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Xue H, Zhu C, Wang Y, Gu Q, Shao Y, Jin A, Zhang X, Lei L, Li Y. Stimulus-responsive cellulose hydrogels in biomedical applications and challenges. Mater Today Bio 2025; 32:101814. [PMID: 40416785 PMCID: PMC12098173 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2025.101814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2025] [Revised: 04/21/2025] [Accepted: 04/28/2025] [Indexed: 05/13/2025] Open
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive cellulose hydrogels have garnered significant attention in the biomedical field owing to their extensive applications in tissue engineering and controlled drug delivery systems. Derived from cellulose and its derivatives, they are synthesized through physical or chemical cross-linking techniques, offering notable advantages such as cost-effectiveness and excellent biocompatibility. These hydrogels can respond to environmental stimuli, including pH variations, temperature fluctuations, and light exposure, enabling targeted drug release and promoting tissue regeneration. In tissue engineering, Stimuli-responsive cellulose hydrogels are used for the repair and regeneration of skin, bone, and other critical tissues. In drug delivery, they are optimized for oral, nasal, and ocular administration, as well as advanced cancer therapies. In addition, Stimuli-responsive cellulose hydrogels exhibit significant potential in disease diagnostics, particularly their conductive variants, which show promise in biosensing and diagnostic applications. However, despite their potential, challenges such as immune compatibility, long-term stability, and scalability in production remain barriers to clinical translation. Future research efforts should focus on multifunctional integration, advanced intelligent design, and enhanced stimulus responsiveness to fully unlock their potential in biomedical applications and facilitate their transition from laboratory research to practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqian Xue
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310015, China
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325200, China
| | - Cong Zhu
- School of Stomatology, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310015, China
| | - Qiancheng Gu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310015, China
| | - Yunyuan Shao
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310015, China
| | - Anqi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310015, China
| | - Xiaofen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310015, China
| | - Lanjie Lei
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310015, China
| | - Yongliang Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325200, China
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2
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Wang H, Song L, Chen C, Li K, Wei M, Wang M, Li N, Yang M, Yuan W. Mechanically Adaptive, Self-Adhesive, Conductive, Cross-Linked Interpenetrating Zwitterionic Hydrogel Sensor for Simultaneous Wound Healing and Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2025; 17:24963-24976. [PMID: 40241301 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5c00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2025]
Abstract
Hydrogel-based flexible biosensors can monitor biological parameters by responding to changes in the external environment, such as humidity, temperature, pH value, etc., which are converted into electrical signals or other measurable physical quantities. However, balancing biosensors' mechanical, adhesion, and electrical properties is challenging. Here, we design a multifunctional zwitterionic hydrogel-based biosensor with a cross-linked interpenetrating network structure, which consists of covalent and various noncovalent interactions, creating synergistic effects. The unique structure endows the hydrogel with excellent mechanical properties (0.13 ± 0.03 MPa), mechanical stability (10 cycles), and robust bonding strength (32 ± 2 KPa). Remarkably, the synergistic effect gives the hydrogels high conductivity (4.01 ± 0.2 S/m) and sensing ability (GF = 6.28). Noticeably, this synergistic effect improves the comprehensive performance of traditional biosensors and simultaneously endows them with wound-healing monitoring functions. Therefore, multifunctional and high-performance hydrogel-based flexible biosensors display great potential for application in intelligent wound management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Performance Materials and Polymers, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xuefu Road, Weiyang District, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Ling Song
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Performance Materials and Polymers, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xuefu Road, Weiyang District, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Chaoxian Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Performance Materials and Polymers, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xuefu Road, Weiyang District, Xi'an 710021, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry-and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication in Tissue Engineering of Jiangxi Province, School of Medical Information Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Ke Li
- Xian Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Common Aging Diseases, Translational and Research Centre for Prevention and Therapy of Chronic Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an-Medical University, Xian 710021, China
| | - Meng Wei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Performance Materials and Polymers, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xuefu Road, Weiyang District, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Mengxi Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Performance Materials and Polymers, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xuefu Road, Weiyang District, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Na Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Performance Materials and Polymers, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xuefu Road, Weiyang District, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Mengfan Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Performance Materials and Polymers, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xuefu Road, Weiyang District, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Performance Materials and Polymers, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xuefu Road, Weiyang District, Xi'an 710021, China
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3
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Wei J, Liu C, Shi L, Liu Y, Lu H. High-performance conductive double-network hydrogel base on sodium carboxymethyl cellulose for multifunctional wearable sensors. Carbohydr Polym 2025; 350:122943. [PMID: 39647932 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2024] [Revised: 10/31/2024] [Accepted: 11/01/2024] [Indexed: 12/10/2024]
Abstract
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose showed great potential in wearable intelligent electronic devices due to its low price and good biocompatibility. This research aimed to develop a novel conductive hydrogel with stretchable, self-healing, self-adhesive, antibacterial, 3D printable properties, for the development of multifunctional flexible electronic materials based on sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. A multifunctional conductive hydrogel based on sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) was synthesized by simple polymerization of SCMC, acrylic acid (AA) and alkaline calcium bentonite (AC-Bt). The multifunctional hydrogels (PAA-SCMC) possess excellent mechanical property (stress: 0.25 MPa; strain: 1675.0 %), Young's modulus (75.6 kPa), and conductivity (2.25 S/m). The multifunctional PAA-SCMC hydrogels serve as strain sensors (Gauge Factor (GF) = 12.68), temperature sensors (temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) = -0.887 % °C at 20 °C-60 °C), sweat sensors, and pressure sensors. Importantly, the obtained hydrogels exhibited exceptional self-healing capability, self-adhesive properties, antimicrobial properties and 3D printability. The printed hydrogel has good mechanical properties, conductivity and antibacterial properties. Moreover, the hydrogel sensor possessed prominent sensitivity and cyclic stability to accurately monitor human motion, emotional changes, physiological signals in real time, and a hydrogel-based flexible touch keyboard was also fabricated to recognize writing trajectories. Overall, this study provided novel insights into the simple and efficient synthesis and sustainable manufacturing of environmentally friendly multifunctional flexible electronic skin sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmei Wei
- Guilin University of Technology, Coll Chem & Bioengn, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Chenglu Liu
- Guilin University of Technology, Coll Chem & Bioengn, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Lin Shi
- Guilin University of Technology, Coll Chem & Bioengn, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Yongpin Liu
- Guilin University of Technology, Coll Chem & Bioengn, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Huidan Lu
- Guilin University of Technology, Coll Chem & Bioengn, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
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4
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Chen K, Chen J, Xu C, Zhu H, Hu J, Yu K. Design and Synthesis of Multi-compartment Microcapsules via Pickering Emulsion Polymerization for Infrared Stealth and Adaptive Camouflage Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2025; 21:e2405543. [PMID: 39690884 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202405543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 11/23/2024] [Indexed: 12/19/2024]
Abstract
