1
|
Bauer T, Davis TJ, Frank B, Dreher P, Janoschka D, Meiler TC, Meyer zu Heringdorf FJ, Kuipers L, Giessen H. Ultrafast Time Dynamics of Plasmonic Fractional Orbital Angular Momentum. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:4252-4258. [PMID: 38145172 PMCID: PMC10740006 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The creation and manipulation of optical vortices, both in free space and in two-dimensional systems such as surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), has attracted widespread attention in nano-optics due to their robust topological structure. Coupled with strong spatial confinement in the case of SPPs, these plasmonic vortices and their underlying orbital angular momentum (OAM) have promise in novel light-matter interactions on the nanoscale with applications ranging from on-chip particle manipulation to tailored control of plasmonic quasiparticles. Until now, predominantly integer OAM values have been investigated. Here, we measure and analyze the time evolution of fractional OAM SPPs using time-resolved two-photon photoemission electron microscopy and near-field optical microscopy. We experimentally show the field's complex rotational dynamics and observe the beating of integer OAM eigenmodes at fractional OAM excitations. With our ability to access the ultrafast time dynamics of the electric field, we can follow the buildup of the plasmonic fractional OAM during the interference of the converging surface plasmons. By adiabatically increasing the phase discontinuity at the excitation boundary, we track the total OAM, leading to plateaus around integer OAM values that arise from the interplay between intrinsic and extrinsic OAM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bauer
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University
of Technology, Delft 2628 CJ, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy J. Davis
- School
of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- 4-th
Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Faculty
of Physics and Center for Nanointegration, Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Frank
- 4-th
Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Pascal Dreher
- Faculty
of Physics and Center for Nanointegration, Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - David Janoschka
- Faculty
of Physics and Center for Nanointegration, Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Tim C. Meiler
- 4-th
Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Frank-J. Meyer zu Heringdorf
- Faculty
of Physics and Center for Nanointegration, Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - L. Kuipers
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University
of Technology, Delft 2628 CJ, The Netherlands
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4-th
Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Scarabelli L, Sun M, Zhuo X, Yoo S, Millstone JE, Jones MR, Liz-Marzán LM. Plate-Like Colloidal Metal Nanoparticles. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3493-3542. [PMID: 36948214 PMCID: PMC10103137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
The pseudo-two-dimensional (2D) morphology of plate-like metal nanoparticles makes them one of the most anisotropic, mechanistically understood, and tunable structures available. Although well-known for their superior plasmonic properties, recent progress in the 2D growth of various other materials has led to an increasingly diverse family of plate-like metal nanoparticles, giving rise to numerous appealing properties and applications. In this review, we summarize recent progress on the solution-phase growth of colloidal plate-like metal nanoparticles, including plasmonic and other metals, with an emphasis on mechanistic insights for different synthetic strategies, the crystallographic habits of different metals, and the use of nanoplates as scaffolds for the synthesis of other derivative structures. We additionally highlight representative self-assembly techniques and provide a brief overview on the attractive properties and unique versatility benefiting from the 2D morphology. Finally, we share our opinions on the existing challenges and future perspectives for plate-like metal nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Scarabelli
- NANOPTO Group, Institue of Materials Science of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Muhua Sun
- National Center for Electron Microscopy in Beijing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolu Zhuo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Optoelectronic Materials and Chips, School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Sungjae Yoo
- Research Institute for Nano Bio Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jill E Millstone
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Matthew R Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Luis M Liz-Marzán
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, 43009 Bilbao, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Cinbio, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hartelt M, Terekhin PN, Eul T, Mahro AK, Frisch B, Prinz E, Rethfeld B, Stadtmüller B, Aeschlimann M. Energy and Momentum Distribution of Surface Plasmon-Induced Hot Carriers Isolated via Spatiotemporal Separation. ACS NANO 2021; 15:19559-19569. [PMID: 34852458 PMCID: PMC8717854 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the differences between photon-induced and plasmon-induced hot electrons is essential for the construction of devices for plasmonic energy conversion. The mechanism of the plasmonic enhancement in photochemistry, photocatalysis, and light-harvesting and especially the role of hot carriers is still heavily discussed. The question remains, if plasmon-induced and photon-induced hot carriers are fundamentally different or if plasmonic enhancement is only an effect of field concentration producing these carriers in greater numbers. For the bulk plasmon resonance, a fundamental difference is known, yet for the technologically important surface plasmons, this is far from being settled. The direct imaging of surface plasmon-induced hot carriers could provide essential insight, but the separation of the influence of driving laser, field-enhancement, and fundamental plasmon decay has proven to be difficult. Here, we present an approach using a two-color femtosecond pump-probe scheme in time-resolved 2-photon-photoemission (tr-2PPE), supported by a theoretical analysis of the light and plasmon energy flow. We separate the energy and momentum distribution of the plasmon-induced hot electrons from that of photoexcited electrons by following the spatial evolution of photoemitted electrons with energy-resolved photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) and momentum microscopy during the propagation of a surface plasmon polariton (SPP) pulse along a gold surface. With this scheme, we realize a direct experimental access to plasmon-induced hot electrons. We find a plasmonic enhancement toward high excitation energies and small in-plane momenta, which suggests a fundamentally different mechanism of hot electron generation, as previously unknown for surface plasmons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hartelt
