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Zhang Y, Yuan Y, Yu H, Cai C, Sun J, Tian X. A stretchable conductive elastomer sensor with self-healing and highly linear strain for human movement detection and pressure response. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 38836844 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00448e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Expanding the detection information of wearable smart devices in applications has practical implications for their use in daily life and healthcare. Damage and breakage caused by mechanical injuries and continuous use are unavoidable for polymer matrices so self-healing properties are expected to be conferred on flexible sensors to extend their life and durability. In addition, a good linearity of relative resistance change vs. strain (gauge factor, GF) facilitates the streamlined conversion of electrical signals to 3D information of human motion, whereas existing works on sensors neglect the quantitative analysis of signals. This letter reports a self-healable flexible electronic sensor based on hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction between maleic acid-grafted natural rubber (MNR), polyaniline (PANI), and phytic acid (PA). MNR is the flexible matrix and the template for aniline (ANI) polymerization, and PA acts as the dopant and crosslinking agent. The MNR-PANI-PA sensor shows easy self-healing at room temperature, enhanced mechanical behaviour (∼2.5 MPa, 1000% strain), and excellent linearity (GF of 13.8 over 250% strain and GF of 32.0 over 250-100% strain). Due to the highly linear relationship between ΔR/R and bending angle, the electrical signals of human limb movement can output relevant information on bending angle and frequency. By constructing a sensing array, changes in the position and magnitude of applied pressure could also be detected in real-time. Based on these advantages, the MNR-PANI-PA composite sensor is expected to have potential applications in health monitoring, body motion detection, and electronic skins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Yizhong Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Huimei Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Chunhua Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jinyu Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaohui Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
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2
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Kulkarni MB, Rajagopal S, Prieto-Simón B, Pogue BW. Recent advances in smart wearable sensors for continuous human health monitoring. Talanta 2024; 272:125817. [PMID: 38402739 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the biochemical and biological research areas have shown great interest in a smart wearable sensor because of its increasing prevalence and high potential to monitor human health in a non-invasive manner by continuous screening of biomarkers dispersed throughout the biological analytes, as well as real-time diagnostic tools and time-sensitive information compared to conventional hospital-centered system. These smart wearable sensors offer an innovative option for evaluating and investigating human health by incorporating a portion of recent advances in technology and engineering that can enhance real-time point-of-care-testing capabilities. Smart wearable sensors have emerged progressively with a mixture of multiplexed biosensing, microfluidic sampling, and data acquisition systems incorporated with flexible substrate and bodily attachments for enhanced wearability, portability, and reliability. There is a good chance that smart wearable sensors will be relevant to the early detection and diagnosis of disease management and control. Therefore, pioneering smart wearable sensors into reality seems extremely promising despite possible challenges in this cutting-edge technology for a better future in the healthcare domain. This review presents critical viewpoints on recent developments in wearable sensors in the upcoming smart digital health monitoring in real-time scenarios. In addition, there have been proactive discussions in recent years on materials selection, design optimization, efficient fabrication tools, and data processing units, as well as their continuous monitoring and tracking strategy with system-level integration such as internet-of-things, cyber-physical systems, and machine learning algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudan B Kulkarni
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53705, WI, United States.
| | - Sivakumar Rajagopal
- School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore Campus, 632014, TN, India
| | - Beatriz Prieto-Simón
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53705, WI, United States
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3
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Li F, Lin X, Xue H, Wang J, Li J, Fei T, Liu S, Zhou T, Zhao H, Zhang T. Ultrasensitive Flexible Temperature Sensors Based on Thermal-Mediated Ions Migration Dynamics in Asymmetrical Polymer Bilayers. ACS NANO 2024; 18:7521-7531. [PMID: 38420965 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Accurately acquiring crucial data on the ambient surroundings and physiological processes delivered via subtle temperature fluctuation is vital for advancing artificial intelligence and personal healthcare techniques but is still challenging. Here, we introduce an electrically induced cation injection mechanism based on thermal-mediated ion migration dynamics in an asymmetrical polymer bilayer (APB) composed of nonionic polymer and polyelectrolyte layers, enabling the development of ultrasensitive flexible temperature sensors. The resulting optimized sensor achieves ultrahigh sensitivity, with a thermal index surpassing 10,000 K-1, which allows identifying temperature differences as small as 10 mK with a sensitivity that exceeds 1.5 mK. The mechanism also enables APB sensors to possess good insensitivity to various mechanical deformations─features essential for practical applications. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the potential impact of APB sensors in various conceptual applications, such as mental tension evaluation, biomimetic thermal tactile, and thermal radiation detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xiuzhu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Hua Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Teng Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Sen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Hongran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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4
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Lim T, Seo HS, Yang J, Yang KH, Ju S, Jeong SM. Reversible thermochromic fibers with excellent elasticity and hydrophobicity for wearable temperature sensors. RSC Adv 2024; 14:6156-6164. [PMID: 38375008 PMCID: PMC10875327 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06432h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Color-changing fibers, which can intuitively convey information to the human eye, can be used to facilely add functionality to various types of clothing. However, they are often expensive and complex, and can suffer from low durability. Therefore, in this study, we developed highly elastic and hydrophobic thermochromic fibers as wearable temperature sensors using a simple method that does not require an electric current. A thermochromic pigment was embedded inside and outside hydrophobic silica aerogel particles, following which the thermochromic aerogel was fixed to highly elastic spandex fibers using polydimethylsiloxane as a flexible binder. In particular, multi-strand spandex fibers were used instead of single strands, resulting in the thermochromic aerogels penetrating the inside of the strands upon their expansion by solvent swelling. During drying, the thermochromic aerogel adhered more tightly to the fibers by compressing the strands. The thermochromic fiber was purple at room temperature (25 °C), but exhibited a two-stage color change to blue and then white as the temperature increased to 37 °C. In addition, even after 100 cycles of tension-contraction at 200%, the thermochromic aerogel did not detach and was strongly attached to the fiber. Additionally, it was confirmed that color change due to temperature was stable even after exposure to 1 wt% NaCl (artificial sweat) and 0.1 wt% detergent solutions. The developed thermochromic fiber therefore exhibited excellent elasticity and hydrophobicity, and is expected to be widely utilized as an economical wearable temperature sensor as it does not require electrical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekyung Lim
- Major in Nano Semiconductor, School of Electronic Engineering, Kyonggi University Suwon Gyeonggi-do 16227 Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Sung Seo
- Major in Nano Semiconductor, School of Electronic Engineering, Kyonggi University Suwon Gyeonggi-do 16227 Republic of Korea
| | - Jonguk Yang
- Major in Nano Semiconductor, School of Electronic Engineering, Kyonggi University Suwon Gyeonggi-do 16227 Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Hyeok Yang
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Kyonggi University Suwon Gyeonggi-do 16227 Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Ju
- Major in Nano Semiconductor, School of Electronic Engineering, Kyonggi University Suwon Gyeonggi-do 16227 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Mi Jeong
- Major in Nano Semiconductor, School of Electronic Engineering, Kyonggi University Suwon Gyeonggi-do 16227 Republic of Korea
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5
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Zhang Z, Li Q, Xu L, Tian W, Li Z. High-Performance Flexible Temperature Sensors Based on Laser-Irradiated Ag-MWCNTs/PEDOT:PSS. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:6078-6087. [PMID: 38285619 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Recently, flexible temperature sensors have attracted significant interest due to their wide-ranging applications in areas such as biomedical monitoring, environmental monitoring, electronic skin, and intelligent robots. However, a combination of high sensitivity and high resolution remains a critical challenge. These properties depend on the synthesis techniques of the sensitive materials. In this work, we use a laser irradiation method to prepare a silver nanoparticle-modified carbon nanotube (Ag-MWCNT) which is further mixed with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). The developed temperature sensor exhibited a high sensitivity of -0.45% °C-1 and linearity with an R2 value of 0.998 in the temperature range of 25-80 °C. Additionally, the sensor demonstrated remarkable repeatability, making it suitable for real-time temperature monitoring of the human body and environment. This temperature sensor is successfully demonstrated in practical applications such as monitoring the temperature of various parts of the human body and sensing the spatial temperature. These demonstrations highlight their significant potential in electronic skin and other related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qingchun Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lizhi Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenhuai Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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6