High-performance color-changing compounds, recognized as prominent smart materials, dynamically alter their color in response to external environmental stimuli. However, existing compounds exhibit limited responsiveness and color diversity, presenting challenges in the development of textiles responsive to multiple stimuli. This research introduces a novel design for dual-responsive color-changing microcapsules, employing a Pickering emulsion template method. The larger compartment encloses photosensitive dyes, whereas the smaller one contains thermochromic phase-change colorants. Adjusting the density of nanocapsules in the smaller compartment on the microcapsule surface enables a spectrum of colors, including red, yellow, blue, and green, triggered by light and heat. When incorporated into textiles, these microcapsules bestow adaptive color-changing attributes and infrared stealth capabilities onto the fabrics. Additionally, by modulating the color via surface micro/nanostructures, textile surfaces can exhibit hydrophobic and oleophobic properties. Such enhancements extend the textiles' potential applications in areas like anti-counterfeiting and military operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlin Chen
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Changyue Xu
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Haie Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Jing Hu
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Kejing Yu
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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5
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Liu Y, Fu S, Jin K, Cheng Y, Li Y, Zhao Y, Liu R, Tian Y. Advances in polysaccharide-based conductive hydrogel for flexible electronics. Carbohydr Polym 2025; 348:122836. [PMID: 39562110 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 10/03/2024] [Accepted: 10/04/2024] [Indexed: 11/21/2024]
Abstract
Polysaccharides, being the most abundant natural polymers, play a pivotal role in the development of hydrogel materials. Polysaccharide-based conductive hydrogels have found extensive applications in flexible electronics due to their excellent conductivity and biocompatibility. This review highlights recent advancements in this area, starting with an overview of polysaccharide materials such as chitosan, cellulose, starch, cyclodextrin, alginate, hyaluronic acid, and agarose. It then explores different classifications of conductive hydrogels: ionic conductive, electronic conductive, and ionic-electronic composite types. The review also covers key characteristics of these hydrogels, including mechanical properties, self-healing, adhesion, structural color, antibacterial, responsiveness, biocompatibility and anti-swelling. Representative applications, such as flexible sensors, triboelectric nanogenerators, supercapacitors, and flexible electronic wound dressings, are summarized. Finally, the review addresses current challenges and provides guidance for future research, aiming to advance the field of polysaccharide-based conductive hydrogels in flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Liu
- Department of Intelligent Medical Engineering, College of Life and Health Management, Shenyang City University, Shenyang 110112, China
| | - Simian Fu
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China
| | - Kaiming Jin
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China
| | - Yugui Cheng
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China
| | - Yiqi Li
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China
| | - Yunjun Zhao
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China
| | - Ruonan Liu
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China.
| | - Ye Tian
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China; Foshan Graduate School of Innovation, Northeastern University, Foshan 528300, China.
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6
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Liu L, Li Y, Lu Z, Miao R, Zhang N. Thermal and light-driven soft actuators based on a conductive polypyrrole nanofibers integrated poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel with intelligent response. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 675:336-346. [PMID: 38972121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The development of soft hydrogel actuators with outstanding mechanical properties, fast actuation speed, and available quantification of self-sensing actuation remains a challenging endeavor. In this work, dopamine-decorated polypyrrole nanofibers (DAPPy) were introduced into the polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA)-crosslinked poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) network to generate a stretchable, NIR-responsive, and strain sensitive DAPPy/PNIPAM hydrogel layer. Besides, this active layer was combined with the passive ligninsulfonate sodium/polyacrylamide (LS/PAAM) to give DAPPy/PNIPAM//LS/PAAM bilayer hydrogel actuator, which exhibits ultrafast thermo-responsive actuation (19°/s) and underwater grasping and lifting performance. Moreover, the DAPPy/PNIPAM layer has excellent electrical conductivity (0.29 S/m) and thermal conversion ability (10.8 °C/min), which enable such a conductive hydrogel to act as a highly sensitive strain and temperature sensor with real-time resistance change in response to tensile strain (gauge factor up to 3.4), applied pressure, temperature, and remote NIR light irradiation. More importantly, the bilayer hydrogel actuator can integrate both actuation and self-sensing functions through the bending angle-surface temperature-relative resistance change relationship of the photothermal process. With excellent mechanical actuation and self-sensing ability, the resulting bilayer hydrogel showed a promising application potential as soft biomimetic actuating materials and soft intelligent actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingke Liu
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yueqin Li
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Zichun Lu
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ruantian Miao
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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7
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Zhang Z, Wang Q, Li Y, Wang C, Yang X, Shang L. Cholesteric Cellulose Liquid Crystal Fibers by Direct Drawing. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 7:0527. [PMID: 39512448 PMCID: PMC11541814 DOI: 10.34133/research.0527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2024] [Revised: 10/13/2024] [Accepted: 10/16/2024] [Indexed: 11/15/2024]
Abstract
Polymer fibers are attracting increasing attention as a type of fundamental material for a wide range of products. However, to incorporate novel functionality, a crucial challenge is to simultaneously manipulate their structuring across multiple length scales. In this research, a facile and universal approach is proposed by directly drawing a pre-gel feedstock embedding a cellulose cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC). An in situ photo-polymerization process is applied, which not only allows for the continuous drawing of the filaments without breakup but also makes the final CLC fibers a colored appearance. More importantly, the multiscale properties of the fibers, such as their diameter, morphology, and the internal liquid crystalline ordering of the molecules (and thus structural color), can be manipulated by several controlling parameters. Combining this cross-scale tunability with a smart functional hydrogel system results in the formation of fibers with structural coloration, self-healing, electrical conduction, and thermal-sensing abilities. We believe that this platform can be extended to other hydrogel systems and will help unlock a wide variety of real-life applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohao Zhang
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences,
Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences,
Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yinuo Li
- Shanghai High School International Division, Shanghai 200231, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences,
Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xinyuan Yang
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences,
Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Luoran Shang
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences,
Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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8
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Chen Q, Liu E, Long Y, Xia X, Xu S. Multiresponsive Color-Changing and Tough Hydrogels Enabled by Self-Assembled Epoxy Oligomer Microspheres. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:59370-59378. [PMID: 39418574 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c14115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2024]
Abstract
The fabrication process of hydrogels often incorporates various strategies to achieve multiple responses and enhance strength, which always make the procedure complex and even hinder the incorporation. Here, we develop a facile and flexible method to simultaneously achieve multiresponsive color-changing and tough properties in hydrogels by introducing epoxy oligomer microspheres (DEPMS) to hydrophobic association (HA) hydrogels. DEPMS is responsive to both pH and solvents, showing color changes due to conversion to a conjugated structure. The obtained DEPMS composite hydrogels could demonstrate diverse color-changing patterns by simply adjusting the components and pH of the solvents. Meanwhile, amphiphilic DEPMS helps to disperse hydrophobic regions of the HA hydrogel, resulting in more uniform cross-linking and thereby contributing to the enhanced mechanical properties. The tensile strength and toughness of the composite hydrogels could be easily adjusted and reach 1.00 MPa and 11.18 MJ m-3, respectively. This work provides an approach to the design of multiple responsive and tough hydrogels while offering insights into the recycling of waste epoxy resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - E Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yuwei Long
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xuehuan Xia
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Shimei Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