- Department
of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS,TU
Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Pavel N. Terekhin
- Department
of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS,TU
Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Tobias Eul
- Department
of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS,TU
Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina Mahro
- Department
of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS,TU
Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Benjamin Frisch
- Department
of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS,TU
Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Eva Prinz
- Department
of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS,TU
Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Baerbel Rethfeld
- Department
of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS,TU
Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Benjamin Stadtmüller
- Department
of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS,TU
Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Institute
of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Staudingerweg
7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Aeschlimann
- Department
of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS,TU
Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bittorf PH, Davoodi F, Taleb M, Talebi N. Mapping optical Bloch modes of a plasmonic square lattice in real and reciprocal spaces using cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:34328-34340. [PMID: 34809226 DOI: 10.1364/oe.437984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Strong electron-light interactions supported by the surface plasmon polaritons excited in metallic thin films can lead to faster optoelectronic devices. Merging surface polaritons with photonic crystals leads to the formation of Bloch plasmons, allowing for the molding of the flow of polaritons and the controlling of the optical density of states for even stronger electron-light interactions. Here, we use a two-dimensional square lattice of holes incorporated inside a plasmonic gold layer to investigate the interaction of surface plasmon polaritons with the square lattice and the formation of plasmonic Bloch modes. Cathodoluminescence spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging are used for imaging the spatio-spectral near-field distribution of the optical Bloch modes in the visible to near infrared spectral ranges. In addition, the higher-order Brillouin zones of the plasmonic lattice are demonstrated by using angle-resolved cathodoluminescence mapping. We further complement our experimental results with numerical simulations of the optical modes supported by the plasmonic lattice that helps to better resolve the superposition of the various modes excited by the electron beam. Next to previous works in this context, our results thus place cathodoluminescence scanning spectroscopy and angle-resolved mapping as complementary techniques to uncover the spatio-spectral distribution of optical Bloch modes in real and reciprocal spaces.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lloyd-Hughes J, Oppeneer PM, Pereira Dos Santos T, Schleife A, Meng S, Sentef MA, Ruggenthaler M, Rubio A, Radu I, Murnane M, Shi X, Kapteyn H, Stadtmüller B, Dani KM, da Jornada FH, Prinz E, Aeschlimann M, Milot RL, Burdanova M, Boland J, Cocker T, Hegmann F. The 2021 ultrafast spectroscopic probes of condensed matter roadmap. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:353001. [PMID: 33951618 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abfe21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the 60 years since the invention of the laser, the scientific community has developed numerous fields of research based on these bright, coherent light sources, including the areas of imaging, spectroscopy, materials processing and communications. Ultrafast spectroscopy and imaging techniques are at the forefront of research into the light-matter interaction at the shortest times accessible to experiments, ranging from a few attoseconds to nanoseconds. Light pulses provide a crucial probe of the dynamical motion of charges, spins, and atoms on picosecond, femtosecond, and down to attosecond timescales, none of which are accessible even with the fastest electronic devices. Furthermore, strong light pulses can drive materials into unusual phases, with exotic properties. In this roadmap we describe the current state-of-the-art in experimental and theoretical studies of condensed matter using ultrafast probes. In each contribution, the authors also use their extensive knowledge to highlight challenges and predict future trends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Lloyd-Hughes
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - P M Oppeneer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, PO Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T Pereira Dos Santos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - A Schleife
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - S Meng
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - M A Sentef
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free Electron Laser Science (CFEL), 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Ruggenthaler
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free Electron Laser Science (CFEL), 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Rubio
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free Electron Laser Science (CFEL), 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and ETSF, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics (CCQ), The Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10010, United States of America
