prepare conductive and spinnable hydrogels. Polypropylene glycol was introduced as chemical antifoam, and solvent displacement method was adopted to improve mechanical and water-retaining properties. The glycerol-immersed XG5-TMAT38-STMP-Fe3+/CA-PPG hydrogel exhibited conductivity of 3.55×10-3-27.30×10-3 S/cm, storage modulus at linear viscoelastic region of 573 Pa-1717 Pa and self-healing percentage of 100 %-108 %. The 2 h glycerol-immersed hydrogel fibers with good flexibility, moisture retention and freezing tolerance were ready to bend and knit into fabrics. The hydrogel fiber braid possessed better conductivity, reliability and durability than the single hydrogel fiber as strain sensors. The hydrogel fiber fabric perceived tiny vibration triggered by swallowing, speaking and writing with good sensitivity and reproducibility. Furthermore, a three-component model was developed to evaluate response sensitivity and recoverability of the hydrogel fiber fabric-based pressure sensors, which facilitated understanding transient response of polymer-based hydrogel strain and pressure sensors.

An All-Printed, Fast-Response Flexible Humidity Sensor Based on Hexagonal-WO3 Nanowires for Multifunctional Applications

The utilization of printing techniques for the development of high-performance humidity sensors holds immense significance for various applications in the fields of the Internet of Things, agriculture, human healthcare, and storage environments. However, the long response time and low sensitivity of current printed humidity sensors limit their practical applications. Herein, a series of high-sensing-performance flexible resistive-type humidity sensors is fabricated by the screen-printing method, and hexagonal tungsten oxide (h-WO3 ) is employed as the humidity-sensing material due to its low cost, strong chemical adsorption ability, and excellent humidity-sensing ability. The as-prepared printed sensors exhibit high sensitivity, good repeatability, outstanding flexibility, low hysteresis, and fast response (1.5 s) in a wide relative humidity (RH) range (11-95% RH). Furthermore, the sensitivity of humidity sensors can be easily adjusted by altering the manufacturing parameters of the sensing layer and interdigital electrode to meet the diverse requirements of specific applications. The printed flexible humidity sensors possess immense potential in various applications, including wearable devices, non-contact measurements, and packaging opening state monitoring.

Tremella polysaccharide-based conductive hydrogel with anti-freezing and self-healing ability for motion monitoring and intelligent interaction

The application of conductive hydrogels in flexible wearable devices has garnered significant attention. In this study, a self-healing, anti-freezing, and fire-resistant hydrogel strain sensor is successfully synthesized by incorporating sustainable natural biological materials, viz. Tremella polysaccharide and silk fiber, into a polyvinyl alcohol matrix with borax cross-linking. The resulting hydrogel exhibits excellent transparency, thermoplasticity, and remarkable mechanical properties, including a notable elongation (1107.3 %) and high self-healing rate (91.11 %) within 5 min, attributed to the dynamic cross-linking effect of hydrogen bonds and borax. A strain sensor based on the prepared hydrogel sensor can be used to accurately monitor diverse human movements, while maintaining exceptional sensing stability and durability under repeated strain cycles. Additionally, a hydrogel touch component is designed that can successfully interact with intelligent electronic devices, encompassing functions like clicking, writing, and drawing. These inherent advantages make the prepared hydrogel a promising candidate for applications in human health monitoring and intelligent electronic device interaction.

Wafer-Level, High-Performance, Flexible Sensors Based on Organic Nanoforests for Human-Machine Interactions

High-performance flexible sensors are essential for real-time information analysis and constructing noncontact communication modules for emerging human-machine interactions. In these applications, batch fabrication of sensors that exhibit high performance at the wafer level is in high demand. Here, we present organic nanoforest-based humidity sensor (NFHS) arrays on a 6 in. flexible substrate prepared via a facile, cost-effective manufacturing approach. Such an NFHS achieves state-of-the-art overall performance: high sensitivity and fast recovery time; the best properties are at a small device footprint. The high sensitivity (8.84 pF/% RH) and fast response time (5 s) of the as-fabricated organic nanoforests are attributed to the abundant hydrophilic groups, the ultra-large surface area with a huge number of nanopores, and the vertically distributed structures beneficial to the transfer of molecules up and down. The NFHS also exhibits excellent long-term stability (90 days), superior mechanical flexibility, and good performance repeatability after bending. With these superiorities, the NFHS is further applied as a smart noncontact switch, and the NFHS array is used as the motion trajectory tracker. The wafer-level batch fabrication capability of our NFHS provides a potential strategy for developing practical applications of such humidity sensors.

