1
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Templ J, Schnürch M. Allylation of C-, N-, and O-Nucleophiles via a Mechanochemically-Driven Tsuji-Trost Reaction Suitable for Late-Stage Modification of Bioactive Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314637. [PMID: 37931225 PMCID: PMC10952285 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
We present the first solvent-free, mechanochemical protocol for a palladium-catalyzed Tsuji-Trost allylation. This approach features exceptionally low catalyst loadings (0.5 mol %), short reaction times (<90 min), and a simple setup, eliminating the need for air or moisture precautions, making the process highly efficient and environmentally benign. We introduce solid, nontoxic, and easy-to-handle allyl trimethylammonium salts as valuable alternative to volatile or hazardous reagents. Our approach enables the allylation of various O-, N-, and C-nucleophiles in yields up to 99 % even for structurally complex bioactive compounds, owing to its mild conditions and exceptional functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Templ
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU WienGetreidemarkt 9/E1631060ViennaAustria
| | - Michael Schnürch
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU WienGetreidemarkt 9/E1631060ViennaAustria
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2
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Templ J, Schnürch M. Allylation of C-, N-, and O-Nucleophiles via a Mechanochemically-Driven Tsuji-Trost Reaction Suitable for Late-Stage Modification of Bioactive Molecules. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 136:e202314637. [PMID: 38516646 PMCID: PMC10953357 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202314637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
We present the first solvent-free, mechanochemical protocol for a palladium-catalyzed Tsuji-Trost allylation. This approach features exceptionally low catalyst loadings (0.5 mol %), short reaction times (<90 min), and a simple setup, eliminating the need for air or moisture precautions, making the process highly efficient and environmentally benign. We introduce solid, nontoxic, and easy-to-handle allyl trimethylammonium salts as valuable alternative to volatile or hazardous reagents. Our approach enables the allylation of various O-, N-, and C-nucleophiles in yields up to 99 % even for structurally complex bioactive compounds, owing to its mild conditions and exceptional functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Templ
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU WienGetreidemarkt 9/E1631060ViennaAustria
| | - Michael Schnürch
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU WienGetreidemarkt 9/E1631060ViennaAustria
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3
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Hao X, Feng D, Chen H, Huang P, Guo F. Mechanochemical Nickel-Catalyzed Carbon-Sulfur Bond Formation between Aryl Iodides and Aromatic Sulfur Surrogates. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302119. [PMID: 37556506 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The formation of aromatic thioethers from C-S coupling is of great importance in synthetic chemistry. Traditional solution strategies through transition-metal catalysis generally require bulk solution, heat, and longer reaction time. Herein, a mechano-promoted sulfenylation of aryl iodides with nickel catalysis is described. The active aromatic sulfide agents are in-situ generated from aromatic thiol or disulfide and subsequently adapted in the nickel catalytic cycle, with a tolerance of broad substituted groups under optimized conditions. In addition to the gram-scale synthesis that reveals the application potential of the method, the radical trapping and competitive experiments are also conducted for the mechanistic study, thus providing a plausible mechanism rationally. Furthermore, the proposed methodology is certificated as being versatile and following the green principles with ideal calculated values of green chemistry metrics, and the comparison with other approaches for C-S bond formation is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujia Hao
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, 110036, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Daming Feng
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, 110036, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hongguang Chen
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, 110036, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Peng Huang
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, 110036, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Judicial Authentication & Forensic Sciences Institute, Liaoning University, 110036, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Fang Guo
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, 110036, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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4
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Liu Y, Gao W, Yuan S, Ni M, Hao T, Zeng C, Xu X, Fu Y, Peng Y, Ding Q. One-pot synthesis of 11-sulfenyl dibenzodiazepines via tandem sulfenylation/cyclization of o-isocyanodiaryl amines and diaryl disulfides. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:4257-4263. [PMID: 37139575 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00220a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A one-pot sulfenylation/cyclization of o-isocyanodiaryl amines has been described for the preparation of 11-sulfenyl dibenzodiazepines. This AgI-catalyzed reaction covers an unexplored tandem process to give seven-membered N-heterocycles. This transformation shows a broad range of substrate scope, simple operation, and moderate to good yields under aerobic conditions. Diphenyl diselenide can also be produced in an acceptable yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Wei Gao
- Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Sitian Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Mengjia Ni
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Tianxin Hao
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Cuiying Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Xinyi Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Yang Fu
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Yiyuan Peng
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Qiuping Ding
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, China.