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Thorimbert F, Odziomek M, Chateau D, Parola S, Faustini M. Programming crack patterns with light in colloidal plasmonic films. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1156. [PMID: 38326305 PMCID: PMC10850101 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45365-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Crack formation observed across diverse fields like geology, nanotechnology, arts, structural engineering or surface science, is a chaotic and undesirable phenomenon, resulting in random patterns of cracks generally leading to material failure. Limiting the formation of cracks or "programming" the path of cracks is a great technological challenge since it holds promise to enhance material durability or even to develop low cost patterning methods. Drawing inspiration from negative phototropism in plants, we demonstrate the capability to organize, guide, replicate, or arrest crack propagation in colloidal films through remote light manipulation. The key consists in using plasmonic photothermal absorbers to generate "virtual" defects enabling controlled deviation of cracks. We engineer a dip-coating process coupled with selective light irradiation enabling simultaneous deposition and light-directed crack patterning. This approach represents a rare example of a robust self-assembly process with long-range order that can be programmed in both space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Thorimbert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7574, Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Mateusz Odziomek
- Colloid Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Denis Chateau
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, 46 allée d'Italie, F69364, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Parola
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, 46 allée d'Italie, F69364, Lyon, France
| | - Marco Faustini
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7574, Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, F-75005, Paris, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
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7
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Sau S, Kundu S. Fabrication of highly stretchable salt and solvent blended PEDOT:PSS/PVA free-standing films: non-linear to linear electrical conduction response. RSC Adv 2024; 14:5193-5206. [PMID: 38332796 PMCID: PMC10851924 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08260a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, ductile and conducting polymeric materials are highly utilizable in the realm of stretchable organic electronics. Here, mechanically ductile and electrically conducting free-standing films are fabricated by blending different solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), diethylene glycol (DEG) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and salts such as silver nitrate (AgNO3), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), copper chloride (CuCl2) and indium chloride (InCl3) with the homogeneous solution of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) through solution casting method. The presence of salt modifies the PEDOT conformation from benzoid to quinoid, and induces the evolution of different morphologies. ZnCl2 or AgNO3 blended films have lower surface roughness and good miscibility with polymers, while CuCl2 or InCl3 blended films have relatively higher surface roughness as well as irregularly distributed surface morphology. Some crystalline domains are also formed due to the salt agglomeration. The presence of salt inside PEDOT:PSS/PVA/solvent system changes the current-voltage response from non-linear to linear. Among all the films, zinc salt blended PEDOT:PSS/PVA/DMSO, PEDOT:PSS/PVA/DEG and PEDOT:PSS/PVA/DMF films have higher conductivity, and zinc salt blended PEDOT:PSS/PVA/DEG film shows the highest conductivity of 0.041 ± 0.0014 S cm-1, while silver salt blended PEDOT:PSS/PVA/DMSO, PEDOT:PSS/PVA/DEG and PEDOT:PSS/PVA/DMF films have higher elongation at break, and silver salt blended PEDOT:PSS/PVA/DMSO film shows the highest elongation at break of 670 ± 31%. Both the charge carriers, i.e., electrons and ions, contribute to the electrical conduction, and the presence of hydrogen bonds and ionic interactions among PEDOT+, PSS-, PVA, residual solvent, salt cations and anions modifies the film behaviours. Among all the films, ZnCl2 blended PEDOT:PSS/PVA/DMSO film offers relatively superior behaviours having higher conductivity (0.025 ± 0.0013 S cm-1) and elongation at break (517 ± 15%), and therefore can have potential applications in the fields of wearable devices, bioelectronics, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Sau
- Soft Nano Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology Vigyan Path, Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk Guwahati Assam 781035 India
| | - Sarathi Kundu
- Soft Nano Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology Vigyan Path, Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk Guwahati Assam 781035 India
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8
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Zhu C, Zheng J, Fu J. Electrospinning Nanofibers as Stretchable Sensors for Wearable Devices. Macromol Biosci 2024; 24:e2300274. [PMID: 37653597 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Wearable devices attract great attention in intelligent medicine, electronic skin, artificial intelligence robots, and so on. However, boundedness of traditional sensors based on rigid materials unconstrained self-multilayer structure assembly and dense substrate in stretchability and permeability limits their applications. The network structure of the elastomeric nanofibers gives them excellent air permeability and stretchability. By introducing metal nanofillers, intrinsic conductive polymers, carbon materials, and other methods to construct conductive paths, stretchable conductors can be effectively prepared by elastomeric nanofibers, showing great potential in the field of flexible sensors. This perspective briefly introduces the representative preparations of conductive thermoplastic polyurethane, nylon, and hydrogel nanofibers by electrospinning and the application of integrated electronic devices in biological signal detection. The main challenge is to unify the stretchability and conductivity of the fiber structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canjie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Functional Biomaterials Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jingxia Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Functional Biomaterials Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jun Fu
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Functional Biomaterials Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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9
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Le CV, Yoon H. Advances in the Use of Conducting Polymers for Healthcare Monitoring. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1564. [PMID: 38338846 PMCID: PMC10855550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Conducting polymers (CPs) are an innovative class of materials recognized for their high flexibility and biocompatibility, making them an ideal choice for health monitoring applications that require flexibility. They are active in their design. Advances in fabrication technology allow the incorporation of CPs at various levels, by combining diverse CPs monomers with metal particles, 2D materials, carbon nanomaterials, and copolymers through the process of polymerization and mixing. This method produces materials with unique physicochemical properties and is highly customizable. In particular, the development of CPs with expanded surface area and high conductivity has significantly improved the performance of the sensors, providing high sensitivity and flexibility and expanding the range of available options. However, due to the morphological diversity of new materials and thus the variety of characteristics that can be synthesized by combining CPs and other types of functionalities, choosing the right combination for a sensor application is difficult but becomes important. This review focuses on classifying the role of CP and highlights recent advances in sensor design, especially in the field of healthcare monitoring. It also synthesizes the sensing mechanisms and evaluates the performance of CPs on electrochemical surfaces and in the sensor design. Furthermore, the applications that can be revolutionized by CPs will be discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Van Le
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseok Yoon
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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10
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Guo X, Sun Y, Sun X, Li J, Wu J, Shi Y, Pan L. Doping Engineering of Conductive Polymers and Their Application in Physical Sensors for Healthcare Monitoring. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300246. [PMID: 37534567 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Physical sensors have emerged as a promising technology for real-time healthcare monitoring, which tracks various physical signals from the human body. Accurate acquisition of these physical signals from biological tissue requires excellent electrical conductivity and long-term durability of the sensors under complex mechanical deformation. Conductive polymers, combining the advantages of conventional polymers and organic conductors, are considered ideal conductive materials for healthcare physical sensors due to their intrinsic conductive network, tunable mechanical properties, and easy processing. Doping engineering has been proposed as an effective approach to enhance the sensitivity, lower the detection limit, and widen the operational range of sensors based on conductive polymers. This approach enables the introduction of dopants into conductive polymers to adjust and control the microstructure and energy levels of conductive polymers, thereby optimizing their mechanical and conductivity properties. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of doping engineering methods to improve the physical properties of conductive polymers and highlights their applications in the field of healthcare physical sensors, including temperature sensors, strain sensors, stress sensors, and electrophysiological sensing. Additionally, the challenges and opportunities associated with conductive polymer-based physical sensors in healthcare monitoring are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yuqiong Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xidi Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jiean Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Lijia Pan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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11
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Shi J, Wang S, Wang H, Gu J. Mechanically Tough and Highly Stretchable Hydrogels Based on Polyurethane for Sensitive Strain Sensor. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3902. [PMID: 37835950 PMCID: PMC10575362 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels with flexible and stretchable properties are ideal for applications in wearable sensors. However, traditional hydrogel-based sensors suffer from high brittleness and low electrical sensitivity. In this case, to solve this dilemma, a macromolecular polyurethane crosslinking agent (PCA) was designed and prepared; after that, PCA and two-dimensional (2D) MXene nanosheets were both introduced into a covalently crosslinked network to enhance the comprehensive mechanical and electrochemical properties of the hydrogels. The macromolecular polyurethane crosslinking agent promotes high-tensile strength and highly stretchable capacity by suitable covalent crosslinking. The optimized hydrogel, which exhibited maximum tensile strength and maximum elongation at break, had results of 1.21 MPa and 644%, respectively. Two-dimensional MXene nanosheets provide hydrogel with high electrical conductivity and strain sensitivity, producing a wearable device for the continuous monitoring of human movements and facial microexpressions. This study demonstrated an efficient structure design strategy for building mechanically tough, highly stretchable, and sensitive dual-mode MXenes-based wearable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (J.S.); (H.W.)
