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Kumar S, Mehdi SMZ, Seo Y. 1D MXenes: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2405576. [PMID: 39344155 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202405576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
The fascinating properties and versatile nature of 2D MXenes have generated significant interest in the scientific community. This has led to extensive research on expanding these materials into 1D and 0D forms. This review investigates the synthesis, properties, and applications of 1D MXenes, elucidating their potential across various fields. 1D MXenes, including nanowires, nanoribbons, nanorods, and nanotubes, inherit the remarkable properties of their 2D counterparts while also exhibiting unique anisotropic characteristics that enhance their performance in various applications. The review explores various methods for synthesizing 1D MXenes and examines their structural, electronic, and optical properties. The transition from 2D to 1D results in MXenes that offer superior properties, which are advantageous for various next-generation systems. The increased aspect ratio and surface area of 1D MXenes broaden their usage in energy storage, photothermal therapy, oxygen evolution reactions (OER), hydrogen evolution reactions (HER), oxygen reduction reactions (ORR), microwave absorption, filtration membranes, gas sensors, metal detection, etc. The review also addresses the challenges associated with 1D MXenes, such as limited synthesis methods, scalable production, size customization, preservation of structural integrity, and stability. Furthermore, potential opportunities and future directions in the field of 1D MXenes have also been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering and HMC, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Syed Muhammad Zain Mehdi
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering and HMC, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Yongho Seo
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering and HMC, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
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Geyer VF, Diez S. Horizontal Magnetic Tweezers to Directly Measure the Force-Velocity Relationship for Multiple Kinesin Motors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2300558. [PMID: 37035988 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Transport of intracellular cargo along cytoskeletal filaments is often achieved by the concerted action of multiple motor molecules. While single-molecule studies have provided profound insight into the mechano-chemical principles and force generation of individual motors, studies on multi-motor systems are less advanced. Here, a horizontal magnetic-tweezers setup is applied, capable of producing up to 150 pN of horizontal force onto 2.8 µm superparamagnetic beads, to motor-propelled cytoskeletal filaments. It is found that kinesin-1 driven microtubules decorated with individual beads display frequent transitions in their gliding velocities which we attribute to dynamic changes in the number of engaged motors. Applying defined temporal force-ramps the force-velocity relationship is directly measured for multi-motor transport. It is found that the stall forces of individual motors are approximately additive and collective backward motion of the transport system under super-stall forces is observed. The magnetic-tweezers apparatus is expected to be readily applicable to a wide range of molecular and cellular motility assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veikko F Geyer
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 41, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Diez
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 41, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Arnoldstraße 18, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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Tsuji C, Dodding MP. Lumenal components of cytoplasmic microtubules. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1953-1962. [PMID: 36524962 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The lumen of cytoplasmic microtubules is a poorly explored expanse of intracellular space. Although typically represented in textbooks as a hollow tube, studies over several decades have shown that the microtubule lumen is occupied by a range of morphologically diverse components. These are predominantly globular particles of varying sizes which appear to exist either in isolation, bind to the microtubule wall, or form discontinuous columns that extend through the lumenal space. Actin filaments with morphologies distinct from the canonical cytoplasmic forms have also now been found within the microtubule lumen. In this review, we examine the historic literature that observed these lumenal components in tissues from diverse species and integrate it with recent cryo-electron tomography studies that have begun to identify lumenal proteins. We consider their cell and tissue distribution, possible mechanisms of incorporation, and potential functions. It is likely that continuing work in this area will open a new frontier in cytoskeletal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Tsuji
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K
| | - Mark P Dodding
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K
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Inaba H, Sueki Y, Ichikawa M, Kabir AMR, Iwasaki T, Shigematsu H, Kakugo A, Sada K, Tsukazaki T, Matsuura K. Generation of stable microtubule superstructures by binding of peptide-fused tetrameric proteins to inside and outside. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq3817. [PMID: 36070375 PMCID: PMC9451167 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq3817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules play important roles in biological functions by forming superstructures, such as doublets and branched structures, in vivo. Despite the importance, it is challenging to construct these superstructures in vitro. Here, we designed a tetrameric fluorescent protein Azami-Green (AG) fused with His-tag and Tau-derived peptide (TP), TP-AG, to generate the superstructures. Main binding sites of TP-AG can be controlled to the inside and outside of microtubules by changing the polymerization conditions. The binding of TP-AG to the inside promoted microtubule formation and generated rigid and stable microtubules. The binding of TP-AG to the outside induced various microtubule superstructures, including doublets, multiplets, branched structures, and extremely long microtubules by recruiting tubulins to microtubules. Motile microtubule aster structures were also constructed by TP-AG. The generation of various microtubule superstructures by a single type of exogenous protein is a new concept for understanding the functions of microtubules and constructing microtubule-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Inaba
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
- Centre for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
| | - Yurina Sueki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
| | - Muneyoshi Ichikawa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Iwasaki
- Department of Bioresources Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | | | - Akira Kakugo
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sada
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tomoya Tsukazaki
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kazunori Matsuura
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
- Centre for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
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