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Won D, Bang J, Choi SH, Pyun KR, Jeong S, Lee Y, Ko SH. Transparent Electronics for Wearable Electronics Application. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9982-10078. [PMID: 37542724 PMCID: PMC10452793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in wearable electronics offer seamless integration with the human body for extracting various biophysical and biochemical information for real-time health monitoring, clinical diagnostics, and augmented reality. Enormous efforts have been dedicated to imparting stretchability/flexibility and softness to electronic devices through materials science and structural modifications that enable stable and comfortable integration of these devices with the curvilinear and soft human body. However, the optical properties of these devices are still in the early stages of consideration. By incorporating transparency, visual information from interfacing biological systems can be preserved and utilized for comprehensive clinical diagnosis with image analysis techniques. Additionally, transparency provides optical imperceptibility, alleviating reluctance to wear the device on exposed skin. This review discusses the recent advancement of transparent wearable electronics in a comprehensive way that includes materials, processing, devices, and applications. Materials for transparent wearable electronics are discussed regarding their characteristics, synthesis, and engineering strategies for property enhancements. We also examine bridging techniques for stable integration with the soft human body. Building blocks for wearable electronic systems, including sensors, energy devices, actuators, and displays, are discussed with their mechanisms and performances. Lastly, we summarize the potential applications and conclude with the remaining challenges and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeyeon Won
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Junhyuk Bang
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seok Hwan Choi
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kyung Rok Pyun
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seongmin Jeong
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Youngseok Lee
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Institute
of Engineering Research/Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design
(SNU-IAMD), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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2
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Röhrl M, Ködel JF, Timmins RL, Callsen C, Aksit M, Fink MF, Seibt S, Weidinger A, Battagliarin G, Ruckdäschel H, Schobert R, Breu J, Biersack B. New Functional Polymer Materials via Click Chemistry-Based Modification of Cellulose Acetate. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:9889-9895. [PMID: 36969451 PMCID: PMC10034841 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose acetate (CA) was partially acrylated, and the resulting cellulose acetate acrylate (acryl-substitution degree of 0.2) underwent quantitative thio-Michael click reactions with various thiols. A toolbox of functional CA polymers was obtained in this way, and their properties were studied. The modification with fatty alkyl thiols led to hydrophobic materials with large water drop contact angles. Octadecylthio-, butoxycarbonylpropylthio-, and furanylthio-modifications formed highly transparent materials. The new derivative CAASFur disintegrated completely under industrial composting conditions. Films of modified CA polymers were cast and investigated in terms of barrier properties. The nanocomposite of CAAS18 compounded with a synthetic layered silicate (hectorite) of a large aspect ratio showed permeabilities as low as 0.09 g mm m-2 day-1 for water vapor and 0.16 cm3 mm m-2 day-1 atm-1 for oxygen. This portfolio of functional CA polymers opens the door to new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Röhrl
- Inorganic
Chemistry 1, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Justus F. Ködel
- Fachgruppe
Chemie, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliches und
Naturwissenschaftlich-Technologisches Gymnasium Bayreuth, Am Sportpark 1, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Renee L. Timmins
- Inorganic
Chemistry 1, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christoph Callsen
- Department
of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Merve Aksit
- Department
of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Michael F. Fink
- Chair
of Electrochemical Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sebastian Seibt
- Linseis
Messgeräte GmbH, Vielitzerstrasse 43, 95100 Selb, Germany
| | - Andy Weidinger
- Fachgruppe
Chemie, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliches und
Naturwissenschaftlich-Technologisches Gymnasium Bayreuth, Am Sportpark 1, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Glauco Battagliarin
- Biopolymers
and Biodegradability Research, BASF, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Holger Ruckdäschel
- Department
of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Organic
Chemistry 1, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Josef Breu
- Inorganic
Chemistry 1, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bernhard Biersack
- Organic
Chemistry 1, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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3