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China;
| | - Shuang Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China;
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (J.S.); (H.W.)
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China;
| | - Jun Gu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (J.S.); (H.W.)
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China;
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12
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Han S, Zhi X, Xia Y, Guo W, Li Q, Chen D, Liu K, Wang X. All Resistive Pressure-Temperature Bimodal Sensing E-Skin for Object Classification. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301593. [PMID: 37259272 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Electronic skin (E-skin) with multimodal sensing ability demonstrates huge prospects in object classification by intelligent robots. However, realizing the object classification capability of E-skin faces severe challenges in multiple types of output signals. Herein, a hierarchical pressure-temperature bimodal sensing E-skin based on all resistive output signals is developed for accurate object classification, which consists of laser-induced graphene/silicone rubber (LIG/SR) pressure sensing layer and NiO temperature sensing layer. The highly conductive LIG is employed as pressure-sensitive material as well as the interdigital electrode. Benefiting from high conductivity of LIG, pressure perception exhibits an excellent sensitivity of -34.15 kPa-1 . Meanwhile, a high temperature coefficient of resistance of -3.84%°C-1 is obtained in the range of 24-40 °C. More importantly, based on only electrical resistance as the output signal, the bimodal sensing E-skin with negligible crosstalk can simultaneously achieve pressure and temperature perception. Furthermore, a smart glove based on this E-skin enables classifying various objects with different shapes, sizes, and surface temperatures, which achieves over 92% accuracy under assistance of deep learning. Consequently, the hierarchical pressure-temperature bimodal sensing E-skin demonstrates potential application in human-machine interfaces, intelligent robots, and smart prosthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilei Han
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Xinrong Zhi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Xia
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Wenyu Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Delu Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Kangting Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
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13
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Won D, Bang J, Choi SH, Pyun KR, Jeong S, Lee Y, Ko SH. Transparent Electronics for Wearable Electronics Application. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9982-10078. [PMID: 37542724 PMCID: PMC10452793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in wearable electronics offer seamless integration with the human body for extracting various biophysical and biochemical information for real-time health monitoring, clinical diagnostics, and augmented reality. Enormous efforts have been dedicated to imparting stretchability/flexibility and softness to electronic devices through materials science and structural modifications that enable stable and comfortable integration of these devices with the curvilinear and soft human body. However, the optical properties of these devices are still in the early stages of consideration. By incorporating transparency, visual information from interfacing biological systems can be preserved and utilized for comprehensive clinical diagnosis with image analysis techniques. Additionally, transparency provides optical imperceptibility, alleviating reluctance to wear the device on exposed skin. This review discusses the recent advancement of transparent wearable electronics in a comprehensive way that includes materials, processing, devices, and applications. Materials for transparent wearable electronics are discussed regarding their characteristics, synthesis, and engineering strategies for property enhancements. We also examine bridging techniques for stable integration with the soft human body. Building blocks for wearable electronic systems, including sensors, energy devices, actuators, and displays, are discussed with their mechanisms and performances. Lastly, we summarize the potential applications and conclude with the remaining challenges and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeyeon Won
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Junhyuk Bang
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seok Hwan Choi
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kyung Rok Pyun
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seongmin Jeong
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Youngseok Lee
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Institute
of Engineering Research/Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design
(SNU-IAMD), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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14
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Kim N, Yun D, Hwang I, Yoon G, Kang SM, Choi YW. Crack-Based Sensor with Microstructures for Strain and Pressure Sensing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5545. [PMID: 37420710 DOI: 10.3390/s23125545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent extensive research on flexible electronics has led to the development of various flexible sensors. In particular, sensors inspired by the slit organs of a spider, which utilize cracks in a metal film to measure strain, have garnered considerable interest. This method exhibited significantly high sensitivity, repeatability, and durability in measuring strain. In this study, a thin-film crack sensor was developed using a microstructure. The results exhibited its ability to simultaneously measure the tensile force and pressure in a thin film, further expanding its applications. Furthermore, the strain and pressure characteristics of the sensor were measured and analyzed using an FEM simulation. The proposed method is expected to contribute to the future development of wearable sensors and artificial electronic skin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakung Kim
- Division of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, College of MICT Convergence Engineering, Silla University, Busan 46958, Republic of Korea
| | - Daegeun Yun
- Division of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, College of MICT Convergence Engineering, Silla University, Busan 46958, Republic of Korea
| | - Injoo Hwang
- Division of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, College of MICT Convergence Engineering, Silla University, Busan 46958, Republic of Korea
| | - Gibaek Yoon
- Division of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, College of MICT Convergence Engineering, Silla University, Busan 46958, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Min Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Whan Choi
- Division of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, College of MICT Convergence Engineering, Silla University, Busan 46958, Republic of Korea
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15
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Stoica I, Barzic AI, Ursu C, Stoian G, Hitruc EG, Sava I. Atomic Force Microscopy Probing and Analysis of Polyimide Supramolecular Systems for Sensor Devices. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23094489. [PMID: 37177692 PMCID: PMC10181602 DOI: 10.3390/s23094489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A series of polyimide supramolecular systems containing different amounts of azochromophore were tested as flexible supports that can be used in the fabrication of certain devices, such as sensors for monitoring the temperature changes, by coating them with conductive metals. That is why it is required to have good interfacial compatibility between the flexible substrate and the inorganic layer. The interface of the sensor elements must be designed in such a way as to improve the sensitivity, accuracy, and response time of the device. Laser irradiation is one of the commonly employed techniques used for surface adaptation by patterning polyimides to increase contact and enhance device reliability and signal transmission. In this context, this work highlights unreported aspects arising from the azo-polyimide morphology, local nanomechanical properties and wettability, which are impacting the compatibility with silver. The texture parameters indicate an improvement of the modulations' quality arising after laser irradiation through the phase mask, increasing the bearing capacity, fluid retention, and surface anisotropy when the amount of the azochromophore increases. The force curve spectroscopy and wettability studies indicated that the modification of the polymer morphology and surface chemistry lead to a better interfacial interaction with the metal lines when the azo component and the polyamidic acid are in equimolar quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliana Stoica
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Cristian Ursu
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - George Stoian
- National Institute of Research and Development for Technical Physics, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Ion Sava
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania
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16
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Lv TR, Zhang WH, Yang YQ, Zhang JC, Yin MJ, Yin Z, Yong KT, An QF. Micro/Nano-Fabrication of Flexible Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene)-Based Conductive Films for High-Performance Microdevices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2301071. [PMID: 37069773 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing demands for novel flexible organic electronic devices, conductive polymers are now becoming the rising star for reaching such targets, which has witnessed significant breakthroughs in the fields of thermoelectric devices, solar cells, sensors, and hydrogels during the past decade due to their outstanding conductivity, solution-processing ability, as well as tailorability. However, the commercialization of those devices still lags markedly behind the corresponding research advances, arising from the not high enough performance and limited manufacturing techniques. The conductivity and micro/nano-structure of conductive polymer films are two critical factors for achieving high-performance microdevices. In this review, the state-of-the-art technologies for developing organic devices by using conductive polymers are comprehensively summarized, which will begin with a description of the commonly used synthesis methods and mechanisms for conductive polymers. Next, the current techniques for the fabrication of conductive polymer films will be proffered and discussed. Subsequently, approaches for tailoring the nanostructures and microstructures of conductive polymer films are summarized and discussed. Then, the applications of micro/nano-fabricated conductive films-based devices in various fields are given and the role of the micro/nano-structures on the device performances is highlighted. Finally, the perspectives on future directions in this exciting field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Run Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Wen-Hai Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830017, China