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9
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Lu Z, Liu L, Miao R, Zhang N, Gao M, Fan X, Li Y. Lignin sulfonate induced ultrafast fabrication of polypyrrole-based conductive organohydrogel for high performance flexible strain and temperature sensor. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 282:136969. [PMID: 39490480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2024] [Revised: 10/12/2024] [Accepted: 10/25/2024] [Indexed: 11/05/2024]
Abstract
The ultrafast preparation of electrically conductive hydrogels to endow high sensing performance and temperature tolerance remains a critical challenge. Herein, lignosulfonate sodium-templated polypyrrole (LS-PPy) nanofillers were rapidly introduced into polyacrylic acid (PAA) hydrogel through ultrafast free radical polymerization in a glycerol/water binary solvent system. The resultant LS-PPy/PAA electrically conductive organohydrogel possesses satisfactory mechanical performance (strength of 56 kPa at a tensile strain of 800 %), strong adhesion, and a desirable low freezing point (-35 °C). Furthermore, this organohydrogel exhibits high strain sensitivity (gauge factor = 2.65), fast response time (~160 ms), low signal hysteresis, and excellent cyclic stability (over 1200 cycles). And the wearable LS-PPy/PAA organohydrogel sensor could accurately and real-time monitor various intense or subtle human movements, such as joint bending, facial expression and hand writing. Besides, the developed LS-PPy/PAA temperature sensor can respond to environmental temperature variations over a wide range of -20-100 °C. High resolution of 0.5 °C with remarkable sensitivity (-0.80 %/°C and linearity of R2 = 0.99) and repeatability were achieved within 36.5-40 °C, which makes it suitable for human body temperature monitoring. All these results demonstrate the substantial prospective value of the LS-PPy/PAA hydrogel in wearable sensors and other associated fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichun Lu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lingke Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - RunTian Miao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Minjuan Gao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xingyu Fan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yueqin Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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10
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Liu X, Zhang G, Al Mohawes KB, Khashab NM. Smart membranes for separation and sensing. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc04793a. [PMID: 39483248 PMCID: PMC11523821 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc04793a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 10/16/2024] [Indexed: 11/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Self-assembled membranes are extensively applied across various fields due to their non-thermal and low-carbon footprint characteristics. Recently, smart membranes with stimuli responsiveness have garnered significant attention for their ability to alter physical and chemical properties in response to different stimuli, leading to enhanced performance and a wider range of applications compared to traditional membranes. This review highlights the recent advancements in self-assembled smart membranes, beginning with widely used membrane preparation strategies such as interfacial polymerization and blending. Then it delves into the primary types of stimuli-responses, including light, pH, and temperature, illustrated in detail with relevant examples. Additionally, the review explores the latest progress in the use of smart membranes for separation and sensing, addressing the challenges and opportunities in both fields. This review offers new insights into the design of novel smart membrane platforms for sustainable development and provides a broader perspective on their commercial potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs), Department of Chemistry, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Gengwu Zhang
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs), Department of Chemistry, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Khozama Bader Al Mohawes
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs), Department of Chemistry, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University (PNU) Riyadh 11671 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Niveen M Khashab
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs), Department of Chemistry, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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11
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Mo F, Zhou P, Lin S, Zhong J, Wang Y. A Review of Conductive Hydrogel-Based Wearable Temperature Sensors. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2401503. [PMID: 38857480 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogel has garnered significant attention as an emergent candidate for diverse wearable sensors, owing to its remarkable and tailorable properties such as flexibility, biocompatibility, and strong electrical conductivity. These attributes make it highly suitable for various wearable sensor applications (e.g., biophysical, bioelectrical, and biochemical sensors) that can monitor human health conditions and provide timely interventions. Among these applications, conductive hydrogel-based wearable temperature sensors are especially important for healthcare and disease surveillance. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of conductive hydrogel-based wearable temperature sensors. First, this work summarizes different types of conductive fillers-based hydrogel, highlighting their recent developments and advantages as wearable temperature sensors. Next, this work discusses the sensing characteristics of conductive hydrogel-based wearable temperature sensors, focusing on sensitivity, dynamic stability, stretchability, and signal output. Then, state-of-the-art applications are introduced, ranging from body temperature detection and wound temperature detection to disease monitoring. Finally, this work identifies the remaining challenges and prospects facing this field. By addressing these challenges with potential solutions, this review hopes to shed some light on future research and innovations in this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Mo
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Shihong Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Junwen Zhong
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
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12
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Lee HK, Yang YJ, Koirala GR, Oh S, Kim TI. From lab to wearables: Innovations in multifunctional hydrogel chemistry for next-generation bioelectronic devices. Biomaterials 2024; 310:122632. [PMID: 38824848 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Functional hydrogels have emerged as foundational materials in diagnostics, therapy, and wearable devices, owing to their high stretchability, flexibility, sensing, and outstanding biocompatibility. Their significance stems from their resemblance to biological tissue and their exceptional versatility in electrical, mechanical, and biofunctional engineering, positioning themselves as a bridge between living organisms and electronic systems, paving the way for the development of highly compatible, efficient, and stable interfaces. These multifaceted capability revolutionizes the essence of hydrogel-based wearable devices, distinguishing them from conventional biomedical devices in real-world practical applications. In this comprehensive review, we first discuss the fundamental chemistry of hydrogels, elucidating their distinct properties and functionalities. Subsequently, we examine the applications of these bioelectronics within the human body, unveiling their transformative potential in diagnostics, therapy, and human-machine interfaces (HMI) in real wearable bioelectronics. This exploration serves as a scientific compass for researchers navigating the interdisciplinary landscape of chemistry, materials science, and bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hin Kiu Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Ji Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyan Raj Koirala
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyoun Oh
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Il Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Leng Y, Britten CN, Tarannum F, Foley K, Billings C, Liu Y, Walters KB. Stimuli-Responsive Phosphate Hydrogel: A Study on Swelling Behavior, Mechanical Properties, and Application in Expansion Microscopy. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:37687-37701. [PMID: 39281925 PMCID: PMC11391540 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Phosphorus-based stimuli-responsive hydrogels have potential in a wide range of applications due to their ionizable phosphorus groups, biocompatibility, and tunable swelling capacity utilizing hydrogel design parameters and external stimuli. In this study, poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphate) (PMOEP) hydrogels were synthesized via aqueous activators regenerated by electron transfer atomic transfer radical polymerization using ascorbic acid as the reducing agent. Swelling and deswelling behaviors of PMOEP hydrogels were examined in different salt solutions, pH conditions, and temperatures. The degree of swelling in salt solutions followed CaCl2 < MgCl2 < KCl < NaCl with a decrease in swelling rate at higher concentrations until reaching a saturation point. In water, the degree of swelling increased significantly around neutral pH and remained constant at basic pH values. The effects of polymerization conditions, including pH, temperature (30, 40, 50 °C), and MOEP concentration (40, 50, 60% v/v MOEP/H2O), on the hydrogel swelling behavior in various salt solutions were also investigated. PMOEP hydrogels showed a decrease in the degree of swelling as the pH was increased above the native pH of the monomer solution. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy were utilized to examine the microstructure and chemical composition of the dried hydrogel after salt solution swelling. Cytotoxicity testing using rat bone marrow stem cells confirmed the biocompatibility of the PMOEP hydrogels. A unique feature of this effort was evaluation of these phosphate hydrogels for use in expansion microscopy where a significant twofold enhancement in cellular expansion capacity was showcased utilizing 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells. This comprehensive study provides valuable insights into the stimuli-responsive behavior and expansion characteristics of phosphate hydrogels, highlighting their potential in diverse biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yokly Leng