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Soda Y, Robinson KJ, Bakker E. Response Mechanism of Hyperpolarization-Based Polyion Nanosensors. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3108-3115. [PMID: 36121929 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed a rapid development of nano- and microparticle-based optical ion sensors, including ion-selective optodes (ISOs). While the application of nano-ISOs has shown promising performance for sensing inorganic ions, polyion sensing using nanoscale ISOs has encountered significant interference in complex samples such as blood plasma. Recently, we have reported on a new polyion sensing principle that operates through a novel mechanism to overcome this challenge. The new sensing mechanism showed improved characteristics not observed with conventional ion-exchange type sensors, but the precise mechanism of operation remained thus far unclear. This paper aims to clarify how protamine, the arginine-rich target polycation, behaves during optical signal transduction to give dramatically improved selectivity. Based on thermodynamic data, sensor performance and ζ-potential analysis, two discrete phases of protamine extraction are identified. Initially, protamine extracts into the bulk nanosensor phase, a process that is concurrent with the optical signal change. This is then followed by protamine accumulation onto the nanosensor surface, which starts only upon saturation of the optical signal change. The data indicate that the improved selectivity is due to the inability of small ions to form a sufficiently strong interaction with an active sensing ingredient, DNNS-. Any exchange of one inorganic cation for another therefore remains optically silent, suppressing matrix effects. Moreover, the recognition of protamine is shown to be an exhaustive extraction process, making the response independent of the nature and concentration of the initial small cation in the nanosensor phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Soda
- Department of Inorganic, Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kye J Robinson
- Department of Inorganic, Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic, Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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4
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Sarwar T, Yaras C, Li X, Qu Q, Ku PC. Miniaturizing a Chip-Scale Spectrometer Using Local Strain Engineering and Total-Variation Regularized Reconstruction. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8174-8180. [PMID: 36223431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A wafer-thin chip-scale portable spectrometer suitable for wearable applications based on a reconstructive algorithm was demonstrated. A total of 16 spectral encoders that simultaneously functioned as photodetectors were monolithically integrated on a chip area of 0.16 mm2 by applying local strain engineering in compressively strained InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well heterostructures. The built-in GaN pn junction enabled a direct photocurrent measurement. A non-negative least-squares (NNLS) algorithm with total-variation regularization and a choice of a proper kernel function was shown to deliver a decent spectral reconstruction performance in the wavelength range of 400-645 nm. The accuracies of spectral peak positions and intensity ratios between peaks were found to be 0.97% and 10.4%, respectively. No external optics, such as collimation optics and apertures, were used, enabled by angle-insensitive light-harvesting structures, including an array of cone-shaped backreflectors fabricated on the underside of the sapphire substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Sarwar
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan48109-2122, United States
| | - Can Yaras
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan48109-2122, United States
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan48109-2122, United States
| | - Qing Qu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan48109-2122, United States
| | - Pei-Cheng Ku
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan48109-2122, United States
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5
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Ibrahim NFA, Sabani N, Johari S, Manaf AA, Wahab AA, Zakaria Z, Noor AM. A Comprehensive Review of the Recent Developments in Wearable Sweat-Sensing Devices. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7670. [PMID: 36236769 PMCID: PMC9573257 DOI: 10.3390/s22197670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sweat analysis offers non-invasive real-time on-body measurement for wearable sensors. However, there are still gaps in current developed sweat-sensing devices (SSDs) regarding the concerns of mixing fresh and old sweat and real-time measurement, which are the requirements to ensure accurate the measurement of wearable devices. This review paper discusses these limitations by aiding model designs, features, performance, and the device operation for exploring the SSDs used in different sweat collection tools, focusing on continuous and non-continuous flow sweat analysis. In addition, the paper also comprehensively presents various sweat biomarkers that have been explored by earlier works in order to broaden the use of non-invasive sweat samples in healthcare and related applications. This work also discusses the target analyte's response mechanism for different sweat compositions, categories of sweat collection devices, and recent advances in SSDs regarding optimal design, functionality, and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Fatin Adini Ibrahim
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Norhayati Sabani
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Center of Excellance Micro System Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Shazlina Johari
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Center of Excellance Micro System Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Asrulnizam Abd Manaf