| | - Ya-Qiong Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Jia-Chen Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Ming-Jie Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Zhigang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Ken-Tye Yong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- The Biophotonics and Mechano-Bioengineering Lab, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Quan-Fu An
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
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17
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Mao P, Li H, Yu Z. A Review of Skin-Wearable Sensors for Non-Invasive Health Monitoring Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3673. [PMID: 37050733 PMCID: PMC10099362 DOI: 10.3390/s23073673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The early detection of fatal diseases is crucial for medical diagnostics and treatment, both of which benefit the individual and society. Portable devices, such as thermometers and blood pressure monitors, and large instruments, such as computed tomography (CT) and X-ray scanners, have already been implemented to collect health-related information. However, collecting health information using conventional medical equipment at home or in a hospital can be inefficient and can potentially affect the timeliness of treatment. Therefore, on-time vital signal collection via healthcare monitoring has received increasing attention. As the largest organ of the human body, skin delivers significant signals reflecting our health condition; thus, receiving vital signals directly from the skin offers the opportunity for accessible and versatile non-invasive monitoring. In particular, emerging flexible and stretchable electronics demonstrate the capability of skin-like devices for on-time and continuous long-term health monitoring. Compared to traditional electronic devices, this type of device has better mechanical properties, such as skin conformal attachment, and maintains compatible detectability. This review divides the health information that can be obtained from skin using the sensor aspect's input energy forms into five categories: thermoelectrical signals, neural electrical signals, photoelectrical signals, electrochemical signals, and mechanical pressure signals. We then summarize current skin-wearable health monitoring devices and provide outlooks on future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengsu Mao
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
- High-Performance Materials Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Haoran Li
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
- High-Performance Materials Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Zhibin Yu
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
- High-Performance Materials Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
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18
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Zhang Z, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Zhao X, Li B, Zang J, Zhao X, Zhang T. A Pressure and Temperature Dual-Parameter Sensor Based on a Composite Material for Electronic Wearable Devices. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:690. [PMID: 36985097 PMCID: PMC10058327 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors integrating multiple functionalities are highly desirable in artificial wearable devices, which are of great significance in the field of biomedical research and for human-computer interactions. However, it is still a great challenge to simultaneously perceive multiple external stimuli such as pressure and temperature with one single sensor. Combining the piezoresistive effect with the negative temperature coefficient of resistance, in this paper, we report on a pressure-temperature dual-parameter sensor composed of a polydimethylsiloxane film, carbon nanotube sponge, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate). The proposed multifunctional sensor can stably monitor pressure signals with a high sensitivity of 16 kPa-1, has a range of up to 2.5 kPa, and also has a fast response time. Meanwhile, the sensor can also respond to temperature changes with an ultrahigh sensitivity rate of 0.84% °C-1 in the range of 20 °C to 80 °C. To validate the applicability of our sensor in practical environments, we conducted real-scene tests, which revealed its capability for monitoring = human motion signals while simultaneously sensing external temperature stimuli, reflecting its great application prospects for electronic wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement of Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (Z.Z.)
| | - Huinan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement of Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (Z.Z.)
| | - Qingchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement of Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (Z.Z.)
| | - Xiaolong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement of Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (Z.Z.)
| | - Bo Li
- School of Software, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Junbin Zang
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement of Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (Z.Z.)
| | - Xuefeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics & Systems, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tiansheng Zhang
- Shanxi Hospital of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Taiyuan 030006, China;
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19
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Jia S, Gao H, Xue Z, Meng X. Recent Advances in Multifunctional Wearable Sensors and Systems: Design, Fabrication, and Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12111057. [PMID: 36421175 PMCID: PMC9688294 DOI: 10.3390/bios12111057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional wearable sensors and systems are of growing interest over the past decades because of real-time health monitoring and disease diagnosis capability. Owing to the tremendous efforts of scientists, wearable sensors and systems with attractive advantages such as flexibility, comfort, and long-term stability have been developed, which are widely used in temperature monitoring, pulse wave detection, gait pattern analysis, etc. Due to the complexity of human physiological signals, it is necessary to measure multiple physiological information simultaneously to evaluate human health comprehensively. This review summarizes the recent advances in multifunctional wearable sensors, including single sensors with various functions, planar integrated sensors, three-dimensional assembled sensors, and stacked integrated sensors. The design strategy, manufacturing method, and potential application of each type of sensor are discussed. Finally, we offer an outlook on future developments and provide perspectives on the remaining challenges and opportunities of wearable multifunctional sensing technology.
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20
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Zhang W, Su Z, Zhang X, Wang W, Li Z. Recent progress on PEDOT‐based wearable bioelectronics. VIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20220030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Zhang
- China‐Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Jiaxing University Jiaxing PR China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou PR China
| | - Zhen Su
- China‐Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Jiaxing University Jiaxing PR China
| | - Xianchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electronics and Digital Health of Zhejiang Province Jiaxing University Jiaxing PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Human Health Situation Awareness of Zhejiang Province Jiaxing University Jiaxing PR China
| | - Wentao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou PR China
| | - Zaifang Li
- China‐Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Jiaxing University Jiaxing PR China
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21
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A biomimetic laminated strategy enabled strain-interference free and durable flexible thermistor electronics. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6472. [PMID: 36309511 PMCID: PMC9617538 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34168-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of flexible thermistor epidermal electronics (FTEE) to satisfy high temperature resolution without strain induced signal distortion is of great significance but still challenging. Inspired by the nacre microstructure capable of restraining the stress concentration, we exemplify a versatile MXene-based thermistor elastomer sensor (TES) platform that significantly alleviates the strain interference by the biomimetic laminated strategy combining with the in-plane stress dissipation and nacre-mimetic hierarchical architecture, delivering competitive advantages of superior thermosensitivity (-1.32% °C-1), outstanding temperature resolution (~0.3 °C), and unparalleled mechanical durability (20000 folding fatigue cycles), together with considerable improvement in strain-tolerant thermosensation over commercial thermocouple in exercise scenario. By a combination of theoretical model simulation, microstructure observation, and superposed signal detection, the authors further reveal the underlying temperature and strain signal decoupling mechanism that substantiate the generality and customizability of the nacre-mimetic strategy, possessing insightful significance of fabricating FTEE for static and dynamic temperature detection.