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5
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Seo T, Kubota K, Ito H. Mechanochemistry-Directed Ligand Design: Development of a High-Performance Phosphine Ligand for Palladium-Catalyzed Mechanochemical Organoboron Cross-Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6823-6837. [PMID: 36892233 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemical synthesis that uses transition-metal catalysts has attracted significant attention due to its numerous advantages, including low solvent waste, short reaction times, and the avoidance of problems associated with the low solubility of starting materials. However, even though the mechanochemical reaction environment is largely different from that of homogeneous solution systems, transition-metal catalysts, which were originally developed for use in solution, have been used directly in mechanochemical reactions without any molecular-level modifications to ensure their suitability for mechanochemistry. Alas, this has limited the development of more efficient mechanochemical cross-coupling processes. Here, we report a conceptually distinct approach, whereby a mechanochemistry-directed design is used to develop ligands for mechanochemical Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. The ligand development was guided by the experimental observation of catalyst deactivation via the aggregation of palladium species, a problem that is particularly prominent in solid-state reactions. By embedding the ligand into a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) polymer, we found that phosphine-ligated palladium(0) species could be immobilized in the fluid phase created by the PEG chains, preventing the physical mixing of the catalyst into the crystalline solid phase and thus undesired catalyst deactivation. This catalytic system showed high catalytic activity in reactions of polyaromatic substrates close to room temperature. These substrates usually require elevated temperatures to be reactive in the presence of catalyst systems with conventional ligands such as SPhos. The present study hence provides important insights for the design of high-performance catalysts for solid-state reactions and has the potential to inspire the development of industrially attractive, almost solvent-free mechanochemical cross-coupling technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamae Seo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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6
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Cao H, Shi Y, Ma J, Yan P, Cong X, Bie F. Palladium- and Nickel-Catalyzed Synthesis of Thioethers via Thioesters - Aryl Halides Coupling. Tetrahedron Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2023.154414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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7
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Behera PK, Choudhury P, Behera P, Swain A, Pradhan AK, Rout L. Transition Metal Catalysed
C‐S
Cross‐Coupling Reactions at Room Temperature. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Papita Behera
- Dept. of Chemistry Berhampur University Odisha India- 760007
| | - Amlan Swain
- Dept. of Chemistry Berhampur University Odisha India- 760007
| | | | - Laxmidhar Rout
- Dept. of Chemistry Berhampur University Odisha India- 760007
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8
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Jones AC, Williams MTJ, Morrill LC, Browne DL. Mechanical Activation of Zero-Valent Metal Reductants for Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling. ACS Catal 2022; 12:13681-13689. [PMID: 36366760 PMCID: PMC9638985 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The cross-electrophile coupling of either twisted-amides
or heteroaryl
halides with alkyl halides, enabled by ball-milling, is herein described.
The operationally simple nickel-catalyzed process has no requirement
for inert atmosphere or dry solvents and delivers the corresponding
acylated or heteroarylated products across a broad range of substrates.