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia
| | - Asnida Abdul Wahab
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - Zulkarnay Zakaria
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Sports Engineering Research Center, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Anas Mohd Noor
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Center of Excellance Micro System Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
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6
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Trovato V, Sfameni S, Rando G, Rosace G, Libertino S, Ferri A, Plutino MR. A Review of Stimuli-Responsive Smart Materials for Wearable Technology in Healthcare: Retrospective, Perspective, and Prospective. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27175709. [PMID: 36080476 PMCID: PMC9457686 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years thanks to the Internet of Things (IoT), the demand for the development of miniaturized and wearable sensors has skyrocketed. Among them, novel sensors for wearable medical devices are mostly needed. The aim of this review is to summarize the advancements in this field from current points of view, focusing on sensors embedded into textile fabrics. Indeed, they are portable, lightweight, and the best candidates for monitoring biometric parameters. The possibility of integrating chemical sensors into textiles has opened new markets in smart clothing. Many examples of these systems are represented by color-changing materials due to their capability of altering optical properties, including absorption, reflectance, and scattering, in response to different external stimuli (temperature, humidity, pH, or chemicals). With the goal of smart health monitoring, nanosized sol-gel precursors, bringing coupling agents into their chemical structure, were used to modify halochromic dyestuffs, both minimizing leaching from the treated surfaces and increasing photostability for the development of stimuli-responsive sensors. The literature about the sensing properties of functionalized halochromic azo dyestuffs applied to textile fabrics is reviewed to understand their potential for achieving remote monitoring of health parameters. Finally, challenges and future perspectives are discussed to envisage the developed strategies for the next generation of functionalized halochromic dyestuffs with biocompatible and real-time stimuli-responsive capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Trovato
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Viale Marconi 5, 24044 Dalmine, Italy
| | - Silvia Sfameni
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, Contrada di Dio, S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN–CNR, Palermo, c/o Department of ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giulia Rando
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN–CNR, Palermo, c/o Department of ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Department of ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rosace
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Viale Marconi 5, 24044 Dalmine, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.R.); (S.L.); (A.F.); (M.R.P.)
| | - Sebania Libertino
- Institute of Microelectronics and MicrosystemsCNR–IMM, Ottava Strada 5, 95121 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.R.); (S.L.); (A.F.); (M.R.P.)
| | - Ada Ferri
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico Di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.R.); (S.L.); (A.F.); (M.R.P.)
| | - Maria Rosaria Plutino
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN–CNR, Palermo, c/o Department of ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.R.); (S.L.); (A.F.); (M.R.P.)
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7
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Du X, Wang R, Zhai J, Xie X. Surface PEGylation of ionophore-based microspheres enables determination of serum sodium and potassium ion concentration under flow cytometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022:10.1007/s00216-022-04301-2. [PMID: 36045175 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04301-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
We present here an ionophore-based ion-selective optode (ISO) platform to detect potassium and sodium concentrations in serum through flow cytometry. The ion-selective microsensors were based on polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified polystyrene (PS) microspheres (PEG-PS). Ratiometric response curves were observed using peak channel fluorescence intensities for K+ (10-6 M to 0.1 M) and Na+ (10-4 M to 0.2 M) with sufficient selectivity for clinical diagnosis. Due to the matrix effect, proteins such as albumin and immunoglobulin caused an obvious increase in response for serum sample determination. To solve this problem, 4-arm PEG chains were covalently attached onto the surface of PS microspheres through a two-step reaction, which improved the stability and combated pollution of microspheres. As a preliminary application, potassium and sodium concentrations in human serums were successfully determined by the PEG-PS microsensors through flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Renjie Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jingying Zhai
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China. .,Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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8