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22
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Gao XZ, Gao FL, Liu J, Li Y, Wan P, Yu ZZ, Li X. Self-Powered Resilient Porous Sensors with Thermoelectric Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(styrenesulfonate) and Carbon Nanotubes for Sensitive Temperature and Pressure Dual-Mode Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:43783-43791. [PMID: 36112650 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Portable and wearable dual-mode sensors that can simultaneously detect multiple stimuli are essential for emerging artificial intelligence applications, and most efforts are devoted to exploring pressure-sensing devices. It is still challenging to integrate temperature and pressure-sensing functions into one sensor without the requirement for complex decoupling processes. Herein, we develop a self-powered and multifunctional dual-mode sensor by dip-coating melamine sponge with both poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). By integrating thermoelectric and conductive PEDOT:PSS/CNT components with the hydrophilic and resilient porous sponge, the resultant sensor is efficient in independently detecting temperature and pressure changes. The temperature and pressure stimuli can be independently converted to voltage and electrical resistance signals on the basis of the Seebeck and piezoresistive effects, respectively. The sensor exhibits a high Seebeck coefficient of 35.9 μV K-1 with a minimum temperature detection limit of 0.4 K and a pressure sensitivity of -3.35% kPa-1 with a minimum pressure detection limit of 4 Pa. Interestingly, the sensor can also be self-powered upon illumination. These multi-functionalities make the sensor a promising tool for applications in electronic skin, soft robots, solar energy conversion, and personal health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Zhi Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fu-Lin Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ji Liu
- School of Chemistry, CRANN and AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland
| | - Yongji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pengbo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhong-Zhen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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23
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Zhou Y, Lian H, Li Z, Yin L, Ji Q, Li K, Qi F, Huang Y. Crack engineering boosts the performance of flexible sensors. VIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20220025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yunlei Zhou
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology Flexible Electronics Research Center Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Haoxiang Lian
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology Flexible Electronics Research Center Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Zhenlei Li
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Liting Yin
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology Flexible Electronics Research Center Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Qian Ji
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Kan Li
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology Flexible Electronics Research Center Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Fei Qi
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - YongAn Huang
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology Flexible Electronics Research Center Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
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24
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Liu L, Zhang X. A Focused Review on the Flexible Wearable Sensors for Sports: From Kinematics to Physiologies. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13081356. [PMID: 36014277 PMCID: PMC9412724 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
As an important branch of wearable electronics, highly flexible and wearable sensors are gaining huge attention due to their emerging applications. In recent years, the participation of wearable devices in sports has revolutionized the way to capture the kinematical and physiological status of athletes. This review focuses on the rapid development of flexible and wearable sensor technologies for sports. We identify and discuss the indicators that reveal the performance and physical condition of players. The kinematical indicators are mentioned according to the relevant body parts, and the physiological indicators are classified into vital signs and metabolisms. Additionally, the available wearable devices and their significant applications in monitoring these kinematical and physiological parameters are described with emphasis. The potential challenges and prospects for the future developments of wearable sensors in sports are discussed comprehensively. This review paper will assist both athletic individuals and researchers to have a comprehensive glimpse of the wearable techniques applied in different sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Sports, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Nano Materials and Technology, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (X.Z.)
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25
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Yin J, Bai Y, Lu J, Ma J, Zhang Q, Hong W, Jiao T. Enhanced mechanical performances and high-conductivity of rGO/PEDOT:PSS/PVA composite fiber films via electrospinning strategy. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Jhou YR, Wang CH, Tsai HP, Shan YS, Lee GB. An integrated microfluidic platform featuring real-time reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for detection of COVID-19. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2022; 358:131447. [PMID: 35095200 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2022.131497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An integrated microfluidic platform (IMP) utilizing real-time reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) was developed here for detection and quantification of three genes of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; i.e., coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19)): RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, the envelope gene, and the nucleocapsid gene for molecular diagnosis. The IMP comprised a microfluidic chip, a temperature control module, a fluidic control module that collectively carried out viral lysis, RNA extraction, RT-LAMP, and the real-time detection within 90 min in an automatic format. A limit of detection of 5 × 103 copies/reaction for each gene was determined with three samples including synthesized RNAs, inactive viruses, and RNAs extracted from clinical samples; this compact platform could be a useful tool for COVID-19 diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Ru Jhou
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Wang
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Pin Tsai
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Shen Shan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Bin Lee
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Nano Engineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Wang J, Liu L, Yang C, Zhang C, Li B, Meng X, Ma G, Wang D, Zhang J, Niu S, Zhao J, Han Z, Yao Z, Ren L. Ultrasensitive, Highly Stable, and Flexible Strain Sensor Inspired by Nature. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:16885-16893. [PMID: 35348316 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
For advanced flexible strain sensors, it is not difficult to achieve high sensitivity only. However, integrating high sensitivity, high stability, and high durability into one sensor still remains a great challenge. Fortunately, natural creatures with diversified excellent performances have given us a lot of ready-made solutions. Here, scorpion and spiderweb are selected as coupling bionic prototypes, which are famous for their ultrasensitive sensing capacity and excellent structural durability, respectively. Based on that, a bioinspired strain sensor is successfully fabricated. The results demonstrate that the bioinspired strain sensor has a sensitivity of 940.5 in the strain range of 0-1.5% and a sensitivity of 2742.3 between 1.5 and 2.5%. Meantime, this sensor with a spiderweb-like reticular structure has a great improvement in stability and durability. Specifically, the sensor exhibits excellent stability during bending and stretching cycles over 80,000 times. Moreover, the response time and recovery time of the sensor are 169 and 195 ms, respectively. Besides, the sensor also has functions such as vibrating frequency identification due to its low hysteresis. Based on the excellent performance, the sensor can be applied to monitor human body motions serving as wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiang Wang
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Linpeng Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance and Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Chen Yang
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Changchao Zhang
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Xiancun Meng
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Guoliang Ma
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Dakai Wang
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Junqiu Zhang
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Shichao Niu
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Jiale Zhao
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Zhiwu Han
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhongwen Yao
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Luquan Ren
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
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Tan X, Zheng J. A Novel Porous PDMS-AgNWs-PDMS (PAP)-Sponge-Based Capacitive Pressure Sensor. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081495. [PMID: 35458245 PMCID: PMC9031670 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of capacitive pressure sensors with low cost, high sensitivity and facile fabrication techniques is desirable for flexible electronics and wearable devices. In this project, a highly sensitive and flexible capacitive pressure sensor was fabricated by sandwiching a porous PAP sponge dielectric layer between two copper electrodes. The porous PAP sponge dielectric layer was fabricated by introducing highly conductive silver nanowires (AgNWs) into the PDMS sponge with 100% sucrose as a template and with a layer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film coating the surface. The sensitivity of the PAP sponge capacitive pressure sensor was optimized by increasing the load amount of AgNWs. Experimental results demonstrated that when the load amount of AgNWs increased to 150 mg in the PAP sponge, the sensitivity of the sensor was the highest in the low-pressure range of 0–1 kPa, reaching 0.62 kPa−1. At this point, the tensile strength and elongation of sponge were 1.425 MPa and 156.38%, respectively. In addition, the specific surface area of PAP sponge reached 2.0 cm2/g in the range of 0–10 nm pore size, and showed excellent waterproof performance with high elasticity, low hysteresis, light weight, and low density. Furthermore, as an application demonstration, ~110 LED lights were shown to light up when pressed onto the optimized sensor. Hence, this novel porous PAP-sponge-based capacitive pressure sensor has a wide range of potential applications in the field of wearable electronics.