Key to negating the necessity of inert reaction conditions is the
mechanical activation of the raw metal terminal reductant: manganese
in the case of twisted amides and zinc for heteroaryl halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Jones
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Matthew T. J. Williams
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Louis C. Morrill
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, U.K
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9
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Beletskaya IP, Ananikov VP. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed C–S, C–Se, and C–Te Bond Formations via Cross-Coupling and Atom-Economic Addition Reactions. Achievements and Challenges. Chem Rev 2022; 122:16110-16293. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina P. Beletskaya
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorob’evy gory, Moscow 119899, Russia
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
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10
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Kubota K, Baba E, Seo T, Ishiyama T, Ito H. Palladium-catalyzed solid-state borylation of aryl halides using mechanochemistry. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:855-862. [PMID: 35957749 PMCID: PMC9344555 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes the solid-state palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling between aryl halides and bis(pinacolato)diboron using ball milling. The reactions were completed within 10 min for most aryl halides to afford a variety of synthetically useful arylboronates in high yields. Notably, all experimental operations could be performed in air, and did not require the use of large amounts of dry and degassed organic solvents. The utility of this method was further demonstrated by gram-scale synthesis under solvent-free, mechanochemical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Emiru Baba
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tamae Seo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Ishiyama
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
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11
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Minami K, Minakawa M, Uozumi Y. Preparation of Benzothiazoles and Heterocyclic Spiro Compounds Through Cu‐catalyzed S–S Bond Cleavage and C–S Bond Formation. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Minami
- Yamagata University: Yamagata Daigaku Graduate School of Science and Engineering JAPAN
| | - Maki Minakawa
- Yamagata University: Yamagata Daigaku Graduate School of Science and Engineering 4-3-16, Jonan 992-8510 Yonezawa JAPAN
| | - Yasuhiro Uozumi
- Institute of Molecular Sciences: Institut des Sciences Moleculaires Complex Catalysis 5-1, Higashiyama, Myodaiji 444-8787 Okazaki JAPAN
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12
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Dong ZB, Zhou Y, Yang CL, Ye L. Copper-Catalyzed C–S Formation for the Synthesis of Benzyl Phenyl Sulfides from Dithiocarbamates. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1817-2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAn odorless and efficient protocol for the synthesis of benzyl phenyl sulfides is reported. Starting from environmentally friendly phenyl dithiocarbamates and commercially available benzyl halides as starting materials, the target compounds (benzyl phenyl sulfides) could be obtained smoothly and easily by using copper salt as catalyst and Cs2CO3 as base. This method features ligand/additive-free, the use of readily available starting materials, inexpensive catalysts, and good substrate suitability, illustrating its potentially synthetic value for the convenient preparation of some biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Bing Dong
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biologic Resources Protection and Utilization, Hubei Minzu University
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Process, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Engineering Research Center of Phosphorus Resources Development and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Institute of Technology
| | - Yu Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology
| | - Cheng-Li Yang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology
| | - Lei Ye
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology
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13
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Zhang J, Zhang P, Ma Y, Szostak M. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Ketones via Chemoselective Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling of Acyl Chlorides. Org Lett 2022; 24:2338-2343. [PMID: 35297638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The direct synthesis of ketones via acyl Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of widely available acyl chlorides is a central transformation in organic synthesis. Herein, we report the first mechanochemical solvent-free method for highly chemoselective synthesis of ketones from acyl chlorides and boronic acids. This acylation reaction is conducted in the solid state, in the absence of potentially harmful solvents, for a short reaction time and shows excellent selectivity for C(acyl)-Cl bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yangmin Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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14
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Williams MTJ, Morrill LC, Browne DL. Mechanochemical Organocatalysis: Do High Enantioselectivities Contradict What We Might Expect? CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102157. [PMID: 34767693 PMCID: PMC9300213 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ball mills input energy to samples by pulverising the contents of the jar. Each impact on the sample or wall of the jar results in an instantaneous transmission of energy in the form of a temperature and pressure increase (volume reduction). Conversely, enantioselective organocatalytic reactions proceed through perceived delicate and well-organised transition states. Does there exist a dichotomy in the idea of enantioselective mechanochemical organocatalysis? This Review provides a survey of the literature reporting the combination of organocatalytic reactions with mechanochemical ball milling conditions. Where possible, direct comparisons of stirred in solution, stirred neat and ball milled processes are drawn with a particular focus on control of stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. J. Williams