Highly stretchable, self-healing, and degradable ionic conductive cellulose hydrogel for human motion monitoring

Self-healing biomass-based conductive hydrogels are applied as flexible strain sensors for wearable devices and human movement monitoring. Cellulose is the most abundant biomass-based materials and exhibits excellent toughness, dispersion and degradability. In this paper, nanocellulose crystals (NCCs) prepared from sisal, used as reinforcing fillers were coated with tannic acid (TA) to prepare inexpensive bio-nanocomposite hydrogels that also included polyvinyl alcohol, okra polysaccharide (OP), and borax. These hydrogels exhibit excellent self-healing and mechanical properties with the maximum elongation, toughness, and self-healing efficiency (9 min) of 1426.2 %, 264.4 kJ/m³, and 62.1 %, respectively. A fabricated hydrogel strain sensor was successfully used to detect and monitor various human movements such as wrist bending, elbow bending, and slight changes in facial expression. In addition, this sensor possessed excellent durability and good working stability after repeated circulation. The nanocomposite hydrogel synthesized in this work utilized natural polysaccharide to manufacture flexible functional materials with good application prospects in the field of flexible sensors.

Harvesting Electricity from Atmospheric Moisture by Engineering an Organic Acid Gradient in Paper

Moisture-activated electric generators (MEGs) that harvest clean energy from atmospheric humidity offer exciting opportunities for upgraded energy conversions. However, it is challenging to obtain MEGs that are both easy to fabricate and of high output power, due to the requirement for particular functional materials and the cumbersome manufacturing process. Herein, a simple and general method is adopted to prepare MEGs with chemically gradient structures. As a specific example, a gradient distribution of citric acid was successfully constructed inside an A4 printer paper by asymmetric drying, which can generate a continuous voltage of tens of millivolts by ambient humidity, and even to volts (275 mV and 7.6 μA cm^-2) under asymmetric humidity stimulation, and the maximum power density output was 2.1 μW cm^-2. The driving force behind this energy conversion is a self-maintained ionic gradient created within the paper by the asymmetric ionization of gradient organic acids when exposed to gradient or nongradient humid air. This work broadens the class of materials and possibilities for the rapid development of MEGs, shedding new light on the revolution of generators that harvest green and sustainable energy for power generation.

A Dual-Function Sensor for Highly Sensitive Detection of Flame and Humidity

Early warning sensors rapidly monitor critical temperatures, humidity, and fires, which are crucial to reduce or avoid natural disasters in complex environments, such as fire or water disasters. Here, a highly sensitive, readable, and dual-functional sensor is designed for a fast-response fire alarm and rapid humidity detection based on sustainable biological films (named MSCG films). The MSCG films are composed of grafted sisal nanofibers (MgC), silk nanofibers, graphene, and citric acid (CA). After crosslinking with CA, MSCG films exhibit good wet strength (i.e., 128.8 MPa) after soaking in 100 °C water, thus confirming that the films would be applicable to a broad temperature range in humid environments. After flame ignition, the MSCG films are rapidly carbonized to activate an alarm sound and a light in the circuit with a fire response time as short as 1 s. It exhibits ultrafast temperature response/recovery time (i.e., 0.1 s/0.3 s) and rapid humidity response time (i.e., 0.9 s). The dual-functional sensor is further assembled into a versatile sensor system for real-time monitoring of fire accidents and environmental humidity, which can be integrated into consumer electronics, such as portable laptops and mobile phones.