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Zeng X, Deng HT, Wen DL, Li YY, Xu L, Zhang XS. Wearable Multi-Functional Sensing Technology for Healthcare Smart Detection. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020254. [PMID: 35208378 PMCID: PMC8874439 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, considerable research efforts have been devoted to the development of wearable multi-functional sensing technology to fulfill the requirements of healthcare smart detection, and much progress has been achieved. Due to the appealing characteristics of flexibility, stretchability and long-term stability, the sensors have been used in a wide range of applications, such as respiration monitoring, pulse wave detection, gait pattern analysis, etc. Wearable sensors based on single mechanisms are usually capable of sensing only one physiological or motion signal. In order to measure, record and analyze comprehensive physical conditions, it is indispensable to explore the wearable sensors based on hybrid mechanisms and realize the integration of multiple smart functions. Herein, we have summarized various working mechanisms (resistive, capacitive, triboelectric, piezoelectric, thermo-electric, pyroelectric) and hybrid mechanisms that are incorporated into wearable sensors. More importantly, to make wearable sensors work persistently, it is meaningful to combine flexible power units and wearable sensors and form a self-powered system. This article also emphasizes the utility of self-powered wearable sensors from the perspective of mechanisms, and gives applications. Furthermore, we discuss the emerging materials and structures that are applied to achieve high sensitivity. In the end, we present perspectives on the outlooks of wearable multi-functional sensing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zeng
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; (X.Z.); (H.-T.D.); (D.-L.W.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Hai-Tao Deng
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; (X.Z.); (H.-T.D.); (D.-L.W.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Dan-Liang Wen
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; (X.Z.); (H.-T.D.); (D.-L.W.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Yao-Yao Li
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; (X.Z.); (H.-T.D.); (D.-L.W.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Li Xu
- Rehabilitation Department, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (X.-S.Z.)
| | - Xiao-Sheng Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; (X.Z.); (H.-T.D.); (D.-L.W.); (Y.-Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (X.-S.Z.)
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Ma H, Li X, Lou J, Gu Y, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Cheng H, Han W. Strong Bacterial Cellulose-Based Films with Natural Laminar Alignment for Highly Sensitive Humidity Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:3165-3175. [PMID: 34994532 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Humidity sensors have been widely used for humidity monitoring in industry and agriculture fields. However, the rigid structure, nondegradability, and large dimension of traditional humidity sensors significantly restrict their applications in wearable fields. In this study, a flexible, strong, and eco-friendly bacterial cellulose-based humidity sensor (BPS) was fabricated using a two-step method, involving solvent evaporation-induced self-assembly and electrolyte permeation. Rapid evaporation of organic solvent induces the formation of nanopores of the bacterial cellulose (BC) surface and promotes structural densification. Furthermore, the successful embedding of potassium hydroxide into the sophisticated network of BC effectively enhanced the sensing performance of BPS. The BPS exhibits an excellent humidity sensing response of more than 103 within the relative humidity ranging from 36.4 to 93% and strong (66.4 MPa) and high flexibility properties owing to the ultrafine fiber network and abundant hydrophilic functional groups of BC. Besides being strong and thin, BPS is also highly flexible, biodegradable, and humidity-sensitive, making it a potential candidate in wearable electronics, human health monitoring, and noncontact switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Jiang Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yujie Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yifei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Heli Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Wenjia Han
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
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Mirjalali S, Peng S, Fang Z, Wang C, Wu S. Wearable Sensors for Remote Health Monitoring: Potential Applications for Early Diagnosis of Covid-19. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2022; 7:2100545. [PMID: 34901382 PMCID: PMC8646515 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202100545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors are emerging as a new technology to detect physiological and biochemical markers for remote health monitoring. By measuring vital signs such as respiratory rate, body temperature, and blood oxygen level, wearable sensors offer tremendous potential for the noninvasive and early diagnosis of numerous diseases such as Covid-19. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made to develop wearable sensors with high sensitivity, accuracy, flexibility, and stretchability, bringing to reality a new paradigm of remote health monitoring. In this review paper, the latest advances in wearable sensor systems that can measure vital signs at an accuracy level matching those of point-of-care tests are presented. In particular, the focus of this review is placed on wearable sensors for measuring respiratory behavior, body temperature, and blood oxygen level, which are identified as the critical signals for diagnosing and monitoring Covid-19. Various designs based on different materials and working mechanisms are summarized. This review is concluded by identifying the remaining challenges and future opportunities for this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheyda Mirjalali
- School of EngineeringMacquarie University SydneySydneyNSW2109Australia
| | - Shuhua Peng
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | | | - Chun‐Hui Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Shuying Wu
- School of EngineeringMacquarie University SydneySydneyNSW2109Australia
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
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32
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Dou Y, Gu H, Sun S, Yao W, Guan D. Synthesis of a grape-like conductive carbon black/Ag hybrid as the conductive filler for soft silicone rubber. RSC Adv 2021; 12:1184-1193. [PMID: 35425130 PMCID: PMC8978839 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08649a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Conductive silicone rubber (CSR) is an outstanding stretchable conductive composite due to its excellent mechanical properties and stable conductivity. In this paper, silver nanoparticles were deposited on carbon black (CB) through a reduction reaction. The uniform dispersion of silver particles on the surface of CB as well as the grape-like branch structure of hybrid particles was formed by the condensation reaction of the hydroxyl groups of CB with (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane (KH-590), along with the interattraction between sulfhydryl groups of KH-590 and silver ions. This sulfhydryl modified conductive carbon black/Ag hybrid filler (SMCB@Ag) avoided the high processing viscosity of CSR caused by the hydroxyl groups of CB. The percolation threshold of CSR made from SMCB@Ag was 5.5 wt% according to the percolation equation. With the addition amount of SMCB@Ag increasing to 10 wt%, the conductivity of CSR increased from 10-5 to about 101. Moreover, the conductivity of this CSR showed excellent stability with extension of storage time and increase of stretching-recovery cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Dou
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Automotive Material, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University Changchun 130025 PR China
| | - Haijing Gu
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Automotive Material, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University Changchun 130025 PR China
| | - Shixiang Sun
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Automotive Material, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University Changchun 130025 PR China
| | - Weiguo Yao
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Automotive Material, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University Changchun 130025 PR China
| | - Dongbo Guan
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Automotive Material, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University Changchun 130025 PR China
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33
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Dufil G, Bernacka-Wojcik I, Armada-Moreira A, Stavrinidou E. Plant Bioelectronics and Biohybrids: The Growing Contribution of Organic Electronic and Carbon-Based Materials. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4847-4883. [PMID: 34928592 PMCID: PMC8874897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Life in our planet is highly dependent on plants as they are the primary source of food, regulators of the atmosphere, and providers of a variety of materials. In this work, we review the progress on bioelectronic devices for plants and biohybrid systems based on plants, therefore discussing advancements that view plants either from a biological or a technological perspective, respectively. We give an overview on wearable and implantable bioelectronic devices for monitoring and modulating plant physiology that can be used as tools in basic plant science or find application in agriculture. Furthermore, we discuss plant-wearable devices for monitoring a plant's microenvironment that will enable optimization of growth conditions. The review then covers plant biohybrid systems where plants are an integral part of devices or are converted to devices upon functionalization with smart materials, including self-organized electronics, plant nanobionics, and energy applications. The review focuses on advancements based on organic electronic and carbon-based materials and discusses opportunities, challenges, as well as future steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwennaël Dufil
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Iwona Bernacka-Wojcik
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Adam Armada-Moreira
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden.,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.,Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Campus Umeå, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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Qureshi S, Stojanović GM, Simić M, Jeoti V, Lashari N, Sher F. Silver Conductive Threads-Based Embroidered Electrodes on Textiles as Moisture Sensors for Fluid Detection in Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7813. [PMID: 34947407 PMCID: PMC8707788 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors have become part of our daily life for health monitoring. The detection of moisture content is critical for many applications. In the present research, textile-based embroidered sensors were developed that can be integrated with a bandage for wound management purposes. The sensor comprised an interdigitated electrode embroidered on a cotton substrate with silver-tech 150 and HC 12 threads, respectively, that have silver coated continuous filaments and 100% polyamide with silver-plated yarn. The said sensor is a capacitive sensor with some leakage. The change in the dielectric constant of the substrate as a result of moisture affects the value of capacitance and, thus, the admittance of the sensor. The moisture sensor's operation is verified by measuring its admittance at 1 MHz and the change in moisture level (1-50) µL. It is observed that the sensitivity of both sensors is comparable. The identically fabricated sensors show similar response and sensitivity while wash test shows the stability of sensor after washing. The developed sensor is also able to detect the moisture caused by both artificial sweat and blood serum, which will be of value in developing new sensors tomorrow for smart wound-dressing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Qureshi
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, T. Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (G.M.S.); (M.S.); (V.J.)