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biological Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Collin N Britten
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Fatema Tarannum
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Kayla Foley
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Christopher Billings
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Yingtao Liu
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Keisha B Walters
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
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14
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Balcerak-Woźniak A, Dzwonkowska-Zarzycka M, Kabatc-Borcz J. A Comprehensive Review of Stimuli-Responsive Smart Polymer Materials-Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:4255. [PMID: 39274645 PMCID: PMC11396725 DOI: 10.3390/ma17174255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024]
Abstract
Today, smart materials are commonly used in various fields of science and technology, such as medicine, electronics, soft robotics, the chemical industry, the automotive field, and many others. Smart polymeric materials hold good promise for the future due to their endless possibilities. This group of advanced materials can be sensitive to changes or the presence of various chemical, physical, and biological stimuli, e.g., light, temperature, pH, magnetic/electric field, pressure, microorganisms, bacteria, viruses, toxic substances, and many others. This review concerns the newest achievements in the area of smart polymeric materials. The recent advances in the designing of stimuli-responsive polymers are described in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Balcerak-Woźniak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Monika Dzwonkowska-Zarzycka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Janina Kabatc-Borcz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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15
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Yang T, Lu SH, Zhu H, Patetsos A, McDonald E, Mellor MD, Luo Y, Rusling JF, Wang X, He J. Tough and Elastic Cellulose Composite Hydrogels/Films for Flexible Wearable Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:40018-40029. [PMID: 39028989 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c08592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose and its composites, despite being abundant and sustainable, are typically brittle with very low flexibility/stretchability. This study reports a solution processing method to prepare porous, amorphous, and elastic cellulose hydrogels and films. Native cellulose dissolved in a water-ZnCl2 mixture can form ionic gels through in situ polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) to poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). The addition of up to 30 vol % AA does not change the solubility of cellulose in the water-ZnCl2 mixture. After polymerization, the formation of interpenetrated networks, resulting from the chemical cross-linking of PAA and the ionic/coordination binding among cellulose/PAA and ZnCl2, gives rise to strong, transparent, and ionically conductive hydrogels. These hydrogels can be used for wearable sensors to detect mechanical deformation under stretching, compression, and bending. Upon removal of ZnCl2 and drying the gels, semitransparent amorphous cellulose composite films can be obtained with a Young's modulus of up to 4 GPa. The rehydration of these films leads to the formation of tough, highly elastic composites. With a water content of 3-10.5%, cellulose-containing films as strong as paper also show typical characteristics of elastomers with an elongation of up to 1300%. Such composite films provide an alternative solution to resolving the material sustainability of natural polymers without compromising their mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - James F Rusling
- Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland at Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
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16
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Choi SH, Kim JH, Ahn J, Kim T, Jung Y, Won D, Bang J, Pyun KR, Jeong S, Kim H, Kim YG, Ko SH. Phase patterning of liquid crystal elastomers by laser-induced dynamic crosslinking. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:834-843. [PMID: 38532072 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01845-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers hold promise in various fields due to their reversible transition of mechanical and optical properties across distinct phases. However, the lack of local phase patterning techniques and irreversible phase programming has hindered their broad implementation. Here we introduce laser-induced dynamic crosslinking, which leverages the precision and control offered by laser technology to achieve high-resolution multilevel patterning and transmittance modulation. Incorporation of allyl sulfide groups enables adaptive liquid crystal elastomers that can be reconfigured into desired phases or complex patterns. Laser-induced dynamic crosslinking is compatible with existing processing methods and allows the generation of thermo- and strain-responsive patterns that include isotropic, polydomain and monodomain phases within a single liquid crystal elastomer film. We show temporary information encryption at body temperature, expanding the functionality of liquid crystal elastomer devices in wearable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Hwan Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyong Ahn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taegyeom Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongju Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeyeon Won
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyuk Bang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Rok Pyun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongmin Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsu Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Gyu Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Engineering Research / Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design (SNU-IAMD), Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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17
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Sun Z, Yin Y, Liu B, Xue T, Zou Q. Amphibious Multifunctional Hydrogel Flexible Haptic Sensor with Self-Compensation Mechanism. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3232. [PMID: 38794086 PMCID: PMC11125873 DOI: 10.3390/s24103232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, hydrogel-based wearable flexible electronic devices have attracted much attention. However, hydrogel-based sensors are affected by structural fatigue, material aging, and water absorption and swelling, making stability and accuracy a major challenge. In this study, we present a DN-SPEZ dual-network hydrogel prepared using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), sodium alginate (SA), ethylene glycol (EG), and ZnSO4 and propose a self-calibration compensation strategy. The strategy utilizes a metal salt solution to adjust the carrier concentration of the hydrogel to mitigate the resistance drift phenomenon to improve the stability and accuracy of hydrogel sensors in amphibious scenarios, such as land and water. The ExpGrow model was used to characterize the trend of the ∆R/R0 dynamic response curves of the hydrogels in the stress tests, and the average deviation of the fitted curves ϵ¯ was calculated to quantify the stability differences of different groups. The results showed that the stability of the uncompensated group was much lower than that of the compensated group utilizing LiCl, NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and AlCl3 solutions (ϵ¯ in the uncompensated group in air was 276.158, 1.888, 2.971, 30.586, and 13.561 times higher than that of the compensated group in LiCl, NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and AlCl3, respectively; ϵ¯ in the uncompensated group in seawater was 10.287 times, 1.008 times, 1.161 times, 4.986 times, 1.281 times, respectively, higher than that of the compensated group in LiCl, NaCl, KCl, MgCl2 and AlCl3). In addition, for the ranking of the compensation effect of different compensation solutions, the concentration of the compensation solution and the ionic radius and charge of the cation were found to be important factors in determining the compensation effect. Detection of events in amphibious environments such as swallowing, robotic arm grasping, Morse code, and finger-wrist bending was also performed in this study. This work provides a viable method for stability and accuracy enhancement of dual-network hydrogel sensors with strain and pressure sensing capabilities and offers solutions for sensor applications in both airborne and underwater amphibious environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhao Sun
- School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (Z.S.); (Y.Y.); (B.L.)
| | - Yunjiang Yin
- School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (Z.S.); (Y.Y.); (B.L.)
| | - Baoguo Liu
- School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (Z.S.); (Y.Y.); (B.L.)
| | - Tao Xue
- Center of Analysis and Testing Facilities, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;
| | - Qiang Zou
- School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (Z.S.); (Y.Y.); (B.L.)