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteSchool of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Louis C. Morrill
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteSchool of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological ChemistrySchool of PharmacyUniversity College London29–39 Brunswick Square, BloomsburyLondonWC1N 1AXUK
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15
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Yang X, Wu C, Su W, Yu J. Mechanochemical C−X/C−H Functionalization: An Alternative Strategy Access to Pharmaceuticals. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Yang
- Zhejiang University of Technology Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Chaowang Road 18# 310014 Hangzhou CHINA
| | - Chongyang Wu
- Zhejiang University of Technology Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Chaowang Road 18# 310014 Hangzhou CHINA
| | - Weike Su
- Zhejiang University of Technology Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Chaowang Road 18# 310014 Hangzhou CHINA
| | - Jingbo Yu
- Zhejiang University of Technology Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Chaowang Road 18# 310014 Hangzhou CHINA
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16
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Zhang X, Zhou R, Qi Z, Chen L, Yu L. PhSe(O)OH/Al(NO 3) 3-Catalyzed selectivity controllable oxidation of sulphide owing to the synergistic effect of Se, Al 3+ and nitrate. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00190j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Catalyzed by PhSe(O)OH/Al(NO3)3, selective oxidation of sulphides to produce sulfoxides or sulphones could be achieved under mild conditions. The synergistic effect of Se, Al3+ and nitrate is the key factor for the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, China
| | - Zhengyuan Qi
- College of Information Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Liping Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou Polytechnic Institute, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Lei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, China
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17
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Cui X, Hao X, Guo F. Stepwise synthesis and catalysis in C-S cross-coupling of pyridine-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene nickel (II) complexes by mechanochemistry. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:4377-4385. [DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03651c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of three N-heterocyclic carbene complexes by stepwise grinding was described in this paper. The benzimidazolium salts ([H2L]Br2 and [H2L](PF6)2 ([H2L] =1,1’-di(2-picolyl)-3,3’-methylenedibenzoimidazolium) were initially prepared. Their reactions with Ni(OAc)2·4H2O...
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18
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Bakare SP, Patil M. Thiolate-assisted copper( i) catalyzed C–S cross coupling of thiols with aryl iodides: scope, kinetics and mechanism. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00043a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The scope and mechanism of the C–S cross coupling of thiophenols with aryl iodides using a Cu(i) catalyst in a ligand-free environment is disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Prasad Bakare
- UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Nalanda, University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari Campus, Santacruz (East), Mumbai – 400098, India
| | - Mahendra Patil
- UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Nalanda, University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari Campus, Santacruz (East), Mumbai – 400098, India
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19
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Kundu D, Roy A, Panja S. Transition Metal Catalyst, Solvent, Base Free Synthesis of Diaryl Diselenides under Mechanical Ball Milling. Curr Org Synth 2021; 19:COS-EPUB-119687. [PMID: 34951576 DOI: 10.2174/1570179419666211224144932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A convenient, efficient, and general procedure for the synthesis of diaryl diselenides has been developed by the reaction of aryl diazonium tetrafluoroborates and Potassium Selenocyanate on the surface of alumina under ball-milling in absence of any solvent, transition metal catalyst and base in room temperature. A wide range of functionalized diaryl diselenides are obtained in high purity and high yield by this procedure. BACKGROUND Synthesis of diaryl diselenides was restricted into only few Cu-catalyzed C-Se Cross coupling protocol where use of ligands, high reaction temp, long reaction time were required. OBJECTIVE To achieve a sustainable protocol for the synthesis of diaryl diselenides Method: Reaction of aryl diazonium fluoroborate with KSeCN was successfully performed under ball milling in absence of any ransition metal catalyst, ligands, base and external heating to get diaryl diselenides. RESULTS A library of diaryl diselenides were obtained in good yields with different functional groups. CONCLUSION First transition metal free protocol for the synthesis of diaryl diselenides has been developed successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Government General Degree College at Mangalkote, Affiliated to The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman-713132, India
| | - Anup Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Government General Degree College at Mangalkote, Affiliated to The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman-713132, India
| | - Subir Panja
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
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20