| | - I Radu
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
- Max Born Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Murnane
- JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - X Shi
- JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - H Kapteyn
- JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - B Stadtmüller
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - K M Dani
- Femtosecond Spectroscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Japan
| | - F H da Jornada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, United States of America
| | - E Prinz
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - M Aeschlimann
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - R L Milot
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - M Burdanova
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - J Boland
- Photon Science Institute, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - T Cocker
- Michigan State University, United States of America
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pettine J, Meyer SM, Medeghini F, Murphy CJ, Nesbitt DJ. Controlling the Spatial and Momentum Distributions of Plasmonic Carriers: Volume vs Surface Effects. ACS NANO 2021; 15:1566-1578. [PMID: 33427462 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spatial and momentum distributions of excited charge carriers in nanoplasmonic systems depend sensitively on optical excitation parameters and nanoscale geometry, which therefore control the efficiency and functionality of plasmon-enhanced catalysts, photovoltaics, and nanocathodes. Growing appreciation over the past decade for the different roles of volume- vs surface-mediated excitation in such systems has underscored the need for explicit separation and quantification of these pathways. Toward these ends, we utilize angle-resolved photoelectron velocity map imaging to distinguish these processes in gold nanorods of different aspect ratios down to the spherical limit. Despite coupling to the longitudinal surface plasmon, we find that resonantly excited nanorods always exhibit transverse (sideways) multiphoton photoemission distributions due to photoexcitation within volume field enhancement regions rather than at the tip hot spots. This behavior is accurately reproduced via ballistic Monte Carlo modeling, establishing that volume-excited electrons primarily escape through the nanorod sides. Furthermore, we demonstrate optical control over the photoelectron angular distributions via a screening-induced transition from volume (transverse/side) to surface (longitudinal/tip) photoemission with red detuning of the excitation laser. Frequency-dependent cross sections are separately quantified for these mechanisms by comparison with theoretical calculations, combining volume and surface velocity-resolved photoemission modeling. Based on these results, we identify nanomaterial-specific contributions to the photoemission cross sections and offer general nanoplasmonic design principles for controlling photoexcitation/emission distributions via geometry- and frequency-dependent tuning of the volume vs surface fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Pettine
- JILA, University of Colorado Boulder and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Sean M Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Fabio Medeghini
- JILA, University of Colorado Boulder and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Catherine J Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - David J Nesbitt
- JILA, University of Colorado Boulder and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dai Y, Zhou Z, Ghosh A, Mong RSK, Kubo A, Huang CB, Petek H. Plasmonic topological quasiparticle on the nanometre and femtosecond scales. Nature 2020; 588:616-619. [PMID: 33361792 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-3030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
At the interface of classical and quantum physics, the Maxwell and Schrödinger equations describe how optical fields drive and control electronic phenomena to enable lightwave electronics at terahertz or petahertz frequencies and on ultrasmall scales1-5. The electric field of light striking a metal interacts with electrons and generates light-matter quasiparticles, such as excitons6 or plasmons7, on an attosecond timescale. Here we create and image a quasiparticle of topological plasmonic spin texture in a structured silver film. The spin angular momentum components of linearly polarized light interacting with an Archimedean coupling structure with a designed geometric phase generate plasmonic waves with different orbital angular momenta. These plasmonic fields undergo spin-orbit interaction and their superposition generates an array of plasmonic vortices. Three of these vortices can form spin textures that carry non-trivial topological charge8 resembling magnetic meron quasiparticles9. These spin textures are localized within a half-wavelength of light, and exist on the timescale of the plasmonic field. We use ultrafast nonlinear coherent photoelectron microscopy to generate attosecond videos of the spatial evolution of the vortex fields; electromagnetic simulations and analytic theory confirm the presence of plasmonic meron quasiparticles. The quasiparticles form a chiral field, which breaks the time-reversal symmetry on a nanometre spatial scale and a 20-femtosecond timescale (the 'nano-femto scale'). This transient creation of non-trivial spin angular momentum topology pertains to cosmological structure creation and topological phase transitions in quantum matter10-12, and may transduce quantum information on the nano-femto scale13,14.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Dai
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Pittsburgh Quantum Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Zhikang Zhou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pittsburgh Quantum Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Atreyie Ghosh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pittsburgh Quantum Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Roger S K Mong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pittsburgh Quantum Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Atsushi Kubo
- Division of Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba-shi, Japan
| | - Chen-Bin Huang
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hrvoje Petek