- Tianjin International Joint Research Center for Internet of Things, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Imaging and Sensing Microelectronic Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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18
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He W, Li P, Wang H, Hu Y, Lu B, Weng C, Cheng H, Qu L. Robustly and Intrinsically Stretchable Ionic Gel-Based Moisture-Enabled Power Generator with High Human Body Conformality. ACS NANO 2024; 18:12096-12104. [PMID: 38687972 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Direct harvesting of energy from moist air will be a promising route to supply electricity for booming wearable and distributed electronics, with the recent rapid development of the moisture-enabled electricity generator (MEG). However, the easy spatial distortion of rigid MEG materials under severe deformation extremely inconveniences the human body with intense physical activity, seriously hindering the desirable applications. Here, an intrinsically stretchable moisture-enabled electricity generator (s-MEG) is developed based on a well-fabricated stretchable functional ionic gel (SIG) with a flexible double-network structure and reversible cross-linking interactions, demonstrating stable electricity output performance even when stretched up to 150% strain and high human body conformality. This SIG exhibits ultrahigh tensile strain (∼600%), and a 1 cm × 1 cm SIG film-based s-MEG can generate a voltage of ∼0.4 V and a current of ∼5.7 μA when absorbing water from humidity air. Based on the strong adhesion and the excellent interface combination of SIG and rough fabric electrodes induced by the fabrication process, s-MEG is able to realize bending or twisting deformation and shows outstanding electricity output stability with ∼90% performance retention after 5000 cycles of bending tests. By connecting s-MEG units in series or parallel, an integrated device of "moisture-powered wristband" is developed to wear on the wrist of humans and drive a flexible sensor for tracking finger motions. Additionally, a comfortable "moisture-powered sheath" based on s-MEGs is created, which can be worn like clothing on human arms to generate energy while walking and flexing the elbow, which is promising in the field of wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenya He
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Puying Li
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yajie Hu
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Bing Lu
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Chuanxin Weng
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Huhu Cheng
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Liangti Qu
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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19
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Rajawasam CWH, Tran C, Sparks JL, Krueger WH, Hartley CS, Konkolewicz D. Carbodiimide-Driven Toughening of Interpenetrated Polymer Networks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400843. [PMID: 38517330 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Recent work has demonstrated that temporary crosslinks in polymer networks generated by chemical "fuels" afford materials with large, transient changes in their mechanical properties. This can be accomplished in carboxylic-acid-functionalized polymer hydrogels using carbodiimides, which generate anhydride crosslinks with lifetimes on the order of minutes to hours. Here, the impact of the polymer network architecture on the mechanical properties of transiently crosslinked materials was explored. Single networks (SNs) were compared to interpenetrated networks (IPNs). Notably, semi-IPN precursors that give IPNs on treatment with carbodiimide give much higher fracture energies (i.e., resistance to fracture) and superior resistance to compressive strain compared to other network architectures. A precursor semi-IPN material featuring acrylic acid in only the free polymer chains yields, on treatment with carbodiimide, an IPN with a fracture energy of 2400 J/m2, a fourfold increase compared to an analogous semi-IPN precursor that yields a SN. This resistance to fracture enables the formation of macroscopic complex cut patterns, even at high strain, underscoring the pivotal role of polymer architecture in mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corvo Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Jessica L Sparks
- Department of Chemical Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - William H Krueger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - C Scott Hartley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
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20
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Bao Z, Lu S, Zhang D, Wang G, Cui X, Liu G. Wearable Microneedle Patch for Colorimetric Detection of Multiple Signature Biomarkers in vivo Toward Diabetic Diagnosis. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303511. [PMID: 38353398 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is rapidly emerging as a global public health problem. While blood glucose monitoring has been the primary method of managing diabetes for decades, the increasing global prevalence of the disease suggests that there might be a need to identify additional biomarkers for a more precise early diagnosis. Herein, a microneedle patch based wearable sensor is developed for the purpose of diabetic diagnosis. Utilizing methacrylic acid modified gelatin and polyvinyl alcohol in the fabrication of microneedles has improved their mechanical properties for skin penetration and increased swelling capacity for interstitial fluid extraction, thanks to the double crosslinking mechanism. The fabricated microneedles are further integrated with test paper functionalized with enzyme and dye molecules to detect multiple signature biomarkers of diabetes in vivo through a colorimetric reaction. Such a wearable microneedle patch holds significant promise for the real-time monitoring of various biomarkers related to chronic diseases and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziting Bao
- CUHK(SZ)-Boyalife Joint Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine Engineering, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Sheng Lu
- CUHK(SZ)-Boyalife Joint Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine Engineering, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- CUHK(SZ)-Boyalife Joint Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine Engineering, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Guanyu Wang
- Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Xiaolin Cui
- CUHK(SZ)-Boyalife Joint Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine Engineering, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Guozhen Liu
- CUHK(SZ)-Boyalife Joint Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine Engineering, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
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21
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Long S, Chen F, Ren H, Hu Y, Chen C, Huang Y, Li X. Ion-Cross-Linked Hybrid Photochromic Hydrogels with Enhanced Mechanical Properties and Shape Memory Behaviour. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1031. [PMID: 38674950 PMCID: PMC11054056 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Shape-shifting polymers usually require not only reversible stimuli-responsive ability, but also strong mechanical properties. A novel shape-shifting photochromic hydrogel system was designed and fabricated by embedding hydrophobic spiropyran (SP) into double polymeric network (DN) through micellar copolymerisation. Here, sodium alginate (Alg) and poly acrylate-co-methyl acrylate-co-spiropyran (P(SA-co-MA-co-SPMA)) were employed as the first network and the second network, respectively, to realise high mechanical strength. After being soaked in the CaCl2 solution, the carboxyl groups in the system underwent metal complexation with Ca2+ to enhance the hydrogel. Moreover, after the hydrogel was exposed to UV-light, the closed isomer of spiropyran in the hydrogel network could be converted into an open zwitterionic isomer merocyanine (MC), which was considered to interact with Ca2+ ions. Interestingly, Ca2+ and UV-light responsive programmable shape of the copolymer hydrogel could recover to its original form via immersion in pure water. Given its excellent metal ion and UV light stimuli-responsive and mechanical properties, the hydrogel has potential applications in the field of soft actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Long
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (S.L.); (F.C.); (H.R.); (Y.H.)
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Xiangyang 441000, China
- New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Fan Chen
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (S.L.); (F.C.); (H.R.); (Y.H.)
| | - Han Ren
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (S.L.); (F.C.); (H.R.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yali Hu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (S.L.); (F.C.); (H.R.); (Y.H.)
| | - Chao Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yiwan Huang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (S.L.); (F.C.); (H.R.); (Y.H.)
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Xiangyang 441000, China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (S.L.); (F.C.); (H.R.); (Y.H.)
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Xiangyang 441000, China
- New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
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22
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Cao J, Wu B, Yuan P, Liu Y, Hu C. Progress of Research on Conductive Hydrogels in Flexible Wearable Sensors. Gels 2024; 10:144. [PMID: 38391474 PMCID: PMC10887588 DOI: 10.3390/gels10020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels, characterized by their excellent conductivity and flexibility, have attracted widespread attention and research in the field of flexible wearable sensors. This paper reviews the application progress, related challenges, and future prospects of conductive hydrogels in flexible wearable sensors. Initially, the basic properties and classifications of conductive hydrogels are introduced. Subsequently, this paper discusses in detail the specific applications of conductive hydrogels in different sensor applications, such as motion detection, medical diagnostics, electronic skin, and human-computer interactions. Finally, the application prospects and challenges are summarized. Overall, the exceptional performance and multifunctionality of conductive hydrogels make them one of the most important materials for future wearable technologies. However, further research and innovation are needed to overcome the challenges faced and to realize the wider application of conductive hydrogels in flexible sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cao
- School of Fashion and Design Art, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Bo Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ping Yuan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yeqi Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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23
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Khan MUA, Stojanović GM, Abdullah MFB, Dolatshahi-Pirouz A, Marei HE, Ashammakhi N, Hasan A. Fundamental properties of smart hydrogels for tissue engineering applications: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127882. [PMID: 37951446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is an advanced and potential biomedical approach to treat patients suffering from lost or failed an organ or tissue to repair and regenerate damaged tissues that increase life expectancy. The biopolymers have been used to fabricate smart hydrogels to repair damaged tissue as they imitate the extracellular matrix (ECM) with intricate structural and functional characteristics. These hydrogels offer desired and controllable qualities, such as tunable mechanical stiffness and strength, inherent adaptability and biocompatibility, swellability, and biodegradability, all crucial for tissue engineering. Smart hydrogels provide a superior cellular environment for tissue engineering, enabling the generation of cutting-edge synthetic tissues due to their special qualities, such as stimuli sensitivity and reactivity. Numerous review articles have presented the exceptional potential of hydrogels for various biomedical applications, including drug delivery, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering. Still, it is essential to write a comprehensive review article on smart hydrogels that successfully addresses the essential challenging issues in tissue engineering. Hence, the recent development on smart hydrogel for state-of-the-art tissue engineering conferred progress, highlighting significant challenges and future perspectives. This review discusses recent advances in smart hydrogels fabricated from biological macromolecules and their use for advanced tissue engineering. It also provides critical insight, emphasizing future research directions and progress in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar.