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Huang W, Guo C, Zhai J, Xie X. Fluorescence Anisotropy as a Self-Referencing Readout for Ion-Selective Sensing and Imaging Using Homo-FRET between Chromoionophores. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9793-9800. [PMID: 35772106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence anisotropy has been widely used in developing biosensors and immunoassays, by virtue of the self-reference and environment-sensitive properties. However, fluorescence anisotropic chemical sensors on inorganic ions are limited by the total anisotropy change. To this end, we demonstrate here fluorescence anisotropic ion-selective optodes based on the homo-FRET (Förster resonance energy transfer) of the crowded chromoionophores. The conventional fluorescence on-off mode is transformed into the anisotropic mode. Variation of the target ion concentration changes the inter-chromoionophore distance in the organic sensing phase, leading to different extents of homo-FRET and steady-state anisotropy. A theoretical model is developed by coupling homo-FRET and anisotropy. Anisotropic detections of pH, K+, and Na+ are demonstrated as examples based on the different ionophores for H+, K+, and Na+, respectively. Further, fluorescence imaging of the nano-optodes, plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) sensing films, and live cells are demonstrated using a homemade fluorescence anisotropic imaging platform. The results form the basis of an ion-selective analytical method operating in the fluorescence anisotropic mode, which could potentially be applied to other fluorescence on-off probes based on homo-FRET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jingying Zhai
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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9
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Liu Y, Fan J, Zhang N, Xu H, Su W, Qin Y, Jiang D. Trihexyltetradecylphosphonium chloride based ratiometric fluorescent nanosensors for multiplex anion discrimination. Analyst 2022; 147:3209-3218. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00735e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex anion-responsive platform was developed with [THTP][Cl] and ETH5350, providing colorimetric and spectroscopic transformations. By choosing suitable ionophores, a pool of nanosensors for extended anions could be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
- Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
- Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Ni Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
| | - Huiying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
| | - Wei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
| | - Yu Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P.R. China
| | - Dechen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P.R. China
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10
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Zheng Y, Tang N, Omar R, Hu Z, Duong T, Wang J, Wu W, Haick H. Smart Materials Enabled with Artificial Intelligence for Healthcare Wearables. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202105482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
AbstractContemporary medicine suffers from many shortcomings in terms of successful disease diagnosis and treatment, both of which rely on detection capacity and timing. The lack of effective, reliable, and affordable detection and real‐time monitoring limits the affordability of timely diagnosis and treatment. A new frontier that overcomes these challenges relies on smart health monitoring systems that combine wearable sensors and an analytical modulus. This review presents the latest advances in smart materials for the development of multifunctional wearable sensors while providing a bird's eye‐view of their characteristics, functions, and applications. The review also presents the state‐of‐the‐art on wearables fitted with artificial intelligence (AI) and support systems for clinical decision in early detection and accurate diagnosis of disorders. The ongoing challenges and future prospects for providing personal healthcare with AI‐assisted support systems relating to clinical decisions are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbin Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute Technion‐Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Ning Tang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute Technion‐Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Rawan Omar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute Technion‐Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Zhipeng Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute Technion‐Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200003 Israel
- School of Chemistry Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710126 P. R. China
| | - Tuan Duong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute Technion‐Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute Technion‐Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Weiwei Wu
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Interdisciplinary Research Center of Smart Sensors Xidian University Xi'an 710126 P. R. China
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute Technion‐Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200003 Israel
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Interdisciplinary Research Center of Smart Sensors Xidian University Xi'an 710126 P. R. China
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11
