1
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Wang X, Xiao G. Recent Advances in Chemical Synthesis of Structural Domains of Lipopolysaccharides from the Commensal Gut-Associated Microbiota. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300552. [PMID: 37731010 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides from the commensal gut-associated microbiota are interesting biomolecules for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. Different from pathogenic lipopolysaccharides, commensal lipopolysaccharides have distinct chemical structures and mediate beneficial homeostasis with the immune system of the host. However, the accessibility issues of homogenous and pure commensal lipopolysaccharides hampered the in-depth studies of their functions. In this concept article, we highlight the recent synthesis of lipopolysaccharides from gut-associated lymphoid-tissue-resident Alcaligenes faecalis and Bacteroides vulgatus, which hopes to inspire the more efforts devoting to these fantastic biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Kunming University, 2 Puxing Road, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650201, China
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2
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Elferink H, Remmerswaal WA, Houthuijs KJ, Jansen O, Hansen T, Rijs AM, Berden G, Martens J, Oomens J, Codée JDC, Boltje TJ. Competing C-4 and C-5-Acyl Stabilization of Uronic Acid Glycosyl Cations. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201724. [PMID: 35959853 PMCID: PMC9825916 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Uronic acids are carbohydrates carrying a terminal carboxylic acid and have a unique reactivity in stereoselective glycosylation reactions. Herein, the competing intramolecular stabilization of uronic acid cations by the C-5 carboxylic acid or the C-4 acetyl group was studied with infrared ion spectroscopy (IRIS). IRIS reveals that a mixture of bridged ions is formed, in which the mixture is driven towards the C-1,C-5 dioxolanium ion when the C-5,C-2-relationship is cis, and towards the formation of the C-1,C-4 dioxepanium ion when this relation is trans. Isomer-population analysis and interconversion barrier computations show that the two bridged structures are not in dynamic equilibrium and that their ratio parallels the density functional theory computed stability of the structures. These studies reveal how the intrinsic interplay of the different functional groups influences the formation of the different regioisomeric products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidde Elferink
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsSynthetic Organic ChemistryRadboud University NijmegenHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJNijmegen (TheNetherlands
| | - Wouter A. Remmerswaal
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeiden (TheNetherlands
| | - Kas J. Houthuijs
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsFELIX LaboratoryRadboud University NijmegenToernooiveld 76525 EDNijmegen (TheNetherlands
| | - Oscar Jansen
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsFELIX LaboratoryRadboud University NijmegenToernooiveld 76525 EDNijmegen (TheNetherlands
| | - Thomas Hansen
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeiden (TheNetherlands
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTUBUniversitat de Barcelona08028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Anouk M. Rijs
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsFELIX LaboratoryRadboud University NijmegenToernooiveld 76525 EDNijmegen (TheNetherlands
- Division of BioAnalytical ChemistryDepartment of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesAIMMS Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life SciencesVrije Univeristeit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10851081 HVAmsterdam (TheNetherlands
| | - Giel Berden
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsFELIX LaboratoryRadboud University NijmegenToernooiveld 76525 EDNijmegen (TheNetherlands
| | - Jonathan Martens
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsFELIX LaboratoryRadboud University NijmegenToernooiveld 76525 EDNijmegen (TheNetherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsFELIX LaboratoryRadboud University NijmegenToernooiveld 76525 EDNijmegen (TheNetherlands
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeiden (TheNetherlands
| | - Thomas J. Boltje
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsSynthetic Organic ChemistryRadboud University NijmegenHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJNijmegen (TheNetherlands
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3
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Trinderup HH, Juul-Madsen L, Press L, Madsen M, Jensen HH. α-Selective Glucosylation Can Be Achieved with 6- O- para-Nitrobenzoyl Protection. J Org Chem 2022; 87:13763-13789. [PMID: 36206491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A systematic study of the effect of various 6-O-acyl groups on anomeric selectivity in glucosylations with thioglycoside donors was conducted. All eight different esters were found to induce moderate-to-high α-selectivity in glucosylation with l-menthol with the best being 6-O-p-nitrobenzoyl. The effect appears to be general across various glucosyl acceptors, glucosyl donor types, and modes of activation. No evidence was found in favor of distal participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle H Trinderup
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Line Juul-Madsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Laura Press
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Michael Madsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henrik H Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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4
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Remmerswaal WA, Houthuijs KJ, van de Ven R, Elferink H, Hansen T, Berden G, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Rutjes FPJT, Filippov DV, Boltje TJ, Martens J, Oomens J, Codée JDC. Stabilization of Glucosyl Dioxolenium Ions by "Dual Participation" of the 2,2-Dimethyl-2-( ortho-nitrophenyl)acetyl (DMNPA) Protection Group for 1,2- cis-Glucosylation. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9139-9147. [PMID: 35748115 PMCID: PMC9295149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The stereoselective