| | - Goran M Stojanović
- Department of Electronics, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Mohd Faizal Bin Abdullah
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | | | - Hany E Marei
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
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24
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Garshasbi HR, Soleymani S, Naghib SM, Mozafari MR. Multi-stimuli-responsive Hydrogels for Therapeutic Systems: An Overview on Emerging Materials, Devices, and Drugs. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:2027-2046. [PMID: 38877860 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128304924240527113111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
The rising interest in hydrogels nowadays is due to their usefulness in physiological conditions as multi-stimuli-responsive hydrogels. To reply to the prearranged stimuli, including chemical triggers, light, magnetic field, electric field, ionic strength, temperature, pH, and glucose levels, dual/multi-stimuli-sensitive gels/hydrogels display controllable variations in mechanical characteristics and swelling. Recent attention has focused on injectable hydrogel-based drug delivery systems (DDS) because of its promise to offer regulated, controlled, and targeted medication release to the tumor site. These technologies have great potential to improve treatment outcomes and lessen side effects from prolonged chemotherapy exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Garshasbi
- Nanotechnology Department, School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran 1684613114, Iran
| | - Sina Soleymani
- Nanotechnology Department, School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran 1684613114, Iran
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Interdisciplinary Technologies, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Morteza Naghib
- Nanotechnology Department, School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran 1684613114, Iran
| | - M R Mozafari
- Australasian Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative (ANNI), Monash University LPO, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
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25
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Xue R, Wang CX, Zhao ZG, Chen YH, Yang J, Feng CP. Flexible Silica/MXene/Natural rubber film strain sensors with island chain structure for Healthcare monitoring. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 650:1235-1243. [PMID: 37478740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The demand for flexible strain sensors with high sensitivity and durability has increased significantly. However, traditional sensors are limited in terms of their detection ranges and fabrications. In this work, a space stacking method was proposed to fabricate natural rubber (NR)/ Ti3C2Tx (MXene)/silica (SiO2) films that possessed exceptional electrical conductivity, sensitivity and reliability. The introduction of SiO2 into the NR/MXene composite enabled the construction of an "island-chain structure", which promoted the formation of conductive pathways and significantly improved the conductivity of the composite. Specifically, the electrical conductivity of the NR/MXene/10 wt%SiO2 composite was enhanced by about 200 times compared to that of the NR/MXene composite alone (from 0.07 to 13.4 S/m). Additionally, the "island-chain structure" further enhanced the sensing properties of the NR/MXene/10 wt%SiO2 composite, as evidenced by its excellent sensitivity (GF = 189.2), rapid response time (102 ms), and good repeatability over 10,000 cycles. The fabricated device demonstrates an outstanding mechanical sensing performance and can accurately detect human physiological signals. Specifically, the device serves as a strain detector, recognizing different strain signals by monitoring the movement of fingers, arms, and thighs. This study provides critical insights into composite manufacturing with exceptional conductivity, flexibility and stability, which are essential properties for creating high-performance flexible sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xue
- National and Local Engineering Laboratory for Slag Comprehensive Utilization and Environment Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China
| | - Chou-Xuan Wang
- National and Local Engineering Laboratory for Slag Comprehensive Utilization and Environment Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China
| | - Zhong-Guo Zhao
- National and Local Engineering Laboratory for Slag Comprehensive Utilization and Environment Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China.
| | - Yan-Hui Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Chang-Ping Feng
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
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26
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Xiao X, Chen J, Wang K, Yu Y, Wei K. Multimaterial Additively Manufactured Metamaterials Functionalized with Customizable Thermal Expansion in Multiple Directions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:47434-47446. [PMID: 37782300 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials functionalized with customizable multidirectional coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) are urgently needed for advanced shape control or dimensional stability under temperature variations. The currently reported metamaterials still lack the development of diverse base material systems and exploration of the multimaterial fabrication process. Especially, the reported range of customizable CTEs for metamaterials in multiple directions is limited within [-68.1, 56.4] ppm/°C. Here, this work explicitly proposes a strategy for closely linking base materials, additive manufacturing (AM) process, architecture, and CTE tunability, in order to provide a general guideline for the design or customization of such metamaterials. In detail, first, we systematically identify the key process parameters and related performance for additive manufacturing of polymers and propose various multimaterial systems such as polypropylene-polycarbonate (PP-PC). Then, six types of metamaterials have been fabricated with high quality by the established multimaterial additive manufacturing. By measuring the effective CTEs in multiple directions, the CTE tunability of metamaterials, including large positive values (+523.36 ppm/°C) and large negative values (-230.61 ppm/°C), far beyond the literature-reported CTE range, has been experimentally verified. Further, we have developed a bidirectional requirement-solution strategy here that acts as a bridge between design and fabrication. This work opens advanced avenues for metamaterials with multidirectionally customizable and extensive CTE tunability for a variety of engineering applications such as actuators, thermal stress relief, and improved structural stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyujie Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Simulation Techniques for Special Equipment, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Simulation Techniques for Special Equipment, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Kaiyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Simulation Techniques for Special Equipment, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yinzheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Simulation Techniques for Special Equipment, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Kai Wei
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Simulation Techniques for Special Equipment, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
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27
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Ye Y, Yu L, Lizundia E, Zhu Y, Chen C, Jiang F. Cellulose-Based Ionic Conductor: An Emerging Material toward Sustainable Devices. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9204-9264. [PMID: 37419504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Ionic conductors (ICs) find widespread applications across different fields, such as smart electronic, ionotronic, sensor, biomedical, and energy harvesting/storage devices, and largely determine the function and performance of these devices. In the pursuit of developing ICs required for better performing and sustainable devices, cellulose appears as an attractive and promising building block due to its high abundance, renewability, striking mechanical strength, and other functional features. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary regarding ICs fabricated from cellulose and cellulose-derived materials in terms of fundamental structural features of cellulose, the materials design and fabrication techniques for engineering, main properties and characterization, and diverse applications. Next, the potential of cellulose-based ICs to relieve the increasing concern about electronic waste within the frame of circularity and environmental sustainability and the future directions to be explored for advancing this field are discussed. Overall, we hope this review can provide a comprehensive summary and unique perspectives on the design and application of advanced cellulose-based ICs and thereby encourage the utilization of cellulosic materials toward sustainable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Ye
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Lab, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Bioproducts Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Le Yu
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Erlantz Lizundia
- Life Cycle Thinking Group, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering in Bilbao University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao 48013, Spain