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Wang R, Zhou Y, Ghanbari Ghalehjoughi N, Mawaldi Y, Wang X. Ion-Induced Phase Transfer of Cationic Dyes for Fluorescence-Based Electrolyte Sensing in Droplet Microfluidics. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13694-13702. [PMID: 34590485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence-based sensing in droplet microfluidics requires small sample volumes, allows for high-throughput assays, and does not suffer from photobleaching as each flowing sensor is only scanned one time. In this paper, we report a selective and sensitive fluorescence-based ion-sensing methodology in droplet microfluidics using a T-junction PDMS chip. The oil stream is doped with sensor ingredients including an ionophore, a cation exchanger, and a permanently cationic fluorophore as the optical reporter. Electrolyte cations from the aqueous sample are extracted into oil segments and displace the cationic dyes into aqueous droplets. Laser-induced fluorescence of the two immiscible phases is collected alternately, which is in clear contrast to most other ion-selective optode configurations such as nanoparticle suspensions that rely on mixed optical signals of two phases. The cation exchanger, tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate, is found to dramatically enhance the dye emission in the nonpolar sensing oil by preventing ion-pairing interactions and aggregations of the dye molecules, providing new insights into the mechanism of cationic dye-based ion sensors. The high dye brightness allows us to use low concentrations of sensing chemicals (e.g., 10 μM) in the oil and attain high sensitivity for detection of ions in an equal volume of sample. Using valinomycin as the ionophore and methylene blue as the dye, K+ is detected with a response time of ∼11 s, a logarithmic linear range of 10-5 to 10-2 M, a 20-fold total fluorescence response, >1000-fold selectivity against other electrolyte cations, and negligible cross-sensitivity toward the sample pH. The K+ concentration in untreated and undiluted whole blood and sweat samples is successfully determined by this microfluidic sensing method without optical interference from the droplet sample to the sensing oil. Detection of other ionic analytes can be achieved using the corresponding ionophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | | | - Yazan Mawaldi
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Xuewei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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12
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Brady B, Wang R, Cheong R, Wang X. Digital printing of selective and reversible ion optodes on fabrics: toward smart clothes for epidermal chemical sensing. Analyst 2021; 146:6119-6123. [PMID: 34522919 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01349a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
While wearable chemical sensors often rely on electrochemical techniques, optical chemical sensors coupled with a smartphone or a miniaturized camera represent an attractive approach to the monitoring of sweat composition. In this paper, we modify real sports fabrics such as polyester-spandex fabrics with rational combinations of sensing chemicals including a pH indicator, an ion exchanger, and an ionophore via one-step inkjet printing. Highly selective and fully reversible pH optodes as well as Na+- and K+-selective optodes are obtained only when the most hydrophobic sensing chemicals are used (e.g., sodium ionophore VIII vs. sodium ionophore VI). These sensors exhibit large color-based responses that can be readily identified by naked eye or analyzed via an iPhone app. Their dynamic ranges well cover the physiological sweat concentrations of the analytes. Compared to most other sensors created on garments, our fabric-based optodes are cost-effective, mass-reproducible by the digital printing technology currently used in the textile industry, and do not significantly compromise the essential properties of fabrics such as flexibility, stretchability, wickability, and breathability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock Brady
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 W. Main St., Richmond, VA 23283, USA.
| | - Renjie Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 W. Main St., Richmond, VA 23283, USA.
| | - Rosemary Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 W. Main St., Richmond, VA 23283, USA.
| | - Xuewei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 W. Main St., Richmond, VA 23283, USA.
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Wetzler-Quevedo SP, Meyerhoff ME, Bailey RC. Characterization of the impact of mixing and droplet volumes on the behavior of microfluidic ion-selective droptodes. Analyst 2021; 146:5095-5101. [PMID: 34259243 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00733e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Droplet microfluidic optodes, or "droptodes", have emerged as a powerful technology for rapid detection of small ions in complex matrices. While using segmented aqueous phases provides the benefits of sample isolation, the influence of the liquid nature of the oil carrier phase has not yet been explored. In this paper, we examine the influence of microfluidic parameters on droptode efficiency, using potassium-sensitive droptodes as a model system. We found that while changing flow rates on device does not change droptode performance, both channel geometry and droplet size significantly impact droptode efficiency. Specifically, enhanced mixing of the droplets leads to faster equilibration on device and lowers limits of detection by about one order of magnitude. We also found that increasing the size of the sample droplet, at the expense of the size of the oil carrier/sensing phase, leads to higher sensitivity in the linear region of the droptode. These easily manipulated properties will allow one device to potentially be adapted for several different applications, based upon the type and concentration range of measurement required.