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Pittsburgh Quantum Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Janoschka D, Dreher P, Rödl A, Franz T, Schaff O, Horn-von Hoegen M, Meyer Zu Heringdorf FJ. Implementation and operation of a fiber-coupled CMOS detector in a low energy electron Microscope. Ultramicroscopy 2020; 221:113180. [PMID: 33290983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.113180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsically weak signals in ultrafast electron microscopy experiments demand an improvement in the signal-to noise ratio of suitable electron detectors. We provide an experience report describing the installation and operation of a fiber-coupled CMOS based detector in a low energy electron microscope. We compare the detector performance to the traditional multi-channel-plate-based setup. The high dynamic range CMOS detector is capable of imaging spatially localized large intensity variations with low noise. The detector is blooming-free and overexposure appears uncritical. Overall, we find dramatic improvements in the imaging with the fiber-coupled CMOS detector compared to imaging with our previously used multi-channel-plate detector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Janoschka
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse. 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany.
| | - P Dreher
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse. 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - A Rödl
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse. 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - T Franz
- ELMITEC Elektronenmikroskopie GmbH, Albrecht-von-Groddeck-Str.3, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - O Schaff
- SPECS Surface Nano Analysis GmbH, Voltastrasse 5, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Horn-von Hoegen
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse. 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - F-J Meyer Zu Heringdorf
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse. 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sun Q, Zu S, Misawa H. Ultrafast photoemission electron microscopy: Capability and potential in probing plasmonic nanostructures from multiple domains. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:120902. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0013659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Sun
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Shuai Zu
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Misawa
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Da Browski M, Dai Y, Petek H. Ultrafast Photoemission Electron Microscopy: Imaging Plasmons in Space and Time. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6247-6287. [PMID: 32530607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Plasmonics is a rapidly growing field spanning research and applications across chemistry, physics, optics, energy harvesting, and medicine. Ultrafast photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) has demonstrated unprecedented power in the characterization of surface plasmons and other electronic excitations, as it uniquely combines the requisite spatial and temporal resolution, making it ideally suited for 3D space and time coherent imaging of the dynamical plasmonic phenomena on the nanofemto scale. The ability to visualize plasmonic fields evolving at the local speed of light on subwavelength scale with optical phase resolution illuminates old phenomena and opens new directions for growth of plasmonics research. In this review, we guide the reader thorough experimental description of PEEM as a characterization tool for both surface plasmon polaritons and localized plasmons and summarize the exciting progress it has opened by the ultrafast imaging of plasmonic phenomena on the nanofemto scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Da Browski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Pittsburgh Quantum Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QL, U.K
| | - Yanan Dai
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Pittsburgh Quantum Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Hrvoje Petek
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Pittsburgh Quantum Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhao Z, Lang P, Qin Y, Ji B, Song X, Lin J. Distinct spatiotemporal imaging of femtosecond surface plasmon polaritons assisted with the opening of the two-color quantum pathway effect. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:19023-19033. [PMID: 32672188 DOI: 10.1364/oe.397526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Accurately capturing the spatiotemporal information of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) is the basis for expanding SPP applications. Here, we report spatio-temporal evolution imaging of femtosecond SPPs launched from a rectangular trench in silver film with a 400-nm light pulse assisted femtosecond laser interferometric time-resolved (ITR) photoemission electron microscopy. It is found that introducing the 400nm light pulse in the spatially separated near-infrared (NIR) laser pump-probe ITR scheme enables distinct spatiotemporal imaging of the femtosecond SPPs with a weak probe pulse in the ITR scheme, which is free from the risk of sample damage due to the required high monochromatic field for a clear photoelectron image as well as the entangled interference fringe (between the SPPs and probe pulse) in the usual spatially overlapped pump-probe ITR scheme. The demonstrated great improvement of the visibility of the SPPs spatiotemporal image with an additional 400nm light pulse scheme facilitates further analysis of the femtosecond SPPs, and carrier wavelength (785nm), group velocity (0.94C) and phase velocity (0.98C) of SPPs are extracted from the distinct spatio-temporal evolution images of SPPs. Furthermore, the modulation of photoemission induced by the quantum pathway interference effect in the 400nm-assisted scheme is proposed to play a major role in the distinct visualization for SPPs. The probabilities of electrons in different quantum pathways are obtained quantitatively through fitting the experimental results with the quantum pathway interference model. The probability that electrons emit through the quantum pathway allows us to quantitatively analyze the contribution to electron emission from the different quantum pathways. These findings pave a way for the spatiotemporal imaging of the near-infrared light-induced SPPs, such as the communication wave band using PEEM.