- BCMaterials Lab, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Yeling Zhu
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Lab, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Bioproducts Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Chaoji Chen
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Lab, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Bioproducts Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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28
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Omidian H, Chowdhury SD. High-Performing Conductive Hydrogels for Wearable Applications. Gels 2023; 9:549. [PMID: 37504428 PMCID: PMC10379850 DOI: 10.3390/gels9070549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels have gained significant attention for their extensive applications in healthcare monitoring, wearable sensors, electronic devices, soft robotics, energy storage, and human-machine interfaces. To address the limitations of conductive hydrogels, researchers are focused on enhancing properties such as sensitivity, mechanical strength, electrical performance at low temperatures, stability, antibacterial properties, and conductivity. Composite materials, including nanoparticles, nanowires, polymers, and ionic liquids, are incorporated to improve the conductivity and mechanical strength. Biocompatibility and biosafety are emphasized for safe integration with biological tissues. Conductive hydrogels exhibit unique properties such as stretchability, self-healing, wet adhesion, anti-freezing, transparency, UV-shielding, and adjustable mechanical properties, making them suitable for specific applications. Researchers aim to develop multifunctional hydrogels with antibacterial characteristics, self-healing capabilities, transparency, UV-shielding, gas-sensing, and strain-sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Omidian
- Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Sumana Dey Chowdhury
- Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
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29
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Lian JJ, Guo WT, Sun QJ. Emerging Functional Polymer Composites for Tactile Sensing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4310. [PMID: 37374494 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, extensive research has been conducted on the development of high-performance flexible tactile sensors, pursuing the next generation of highly intelligent electronics with diverse potential applications in self-powered wearable sensors, human-machine interactions, electronic skin, and soft robotics. Among the most promising materials that have emerged in this context are functional polymer composites (FPCs), which exhibit exceptional mechanical and electrical properties, enabling them to be excellent candidates for tactile sensors. Herein, this review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in FPCs-based tactile sensors, including the fundamental principle, the necessary property parameter, the unique device structure, and the fabrication process of different types of tactile sensors. Examples of FPCs are elaborated with a focus on miniaturization, self-healing, self-cleaning, integration, biodegradation, and neural control. Furthermore, the applications of FPC-based tactile sensors in tactile perception, human-machine interaction, and healthcare are further described. Finally, the existing limitations and technical challenges for FPCs-based tactile sensors are briefly discussed, offering potential avenues for the development of electronic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jin Lian
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen-Tao Guo
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qi-Jun Sun
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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30
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Hu C, Wei H, Hua B, Zhang Y, Wang G, Guo T. Facile fabrication of a broad-spectrum starch/poly(α-l-lysine) hydrogel adsorbent with thermal/pH-sensitive IPN structure through simultaneous dual-click strategy. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 309:120672. [PMID: 36906358 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
A thermal/pH-sensitive interpenetrating network (IPN) hydrogel was prepared facilely from starch and poly(α-l-lysine) through amino-anhydride and azide-alkyne double-click reactions in one pot. The synthesized polymers and hydrogels were systematically characterized using different analytical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and rheometer. The preparation conditions of the IPN hydrogel were optimized via one-factor experiments. Experimental results indicated the IPN hydrogel possessed pH and temperature sensitivity. Effect of different parameters (pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration, ionic strength, and temperature) on adsorption behavior were investigated in monocomponent system with cationic methylene blue (MB) and anionic Eosin Y (EY) as model pollutants. The results indicated that the adsorption process of the IPN hydrogel for MB and EY followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The adsorption data for MB and EY fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating monolayer chemisorption. The good adsorption performance was due to various active functional groups (-COOH, -OH, -NH2, etc.) in the IPN hydrogel. The strategy described here opens up a new way for preparing IPN hydrogel. The as-prepared hydrogel exhibits potential application and bright prospects as an adsorbent in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunwang Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Hongliang Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Bingyan Hua
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yaqi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Tao Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
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31
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Zhang H, Hu H, Dai Y, Xin L, Pang Q, Zhang S, Ma L. A conductive multifunctional hydrogel dressing with the synergistic effect of ROS-scavenging and electroactivity for the treatment and sensing of chronic diabetic wounds. Acta Biomater 2023:S1742-7061(23)00310-0. [PMID: 37270075 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic diabetic wound with persistent inflammatory responses is still a serious threat to human health and life. Ideal wound dressings can be applied not only for covering the injury area, but also for regulating the inflammation to accelerate the wound healing and long-term monitoring of wound condition. However, there remains a challenge to design a multifunctional wound dressing for simultaneous treatment and monitoring of wound. Herein, an ionic conductive hydrogel with intrinsic reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging properties and good electroactivity was developed for achieving the synergetic treatment and monitoring of diabetic wounds. In this study, we modified dextran methacrylate with phenylboronic acid (PBA) to prepare a ROS-scavenging material (DMP). Then the hydrogel was constructed by phenylboronic ester bonds induced dynamic crosslinking network, photo-crosslinked DMP and choline-based ionic liquid as the second network, and the crystallized polyvinyl alcohol as the third network, realizing good ROS-scavenging performance, high electroactivity, durable mechanical properties, and favorable biocompatibility. In vivo results showed that the hydrogel combined with electrical stimulation (ES) demonstrated good performance in promoting re-epithelization, angiogenesis and collagen deposition in chronic diabetic wound treatment by alleviating inflammation. Notably, with desirable mechanical properties and conductivity, the hydrogel could also precisely monitor movements of human body and possible tensile and compressive stresses of the wound site, providing timely alerts of excessive mechanical stress applied to the wound tissue. Thus, this "all-in-one" hydrogel exhibits great potential in constructing the next generation flexible bioelectronics for wound treatment and monitoring. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: : Chronic diabetic wounds characterized by overexpressed reactive oxygen species (ROS) are still a serious threat to human health and life. However, there remains a challenge to design a multifunctional wound dressing for simultaneous wound treatment and monitoring. Herein, a flexible conductive hydrogel dressing with intrinsic ROS-scavenging properties and electroactivity was developed for the combined treatment and monitoring of the wound. The antioxidant hydrogel combined with electrical stimulation synergistically accelerated chronic diabetic wound healing by regulating oxidative stress, alleviating inflammation, promoting re-epithelization, angiogenesis and collagen deposition. Notably, with desirable mechanical properties and conductivity, the hydrogel also presented great potential in monitoring possible stresses of the wound site. The "all-in-one" bioelectronics integrating the treatment and monitoring functions present great application potential for accelerating chronic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqi Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hongtao Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yangyang Dai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Liaobing Xin
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Qian Pang
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Songying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Lie Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China.