| | - Goran M. Stojanović
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, T. Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (G.M.S.); (M.S.); (V.J.)
| | - Mitar Simić
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, T. Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (G.M.S.); (M.S.); (V.J.)
| | - Varun Jeoti
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, T. Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (G.M.S.); (M.S.); (V.J.)
| | - Najeebullah Lashari
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia;
| | - Farooq Sher
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
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Zhang X, Yang W, Zhang H, Xie M, Duan X. PEDOT:PSS: From conductive polymers to sensors. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/10.0006866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wentuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hainan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mengying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xuexin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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36
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Chen S, Han X, Hong P, Zhang Y, Yin X, He B. A Flexible Temperature Sensor for Noncontact Human-Machine Interaction. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7112. [PMID: 34885268 PMCID: PMC8658668 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Flexible sensors have attracted extensive attention because of their promising applications in the fields of health monitoring, intelligent robots, and electronic skin, etc. During the COVID-19 epidemic, noncontact control of public equipment such as elevators, game consoles, and doors has become particularly important, as it can effectively reduce the risk of cross-infection. In this work, a noncontact flexible temperature sensor is prepared via a simple dip-drying progress, in which poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and printer paper served as the sensing material and the flexible substrate, respectively. We combined the highly sensitive temperature-responsive property of PEDOT:PSS with the good hygroscopicity of printer paper. The prepared sensor shows high sensitivity and good stability in noncontact sensing mode within the temperature range of 20-50 °C. To prove the practicability of the noncontact temperature sensor, a 3 × 2 sensing array is prepared as a noncontact human-machine interface to realize the interaction between player and "Pound-A-Mole game" and a Bluetooth car. These two demos show the sensor's ability to perceive nearby temperature changes, verifying its application potential as a noncontact human-machine interaction interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Chen
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (S.C.); (P.H.); (B.H.)
| | - Xiaolong Han
- Maynooth International Engineering College, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China;
| | - Peng Hong
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (S.C.); (P.H.); (B.H.)
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (S.C.); (P.H.); (B.H.)
- Fujian Engineering Research Center of Joint Intelligent Medical Engineering, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xiangyu Yin
- Fujian Engineering Research Center of Joint Intelligent Medical Engineering, Fuzhou 350108, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Bingwei He
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (S.C.); (P.H.); (B.H.)
- Fujian Engineering Research Center of Joint Intelligent Medical Engineering, Fuzhou 350108, China
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Peng S, Yu Y, Wu S, Wang CH. Conductive Polymer Nanocomposites for Stretchable Electronics: Material Selection, Design, and Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:43831-43854. [PMID: 34515471 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics that can elongate elastically as well as flex are crucial to a wide range of emerging technologies, such as wearable medical devices, electronic skin, and soft robotics. Critical to stretchable electronics is their ability to withstand large mechanical strain without failure while retaining their electrical conduction properties, a feat significantly beyond traditional metals and silicon-based semiconductors. Herein, we present a review of the recent advances in stretchable conductive polymer nanocomposites with exceptional stretchability and electrical properties, which have the potential to transform a wide range of applications, including wearable sensors for biophysical signals, stretchable conductors and electrodes, and deformable energy-harvesting and -storage devices. Critical to achieving these stretching properties are the judicious selection and hybridization of nanomaterials, novel microstructure designs, and facile fabrication processes, which are the focus of this Review. To highlight the potentials of conductive nanocomposites, a summary of some recent important applications is presented, including COVID-19 remote monitoring, connected health, electronic skin for augmented intelligence, and soft robotics. Finally, perspectives on future challenges and new research opportunities are also presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Peng
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Yuyan Yu
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Shuying Wu
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Chun-Hui Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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38
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Non-invasive wearable chemical sensors in real-life applications. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1179:338643. [PMID: 34535258 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, non-invasive wearable chemical sensors have gained tremendous attention in the field of personal health monitoring and medical diagnosis. These sensors provide non-invasive, real-time, and continuous monitoring of targeted biomarkers with more simplicity than the conventional diagnostic approaches. This review primarily describes the substrate materials used for sensor fabrication, sample collection and handling, and analytical detection techniques that are utilized to detect biomarkers in different biofluids. Common substrates including paper, textile, and hydrogel for wearable sensor fabrication are discussed. Principles and applications of colorimetric and electrochemical detection in wearable chemical sensors are illustrated. Data transmission systems enabling wireless communication between the sensor and output devices are also discussed. Finally, examples of different designs of wearable chemical sensors including tattoos, garments, and accessories are shown. Successful development of non-invasive wearable chemical sensors will effectively help users to manage their personal health, predict the potential diseases, and eventually improve the overall quality of life.
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Yue O, Wang X, Liu X, Hou M, Zheng M, Wang Y, Cui B. Spider-Web and Ant-Tentacle Doubly Bio-Inspired Multifunctional Self-Powered Electronic Skin with Hierarchical Nanostructure. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2004377. [PMID: 34075730 PMCID: PMC8336620 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
For the practical applications of wearable electronic skin (e-skin), the multifunctional, self-powered, biodegradable, biocompatible, and breathable materials are needed to be assessed and tailored simultaneously. Integration of these features in flexible e-skin is highly desirable; however, it is challenging to construct an e-skin to meet the requirements of practical applications. Herein, a bio-inspired multifunctional e-skin with a multilayer nanostructure based on spider web and ant tentacle is constructed, which can collect biological energy through a triboelectric nanogenerator for the simultaneous detection of pressure, humidity, and temperature. Owing to the poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanofibers spider web structure, internal bead-chain structure, and the collagen aggregate nanofibers based positive friction material, e-skin exhibits the highest pressure sensitivity (0.48 V kPa-1 ) and high detection range (0-135 kPa). Synchronously, the nanofibers imitating the antennae of ants provide e-skin with short response and recovery time (16 and 25 s, respectively) to a wide humidity range (25-85% RH). The e-skin is demonstrated to exhibit temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR = 0.0075 °C-1 ) in a range of the surrounding temperature (27-55 °C). Moreover, the natural collagen aggregate and the all-nanofibers structure ensure the biodegradability, biocompatibility, and breathability of the e-skin, showing great promise for practicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouyang Yue
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering EducationShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
| | - Xuechuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering EducationShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering EducationShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials EngineeringShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
| | - Mengdi Hou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering EducationShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
| | - Manhui Zheng
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering EducationShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials EngineeringShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
| | - Youyou Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering EducationShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials EngineeringShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
| | - Boqiang Cui
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering EducationShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials EngineeringShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
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Kim H, Abdelrahman MK, Choi J, Kim H, Maeng J, Wang S, Javed M, Rivera-Tarazona LK, Lee H, Ko SH, Ware TH. From Chaos to Control: Programmable Crack Patterning with Molecular Order in Polymer Substrates. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008434. [PMID: 33860580 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cracks are typically associated with the failure of materials. However, cracks can also be used to create periodic patterns on the surfaces of materials, as observed in the skin of crocodiles and elephants. In synthetic materials, surface patterns are critical to micro- and nanoscale fabrication processes. Here, a strategy is presented that enables freely programmable patterns of cracks on the surface of a polymer and then uses these cracks to pattern other materials. Cracks form during deposition of a thin film metal on a liquid crystal polymer network (LCN) and follow the spatially patterned molecular order of the polymer. These patterned sub-micrometer scale cracks have an order parameter of 0.98 ± 0.02 and form readily over centimeter-scale areas on the flexible substrates. The patterning of the LCN enables cracks that turn corners, spiral azimuthally, or radiate from a point. Conductive inks can be filled into these oriented cracks, resulting in flexible, anisotropic, and transparent conductors. This materials-based processing approach to patterning cracks enables unprecedented control of the orientation, length, width, and depth of the cracks without costly lithography methods. This approach promises new architectures of electronics, sensors, fluidics, optics, and other devices with micro- and nanoscale features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kim
- Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, CCDC Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, 20783, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Mustafa K Abdelrahman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Joonmyung Choi
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongdeok Kim
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Maeng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Suitu Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Mahjabeen Javed
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Laura K Rivera-Tarazona
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Habeom Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design (IAMD) / Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taylor H Ware
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Sun Y, Wang X, Xiao M, Lv S, Cheng M, Shi F. Elastic-Modulus-Dependent Macroscopic Supramolecular Assembly of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) for Understanding Fast Interfacial Adhesion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:4276-4283. [PMID: 33793243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Macroscopic supramolecular assembly (MSA) is a new concept of supramolecular science with an emphasis on noncovalent interactions between macroscopic building blocks with sizes exceeding 10 μm. Owing to a similar noncovalently interactive nature with the phenomena of bioadhesion, self-healing, etc. and flexible features in tailoring and designing modular building blocks, MSA has been developed as a simplified model to interpret interfacial phenomena and a facile method to fabricate supramolecular materials. However, at this early stage, MSA has always been limited to hydrogel materials, which provide flowability for high molecular mobility to the interfacial binding. The extension to a wide range of materials for MSA is desired. Herein, we have developed a strategy of adjusting intrinsic properties (e.g., elastic modulus) of nonhydrogel materials to realize MSA, which could broaden the material choices of MSA. Using the widely used elastomer of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) as building blocks, we have demonstrated the elastic-modulus-dependent MSA of PDMS based on the host/guest molecular recognition between supramolecular groups of β-cyclodextrin and adamantane. In the varied elastic modulus range of 0.38 to 3.84 MPa, we obtained the trend of the MSA probability decreasing from 100% at 0.38 MPa to 0% at 3.84 MPa. Meanwhile, in situ measurements of interactive forces between PDMS building blocks have supported the observed assembly phenomena. The underlying reasons are interpreted with the low-modulus flexible surfaces favoring for high molecular mobility to achieve interactions between multiple sites at the interface based on the theory of multivalency. Taken together, we have demonstrated the feasibility of directly adjusting the modulus of bulk materials to realize MSA of nonhydrogel materials, which may provide clues to the fast wet adhesion and new solutions to the additive manufacture of elastomer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering & Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xinghuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering & Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Menglin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering & Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shanshan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering & Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mengjiao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering & Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Feng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering & Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Appiagyei AB, Han JI. Potentiometric Performance of a Highly Flexible-Shaped Trifunctional Sensor Based on ZnO/V 2O 5 Microrods. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:2559. [PMID: 33917438 PMCID: PMC8038666 DOI: 10.3390/s21072559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A trifunctional flexible sensor was fabricated on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber surface. Synthesized ZnO and ZnO/V2O5 composite were coated on ZnO seed layer sputtered PET fiber. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques confirmed the exact formation of ZnO and ZnO/V2O5. The fabricated ZnO/V2O5 on ZnO seeds base temperature sensor recorded better electrical properties and reversibility with a maximum temperature coefficient resistance (TCR) of 0.0111 °C-1. A calibration curve (R = 0.9941) within glucose concentration of (10 µM-10 mM) was obtained at +0.8 V vs. Ag/AgCl from current-voltage curves which assisted in calculating glucose sensitivity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ). The electrode achieved an outstanding performance of sensitivity (72.06 µAmM-1cm-2), LOD (174 µM), and LOQ (582 µM) at optimum deposition time. Interference from oxidation of interfering biomolecules such as ascorbic acid, dopamine, and uric acid were negligible compared to glucose. Finally, the fabricated electrode was employed as a pH sensor and displayed a pH sensitivity of 42.26 mV/pH (R = 0.9922). This fabricated ZnO/V2O5 electrode exhibited high sensitivity and a stable combined temperature, glucose, and pH sensor which is promising for development of multifunctional sensors in next generation wearables.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeong In Han
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea;
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Chen Z, Zhao D, Ma R, Zhang X, Rao J, Yin Y, Wang X, Yi F. Flexible temperature sensors based on carbon nanomaterials. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:1941-1964. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02451a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Flexible temperature sensors based on carbon nanomaterials can be attached to the surface of human skin or curved surfaces directly for continuous and stable data measurements, and have attracted extensive attention in myriad areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zetong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Danna Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Rui Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Xujing Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Jihong Rao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Yajiang Yin
- Research Institute of Tsinghua
- Pearl River Delta
- Corporation Accelerator
- Guangzhou 510530
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Research Institute of Tsinghua
- Pearl River Delta
- Corporation Accelerator
- Guangzhou 510530
- P. R. China
| | - Fang Yi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
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Guo J, Zhang K, Dai R, Nie M, Li Y, Wang Q. Flexible Sensor for Invisible Respiratory Monitoring via Construction of a 2D Stacked Micronetwork. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:32806-32813. [PMID: 33376919 PMCID: PMC7758983 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of 5G and the Internet of Things era, sensitive and stable sensors have begun to develop rapidly, which are important substantial fundaments of smart medical care. In this study, based on the positive temperature coefficient (PTC) in conductive polymer composites (CPC), a novel polyolefin elastomer (POE)/carbon fiber (CF) composite was prepared. By regulating the rheological behavior of the polymer matrix, we realized its controllable thermal expansion in the temperature field and finally realized the reversible construction-destruction of the conductive CF network. Under optimal molecular weight conditions, the POE/CF PTC sensor showed a high sensitivity of 0.11 °C-1 and stability. It was also demonstrated that the heat transfer efficiency of the composite material played an essential role in the sensitivity of the as-prepared PTC sensor. Most impressively, we have assembled an invisible respiratory monitoring device based on the POE/CF composite to achieve real-time monitoring of human breathing, which displayed wide potential prospects in thermal monitoring and provided good prospects for micron-scale functional composites.
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Su Y, Ma C, Chen J, Wu H, Luo W, Peng Y, Luo Z, Li L, Tan Y, Omisore OM, Zhu Z, Wang L, Li H. Printable, Highly Sensitive Flexible Temperature Sensors for Human Body Temperature Monitoring: A Review. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2020; 15:200. [PMID: 33057900 PMCID: PMC7561651 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-020-03428-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the development and research of flexible sensors have gradually deepened, and the performance of wearable, flexible devices for monitoring body temperature has also improved. For the human body, body temperature changes reflect much information about human health, and abnormal body temperature changes usually indicate poor health. Although body temperature is independent of the environment, the body surface temperature is easily affected by the surrounding environment, bringing challenges to body temperature monitoring equipment. To achieve real-time and sensitive detection of various parts temperature of the human body, researchers have developed many different types of high-sensitivity flexible temperature sensors, perfecting the function of electronic skin, and also proposed many practical applications. This article reviews the current research status of highly sensitive patterned flexible temperature sensors used to monitor body temperature changes. First, commonly used substrates and active materials for flexible temperature sensors have been summarized. Second, patterned fabricating methods and processes of flexible temperature sensors are introduced. Then, flexible temperature sensing performance are comprehensively discussed, including temperature measurement range, sensitivity, response time, temperature resolution. Finally, the application of flexible temperature sensors based on highly delicate patterning are demonstrated, and the future challenges of flexible temperature sensors have prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Su
- College of Mechanical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, Shanxi, China
| | - Chunsheng Ma
- College of Mechanical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, Shanxi, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Huiping Wu
- Nursing Department, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Weixiang Luo
- Nursing Department, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Yueming Peng
- Neonatal Intensive Unit, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Zebang Luo
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Li
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongsong Tan
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Olatunji Mumini Omisore
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengfang Zhu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
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