introduction of glycosidic bonds is of paramount
importance to oligosaccharide synthesis. Among the various chemical
strategies to steer stereoselectivity, participation by either neighboring
or distal acyl groups is used particularly often. Recently, the use
of the 2,2-dimethyl-2-(ortho-nitrophenyl)acetyl (DMNPA)
protection group was shown to offer enhanced stereoselective steering
compared to other acyl groups. Here, we investigate the origin of
the stereoselectivity induced by the DMNPA group through systematic
glycosylation reactions and infrared ion spectroscopy (IRIS) combined
with techniques such as isotopic labeling of the anomeric center and
isomer population analysis. Our study indicates that the origin of
the DMNPA stereoselectivity does not lie in the direct participation
of the nitro moiety but in the formation of a dioxolenium ion that
is strongly stabilized by the nitro group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A Remmerswaal
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kas J Houthuijs
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roel van de Ven
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hidde Elferink
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hansen
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.,Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTUB, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giel Berden
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert A van der Marel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Floris P J T Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitri V Filippov
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Boltje
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Martens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D C Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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5
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Molla MR, Thakur R. Cyanomethyl (CNMe) ether: an orthogonal protecting group for saccharides. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:4030-4037. [PMID: 35506910 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00338d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Logical manipulation of protecting groups is one of the vital strategies involved in the synthesis of complex oligosachharides. As opposed to the robust permanent protecting groups, the chemoselective protection-deprotection processes on orthogonal protecting groups have facilitated the synthesis of the target molecules with higher effeciency. While the derivatives of benzyl ethers are the most popular orthogonal ether based protecting groups for hydroxyls, the exploration of methyl ethers for similar synthetic application is much limited. We herein report cyanomethyl (CNMe) ether as a readily synthesized orthogonal protecting group for saccharides. The ether moiety was rapidly removed under Na-naphthalenide conditions in good to excellent yields and was found to be compatible with other well-known benzyl/methyl/silyl ether and acetal protecting groups. Additionally, the CNMe group was observed to be tolerant to standard reagents used for the deprotection of ether, ester and acetal protecting groups. The protection and deprotection steps remained unaffected by the position of hydroxyl, the configuration of monosaccharides or the presence of olefins in the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rima Thakur
- National Institute of Technology Patna, Ashok Rajpath, Patna 800005, India.
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6
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Yamamoto T, Chang TC, Tanaka K. Epoc group: transformable protecting group with gold(iii)-catalyzed fluorene formation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10703-10709. [PMID: 34476055 PMCID: PMC8372321 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03125b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents the novel concept of a transformable protecting group, which changes its properties through structural transformation. Based on this concept, we developed a 2-(2-ethynylphenyl)-2-(5-methylfuran-2-yl)-ethoxycarbonyl (Epoc) group. The Epoc group was transformed into an Fmoc-like structure with gold(iii)-catalyzed fluorene formation and was removable under Fmoc-like mild basic conditions post-transformation even though it was originally stable under strongly basic conditions. As an application for organic synthesis, the Epoc group provides the novel orthogonality of gold(iii)-labile protecting groups in solid-phase peptide synthesis. In addition, the high turnover number of fluorene formation in aqueous media is suggestive of the applicability of the Epoc group to biological systems. A protecting group removable with gold(iii)-catalyzed fluorene formation and the subsequent addition of piperidine was developed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Yamamoto
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Tsung-Che Chang
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Katsunori Tanaka
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan .,Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan.,Biofunctional Chemistry Laboratory, Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University 18 Kremlyovskaya Street 420008 Kazan Russian Federation
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7
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Rasool JU, Kumar A, Ali A, Ahmed QN. Triethylamine-methanol mediated selective removal of oxophenylacetyl ester in saccharides. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:338-347. [PMID: 33300928 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02192j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly selective, mild, and efficient method for the cleavage of oxophenylacetyl ester protected saccharides was developed using triethylamine in methanol at room temperature. The reagent proved successful against different labile groups like acetal, ketal, and PMB and also generated good yields of the desired saccharides bearing lipid esters. Further, we also observed DBU in methanol as an alternative reagent for the deprotection of acetyl, benzoyl, and oxophenylacetyl ester groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javeed Ur Rasool
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Jammu-180001 India and Academy of scientific and innovative research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Jammu-180001, India.