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Makino K, Tozawa K, Tanaka Y, Inagaki A, Tabata H, Oshitari T, Natsugari H, Takahashi H. Rapid Photoracemization of Chiral Alkyl Aryl Sulfoxides. J Org Chem 2021; 86:17249-17256. [PMID: 34806388 PMCID: PMC8650104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The photoracemization of chiral alkyl aryl sulfoxides with a photosensitizer has not been sufficiently investigated thus far. Therefore, in this study, a rapid photoracemization reaction of enantiopure alkyl aryl sulfoxides using 1 mol % 2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium tetrafluoroborate (TPT+) was developed. Various substitution patterns were tolerated and every racemization reaction proceeded extremely fast (k2 = 1.77 × 104-6.08 × 101 M-1 s-1, t1/2 = 0.4-114 s). Some chiral sulfoxides with easily oxidizable functional groups are not appropriate for this photoisomerization. The electrochemical potentials of the functional groups, determined via cyclic voltammetry, are useful for predicting the reactive or nonreactive groups in this photoracemization reaction. A theoretical study was conducted to clarify the sp2-like nature of S of the sulfoxide cation radical, which makes photoracemization easier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosho Makino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kumi Tozawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Akiko Inagaki
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Tabata
- Faculty of Pharma Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Tetsuta Oshitari
- Faculty of Pharma Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Hideaki Natsugari
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hideyo Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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21
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Nicholson WI, Howard JL, Magri G, Seastram AC, Khan A, Bolt RRA, Morrill LC, Richards E, Browne DL. Ball-Milling-Enabled Reactivity of Manganese Metal*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23128-23133. [PMID: 34405513 PMCID: PMC8596600 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to generate organomanganese reagents under ball-milling conditions have led to the serendipitous discovery that manganese metal can mediate the reductive dimerization of arylidene malonates. The newly uncovered process has been optimized and its mechanism explored using CV measurements, radical trapping experiments, EPR spectroscopy, and solution control reactions. This unique reactivity can also be translated to solution whereupon pre-milling of the manganese is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph L. Howard
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Giuseppina Magri
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Alex C. Seastram
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Adam Khan
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Robert R. A. Bolt
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological ChemistryUniversity College London (UCL)School of Pharmacy29–39 Brunswick SquareLondonWC1N 1AXUK
| | - Louis C. Morrill
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Emma Richards
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological ChemistryUniversity College London (UCL)School of Pharmacy29–39 Brunswick SquareLondonWC1N 1AXUK
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22
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Nicholson WI, Howard JL, Magri G, Seastram AC, Khan A, Bolt RRA, Morrill LC, Richards E, Browne DL. Ball‐Milling‐Enabled Reactivity of Manganese Metal**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William I. Nicholson
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Joseph L. Howard
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Giuseppina Magri
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Alex C. Seastram
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Adam Khan
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Robert R. A. Bolt
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry University College London (UCL) School of Pharmacy 29–39 Brunswick Square London WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Louis C. Morrill
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Emma Richards
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry University College London (UCL) School of Pharmacy 29–39 Brunswick Square London WC1N 1AX UK
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23
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Wang CY, Tian R, Zhu YM. Ni-catalyzed C–S bond cleavage of aryl 2-pyridyl thioethers coupling with alkyl and aryl thiols. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Nicholson WI, Barreteau F, Leitch JA, Payne R, Priestley I, Godineau E, Battilocchio C, Browne DL. Direct Amidation of Esters by Ball Milling**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William I. Nicholson
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Fabien Barreteau
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG Schaffauserstrasse 101 4332 Stein Switzerland
| | - Jamie A. Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry University College London (UCL) School of Pharmacy 29–39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury London WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Riley Payne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry University College London (UCL) School of Pharmacy 29–39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury London WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Ian Priestley
- Syngenta Ltd. Huddersfield Manufacturing Centre Huddersfield HD2 1FF UK
| | - Edouard Godineau
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG Schaffauserstrasse 101 4332 Stein Switzerland
| | | | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry University College London (UCL) School of Pharmacy 29–39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury London WC1N 1AX UK
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25
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Jones AC, Nicholson WI, Leitch JA, Browne DL. A Ball-Milling-Enabled Cross-Electrophile Coupling. Org Lett 2021; 23:6337-6341. [PMID: 34342468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling of aryl halides and alkyl halides enabled by ball-milling is herein described. Under a mechanochemical manifold, the reductive C-C bond formation was achieved in the absence of bulk solvent and air/moisture sensitive setups, in reaction times of 2 h. The mechanical action provided by ball milling permits the use of a range of zinc sources to turnover the nickel catalytic cycle, enabling the synthesis of 28 cross-electrophile coupled products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Jones
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - William I Nicholson
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie A Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan L Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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26