Collapse
|
12
|
Davis TJ, Janoschka D, Dreher P, Frank B, Meyer Zu Heringdorf FJ, Giessen H. Ultrafast vector imaging of plasmonic skyrmion dynamics with deep subwavelength resolution. Science 2020; 368:368/6489/eaba6415. [PMID: 32327571 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba6415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plasmonic skyrmions are an optical manifestation of topological defects in a continuous vector field. Identifying them requires characterization of the vector structure of the electromagnetic near field on thin metal films. Here we introduce time-resolved vector microscopy that creates movies of the electric field vectors of surface plasmons with subfemtosecond time steps and a 10-nanometer spatial scale. We image complete time sequences of propagating surface plasmons as well as plasmonic skyrmions, resolving all vector components of the electric field and their time dynamics, thus demonstrating dynamic spin-momentum coupling as well as the time-varying skyrmion number. The ability to image linear optical effects in the spin and phase structures of light in the single-nanometer range will allow for entirely novel microscopy and metrology applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Davis
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia. .,Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration, Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 47048 Duisburg, Germany.,4th Physics Institute, Research Center SCoPE, and Integrated Quantum Science and Technology Center, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - David Janoschka
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration, Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Dreher
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration, Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Frank
- 4th Physics Institute, Research Center SCoPE, and Integrated Quantum Science and Technology Center, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Frank-J Meyer Zu Heringdorf
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration, Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 47048 Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th Physics Institute, Research Center SCoPE, and Integrated Quantum Science and Technology Center, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abedin S, Kenison J, Vargas C, Potma EO. Sensing Biomolecular Interactions by the Luminescence of a Planar Gold Film. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15883-15889. [PMID: 31755696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We describe the operating principle and performance of a recently developed surface plasmon-enhanced optical sensor that utilizes two-photon excited luminescence of a planar gold film as the reporter signal. The sensor enables direct visualization of nanoscopic binding events near a sensing surface. Light is coupled to the Au/sample interface in an objective-based Kretschmann configuration to excite surface plasmon polariton (SPP) modes at a metal-dielectric interface. The gold luminescence induced by the confined optical field between the particle and the film is detected in the epi-direction by a far-field camera where individual binding events show up as diffraction limited bright spots against a dark background. We study the sensor's emission spectrum and the distance dependence between the target and substrate, which both suggest that the optical signal of the sensor originates from electron-hole pair excitations in the planar Au film. In addition, we show that the well-behaved pointspread function of the sensor enables a straightforward implementation of super-resolution techniques. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of the sensor for detecting DNA binding events, underlining the sensor's usefulness for label-free imaging of nanoscopic particles and biomolecular interactions.
Collapse
|
14
|
Reutzel M, Li A, Gumhalter B, Petek H. Nonlinear Plasmonic Photoelectron Response of Ag(111). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:017404. [PMID: 31386417 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.017404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photons can excite collective and single-particle excitations in metals; the collective plasmonic excitations are of keen interest in physics, chemistry, optics, and nanotechnology because they enhance coupling of electromagnetic energy and can drive nonlinear processes in electronic materials, particularly where their dielectric function ϵ(ω) approaches zero. We investigate the nonlinear angle-resolved two-photon photoemission (2PP) spectroscopy of the Ag(111) surface through the ϵ(ω) near-zero region. In addition to the Einsteinian single-particle photoemission, the 2PP spectra report unequivocal signatures of nonlocal dielectric, plasmonically enhanced, excitation processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Reutzel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Pittsburgh Quantum Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Andi Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Pittsburgh Quantum Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | | | - Hrvoje Petek
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Pittsburgh Quantum Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| |
Collapse
|