| | - Atul Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Jammu-180001 India and Academy of scientific and innovative research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Jammu-180001, India. and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani (Bagla), District Samba, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Asif Ali
- CSIR-Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL), 14-Satsang Vihar, Vigyan Suchna Bhawan, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Qazi Naveed Ahmed
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Jammu-180001 India and Academy of scientific and innovative research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Jammu-180001, India.
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8
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Abstract
The importance of post-translational glycosylation in protein structure and function has gained significant clinical relevance recently. The latest developments in glycobiology, glycochemistry, and glycoproteomics have made the field more manageable and relevant to disease progression and immune-response signaling. Here, we summarize the current progress in glycoscience, including the new methodologies that have led to the introduction of programmable and automatic as well as large-scale enzymatic synthesis, and the development of glycan array, glycosylation probes, and inhibitors of carbohydrate-associated enzymes or receptors. These novel methodologies and tools have facilitated our understanding of the significance of glycosylation and development of carbohydrate-derived medicines that bring the field to the next level of scientific and medical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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9
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Zeng ZY, Liao JX, Hu ZN, Liu DY, Zhang QJ, Sun JS. Synthetic Investigation toward QS-21 Analogues. Org Lett 2020; 22:8613-8617. [PMID: 33074676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
With glycosyl o-alkynylbenzotes as donors, a highly efficient protocol to construct the challenging glycosidic linkages at C3-OH of C23-oxo oleanane triterpenoids is disclosed, on the basis of which different strategies for the highly efficient synthesis of QS-21 analogues with the west-wing trisaccharide of QS-21 have been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yong Zeng
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Jin-Xi Liao
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Zhen-Ni Hu
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - De-Yong Liu
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Qing-Ju Zhang
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Jian-Song Sun
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
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10
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Molla MR, Das P, Guleria K, Subramanian R, Kumar A, Thakur R. Cyanomethyl Ether as an Orthogonal Participating Group for Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,2- trans-β- O-Glycosides. J Org Chem 2020; 85:9955-9968. [PMID: 32600042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Stereoselective formation of glycosidic linkages has been the prime focus for contemporary carbohydrate chemistry. Herein, we report cyanomethyl (CNMe) ether as an efficient and effective participating orthogonal protecting group for the stereoselective synthesis of 1,2-trans-β-O-glycosides. The participating group facilitated good to high β-selective glycosylation with a broad range of electron-rich and electron-deficient glycosyl acceptors. Detailed experimental and theoretical studies reveal the involvement of CNMe ether in the formation of a six-membered imine-type cyclic intermediate for the observed stereoselectivity. Rapid incorporation and selective removal of the CNMe ether group in the presence of benzyl ether and isopropylidene acetal protection have also been reported here. The nitrile group provided an opportunity for the glycodiversification through further derivatizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosidur Rahaman Molla
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar 800005, India
| | - Pradip Das
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar 800005, India
| | - Kanika Guleria
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar 801103, India
| | - Ranga Subramanian
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar 801103, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar 801103, India
| | - Rima Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar 800005, India
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11
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Ghosh B, Kulkarni SS. Advances in Protecting Groups for Oligosaccharide Synthesis. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:450-462. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhaswati Ghosh
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Bombay Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Suvarn S. Kulkarni
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Bombay Mumbai 400076 India
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12
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Liu H, Hansen T, Zhou SY, Wen GE, Liu XX, Zhang QJ, Codée JDC, Schmidt RR, Sun JS. Dual-Participation Protecting Group Solves the Anomeric Stereocontrol Problems in Glycosylation Reactions. Org Lett 2019; 21:8713-8717. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Thomas Hansen
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Si-Yu Zhou
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Guo-En Wen
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Xu-Xue Liu
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Qing-Ju Zhang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Richard R. Schmidt
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jian-Song Sun
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
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