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Nicholson WI, Barreteau F, Leitch JA, Payne R, Priestley I, Godineau E, Battilocchio C, Browne DL. Direct Amidation of Esters by Ball Milling*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21868-21874. [PMID: 34357668 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The direct mechanochemical amidation of esters by ball milling is described. The operationally simple procedure requires an ester, an amine, and substoichiometric KOtBu and was used to prepare a large and diverse library of 78 amide structures with modest to excellent efficiency. Heteroaromatic and heterocyclic components are specifically shown to be amenable to this mechanochemical protocol. This direct synthesis platform has been applied to the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and agrochemicals as well as the gram-scale synthesis of an active pharmaceutical, all in the absence of a reaction solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- William I Nicholson
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Fabien Barreteau
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffauserstrasse 101, 4332, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Jamie A Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London (UCL), School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Riley Payne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London (UCL), School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Ian Priestley
- Syngenta Ltd., Huddersfield Manufacturing Centre, Huddersfield, HD2 1FF, UK
| | - Edouard Godineau
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffauserstrasse 101, 4332, Stein, Switzerland
| | | | - Duncan L Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London (UCL), School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
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27
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Abstract
Recent research endeavors have established that the mechanochemical activation of piezoelectric materials can open new avenues in redox chemistry. Impact forces, such as those imparted by a ball mill, have been shown to transform piezoelectric materials such as barium titanate (BaTiO3) into a highly polarized state, which can then donate an electron to a suitable oxidant and receive an electron from a suitable reductant, mimicking established photoredox catalytic cycles. Proof‐of‐concept studies have elucidated that mechanoredox chemistry holds great potential in sustainable and efficient radical‐based synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, WC1N 1AX, London, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan L Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, WC1N 1AX, London, United Kingdom
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28
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Ardila-Fierro KJ, Hernández JG. Sustainability Assessment of Mechanochemistry by Using the Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2145-2162. [PMID: 33835716 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, mechanochemistry has been growing into a widely accepted alternative for chemical synthesis. In addition to their efficiency and practicality, mechanochemical reactions are also recognized for their sustainability. The association between mechanochemistry and Green Chemistry often originates from the solvent-free nature of most mechanochemical protocols, which can reduce waste production. However, mechanochemistry satisfies more than one of the Principles of Green Chemistry. In this Review we will present a series of examples that will clearly illustrate how mechanochemistry can significantly contribute to the fulfillment of Green Chemistry in a more holistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Ardila-Fierro
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - José G Hernández
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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29
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Hanaya K, Ohtsu H, Kawano M, Higashibayashi S, Sugai T. Nickel(II)‐Mediated C−S Cross‐Coupling Between Thiols and
ortho
‐Substituted Arylboronic Acid. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Hanaya
- Faculty of Pharmacy Keio University 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Ohtsu
- Department of Chemistry School of Science Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Masaki Kawano
- Department of Chemistry School of Science Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Sugai
- Faculty of Pharmacy Keio University 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku Tokyo Japan
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30
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Yu TY, Pang H, Cao Y, Gallou F, Lipshutz BH. Safe, Scalable, Inexpensive, and Mild Nickel-Catalyzed Migita-Like C-S Cross-Couplings in Recyclable Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:3708-3713. [PMID: 33095957 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A new approach to C-S couplings is reported that relies on nickel catalysis under mild conditions, enabled by micellar catalysis in recyclable water as the reaction medium. The protocol tolerates a wide range of heteroaromatic halides and thiols, including alkyl and heteroaryl thiols, leading to a variety of thioethers in good isolated yields. The method is scalable, results in low residual metal in the products, and is applicable to syntheses of targets in the pharmaceutical area. The procedure also features an associated low E Factor, suggesting a far more attractive entry than is otherwise currently available, especially those based on unsustainable loadings of Pd catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yu Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Haobo Pang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Yilin Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | | | - Bruce H Lipshutz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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31
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Yu T, Pang H, Cao Y, Gallou F, Lipshutz BH. Safe, Scalable, Inexpensive, and Mild Nickel‐Catalyzed Migita‐Like C−S Cross‐Couplings in Recyclable Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu‐Yu Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Haobo Pang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Yilin Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | | | - Bruce H. Lipshutz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
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