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14
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Du X, Zhai J, Li X, Zhang Y, Li N, Xie X. Hydrogel-Based Optical Ion Sensors: Principles and Challenges for Point-of-Care Testing and Environmental Monitoring. ACS Sens 2021; 6:1990-2001. [PMID: 34044533 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel is a unique family of biocompatible materials with growing applications in chemical and biological sensors. During the past few decades, various hydrogel-based optical ion sensors have been developed aiming at point-of-care testing and environmental monitoring. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of the research field including topics such as photonic crystals, DNAzyme cross-linked hydrogels, ionophore-based ion sensing hydrogels, and fluoroionophore-based optodes. As the different sensing principles are summarized, each strategy offers its advantages and limitations. In a nutshell, developing optical ion sensing hydrogels is still in the early stage with many opportunities lying ahead, especially with challenges in selectivity, assay time, detection limit, and usability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Du
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jingying Zhai
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaoang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yupu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Niping Li
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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15
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Al-Qahtani SD, Azher OA, Felaly R, Subaihi A, Alkabli J, Alaysuy O, El-Metwaly NM. Development of sponge-like cellulose colorimetric swab immobilized with anthocyanin from red-cabbage for sweat monitoring. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:2037-2047. [PMID: 34087294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Novel sponge-like biochromic swab was developed via immobilization of natural anthocyanin (Cy) biomolecular probe into microporous cellulose aerogel. The current biosensor is characterized with simple preparation, environmentally-friendly, biocompatibility, biodegradability, flexibility, portability and reversibility. This biochromic sponge-like aerogel detector displayed a color change from pink to green-yellow in response to the biochemical changes occurs to sweat. This could be ascribed to intramolecular charge transfer occurs to the molecular system of Cy. Thus, the anthocyanin probe displayed colorimetric variations in UV-Vis absorption spectra via a blue shifting from 620 to 529 nm when raising the pH value of the prepared mimic sweat solution. Natural pH sensitive anthocyanin spectroscopic probe was extracted from red-cabbage plant, characterized by HPLC, and encapsulated into microporous cellulose. The microporous sponge-like cellulose swab was prepared by activating wood pulp utilizing phosphoric acid, and then subjected to freeze-drying. This anthocyanin probe is highly soluble in water. Thus, it was encapsulated as a direct dye into cellulose substrate during the freeze-drying process. To allow a better fixation of this water-soluble anthocyanin probe to the cellulose substrate, potash alum was added to the freeze-dried mixture to act as a fixing agent or mordant (M) generating Cy/M coordination complex. The produced Cy/M nanoparticles (NPs) were explored by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The morphological features of the generated aerogels were investigated by scan electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra, and Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FT-IR). The cytotoxicity of the prepared aerogel-based biosensor was also evaluated. The naked-eye colorimetric changes were studied by exploring color strength, UV-Vis spectra and CIE Lab colorimetric coordinates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salhah D Al-Qahtani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omer A Azher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biomedical Sciences, Al-Baha University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha Felaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdu Subaihi
- Department of Chemistry, University College in Al-Qunfudah, Umm-Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
| | - J Alkabli
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts-Alkamil, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omaymah Alaysuy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nashwa M El-Metwaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria Street, Egypt.
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16
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Soda Y, Bakker E. Colorimetric ratiometry with ion optodes for spatially resolved concentration analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1154:338225. [PMID: 33736816 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The deprotonation degree of the lipophilic pH indicator dye (chromoionophore) in ionophore-based ion optodes (so-called bulk optodes) has traditionally been measured spectrophotometrically. This makes it difficult to obtain spatially resolved concentration information, for example in the study of heterogenous systems. This article reports on a new colorimetric method that relies on a ratiometric image analysis. The acquision of image data allows one to map the deprotonation degree in two dimensions, which in turn is used to obtain the spatially-resolved ion concentration of the image. Using the detection of potassium as an example, the deprotonation degree data calculated on the basis of image analysis correlate quantitatively with those from spectrophotometry. They showed no dependence on the type of camera used in spite of their different gamma correction values and spectral sensitivities, as expected from theory. As an example, the method is successfully applied to the pixel level analysis of an ensemble of pictures acquired at different times to spatially and temporally observe potassium ion diffusion into an agarose gel containing a potassium-selective optical sensor microemulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Soda
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Unintended Changes of Ion-Selective Membranes Composition-Origin and Effect on Analytical Performance. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10100266. [PMID: 32998393 PMCID: PMC7601616 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10100266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ion-selective membranes, as used in potentiometric sensors, are mixtures of a few important constituents in a carefully balanced proportion. The changes of composition of the ion-selective membrane, both qualitative and quantitative, affect the analytical performance of sensors. Different constructions and materials applied to improve sensors result in specific conditions of membrane formation, in consequence, potentially can result in uncontrolled modification of the membrane composition. Clearly, these effects need to be considered, especially if preparation of miniaturized, potentially disposable internal-solution free sensors is considered. Furthermore, membrane composition changes can occur during the normal operation of sensors—accumulation of species as well as release need to be taken into account, regardless of the construction of sensors used. Issues related to spontaneous changes of membrane composition that can occur during sensor construction, pre-treatment and their operation, seem to be underestimated in the subject literature. The aim of this work is to summarize available data related to potentiometric sensors and highlight the effects that can potentially be important also for other sensors using ion-selective membranes, e.g., optodes or voltammetric sensors.
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