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32
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Li MY, Zhai S, Nong XM, Gu A, Li J, Lin GQ, Liu Y. Trisubstituted alkenes featuring aryl groups: stereoselective synthetic strategies and applications. Sci China Chem 2023; 66:1261-1287. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
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33
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Wang X, Qin Q, Lu Y, Mi Y, Meng J, Zhao Z, Wu H, Cao X, Wang N. Smart Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on Stimulus-Response Materials: From Intelligent Applications to Self-Powered Systems. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1316. [PMID: 37110900 PMCID: PMC10141953 DOI: 10.3390/nano13081316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Smart responsive materials can react to external stimuli via a reversible mechanism and can be directly combined with a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) to deliver various intelligent applications, such as sensors, actuators, robots, artificial muscles, and controlled drug delivery. Not only that, mechanical energy in the reversible response of innovative materials can be scavenged and transformed into decipherable electrical signals. Because of the high dependence of amplitude and frequency on environmental stimuli, self-powered intelligent systems may be thus built and present an immediate response to stress, electrical current, temperature, magnetic field, or even chemical compounds. This review summarizes the recent research progress of smart TENGs based on stimulus-response materials. After briefly introducing the working principle of TENG, we discuss the implementation of smart materials in TENGs with a classification of several sub-groups: shape-memory alloy, piezoelectric materials, magneto-rheological, and electro-rheological materials. While we focus on their design strategy and function collaboration, applications in robots, clinical treatment, and sensors are described in detail to show the versatility and promising future of smart TNEGs. In the end, challenges and outlooks in this field are highlighted, with an aim to promote the integration of varied advanced intelligent technologies into compact, diverse functional packages in a self-powered mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Wang
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qinghao Qin
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yin Lu
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yajun Mi
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiajing Meng
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zequan Zhao
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Han Wu
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xia Cao
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Ning Wang
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China;
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Zeng W, Jiang C, Wu D. Heterogeneity Regulation of Bilayer Polysaccharide Hydrogels for Integrating pH- and Humidity-Responsive Actuators and Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:16097-16108. [PMID: 36924131 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bilayer hydrogel-based actuators have attracted much interest because inhomogeneous structures are easily constructed in hydrogels. We used three kinds of polysaccharides, including anionic carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), cationic chitosan (CS), and amphoteric carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS), as both structure-constructing units and actuation-controlling units in this work to fabricate physically crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) bilayer hydrogels. The spatial heterogeneity was tuned by changing the types and concentrations of polysaccharides in different layers, to regulate pH- and humidity-driven actions of bilayer hydrogels. Based on the distortion of the ionic channel during the humidity-motivated deformation of bilayer hydrogels, a two-in-one flexible device integrating a humidity-driven actuator and humidity-responsive sensor was then developed, which could detect the alterations of environmental humidity in real time. Moreover, good tensile toughness and interfacial bonding as well as the strain-resistance effect endowed the bilayer hydrogels with the capability of identifying human motion as a strain sensor, unlocking more application scenarios. This work provides an overall insight into the heterogeneity regulation of bilayer hydrogels using polysaccharides as stimulus-responsive units and also proposes an interesting strategy of manufacturing hydrogel-based flexible devices with both actuating and sensing capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zeng
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, P. R. China
| | - Chenguang Jiang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, P. R. China
| | - Defeng Wu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, P. R. China
- Provincial Key Laboratories of Environmental Materials & Engineering, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, P. R. China
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35
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Xu L, Ding L, Sun Y, Zhang T, Zhu Y, Yan B, Yang M, Ramakrishna S, Zhang J, Long YZ. Stretchable, flexible and breathable polylactic acid/polyvinyl pyrrolidone bandage based on Kirigami for wounds monitoring and treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 237:124204. [PMID: 36990399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Chronic wounds are slow to recover. During treatment, the dressing needs to be removed to check the recovery status, a process that often results in wound tears. Traditional dressings lack stretching and flexing properties and are not suitable using on wounds in joints, which require movement from time to time. In this study, we present a stretchable, flexible and breathable bandage consisting of three layers, including Mxene coating on the top, the polylactic acid/polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PLA/PVP) layer designed as Kirigami in the middle, and the f-sensor at the bottom. By the way, the f-sensor is in contact with the wound sensing real-time microenvironmental changes due to infection. When the infection intensifies, the Mxene coating at the top is utilized to enable anti-infection treatment. And Kirigami structure of PLA/PVP ensures that this bandage has stretchability, bendability, and breathability. The stretch of the smart bandage increases to 831 % compared to the original structure, and the modulus reduces to 0.04 %, which adapts extremely well to the movement of the joints and relieves the pressure on the wound. This monitoring-treatment closed-loop working mode, eliminating the need to remove dressings and avoid tissue tearing, shows a promising capability in the field of surgical wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials & Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Liqiang Ding
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials & Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Yuehua Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials & Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials & Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Youfu Zhu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Bingyu Yan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials & Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Min Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials & Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China; School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Center for Nanofibers & Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574, Singapore
| | - Jun Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials & Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| | - Yun-Ze Long
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials & Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
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36
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Mohammed AA, Miao J, Ragaisyte I, Porter AE, Myant CW, Pinna A. 3D printed superparamagnetic stimuli-responsive starfish-shaped hydrogels. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14682. [PMID: 37095948 PMCID: PMC10121623 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic-stimuli responsive hydrogels are quickly becoming a promising class of materials across numerous fields, including biomedical devices, soft robotic actuators, and wearable electronics. Hydrogels are commonly fabricated by conventional methods that limit the potential for complex architectures normally required for rapidly changing custom configurations. Rapid prototyping using 3D printing provides a solution for this. Previous work has shown successful extrusion 3D printing of magnetic hydrogels; however, extrusion-based printing is limited by nozzle resolution and ink viscosity. VAT photopolymerization offers a higher control over resolution and build-architecture. Liquid photo-resins with magnetic nanocomposites normally suffer from nanoparticle agglomeration due to local magnetic fields. In this work, we develop an optimised method for homogenously infusing up to 2 wt % superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) with a 10 nm diameter into a photo-resin composed of water, acrylamide and PEGDA, with improved nanoparticle homogeneity and reduced agglomeration during printing. The 3D printed starfish hydrogels exhibited high mechanical stability and robust mechanical properties with a maximum Youngs modulus of 1.8 MPa and limited shape deformation of 10% when swollen. Each individual arm of the starfish could be magnetically actuated when a remote magnetic field is applied. The starfish could grab onto a magnet with all arms when a central magnetic field was applied. Ultimately, these hydrogels retained their shape post-printing and returned to their original formation once the magnetic field had been removed. These hydrogels can be used across a wide range of applications, including soft robotics and magnetically stimulated actuators.
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Zhu T, Ni Y, Biesold GM, Cheng Y, Ge M, Li H, Huang J, Lin Z, Lai Y. Recent advances in conductive hydrogels: classifications, properties, and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:473-509. [PMID: 36484322 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00173j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogel-based conductive materials for smart wearable devices have attracted increasing attention due to their excellent flexibility, versatility, and outstanding biocompatibility. This review presents the recent advances in multifunctional conductive hydrogels for electronic devices. First, conductive hydrogels with different components are discussed, including pure single network hydrogels based on conductive polymers, single network hydrogels with additional conductive additives (i.e., nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanosheets), double network hydrogels based on conductive polymers, and double network hydrogels with additional conductive additives. Second, conductive hydrogels with a variety of functionalities, including self-healing, super toughness, self-growing, adhesive, anti-swelling, antibacterial, structural color, hydrophobic, anti-freezing, shape memory and external stimulus responsiveness are introduced in detail. Third, the applications of hydrogels in flexible devices are illustrated (i.e., strain sensors, supercapacitors, touch panels, triboelectric nanogenerator, bioelectronic devices, and robot). Next, the current challenges facing hydrogels are summarized. Finally, an imaginative but reasonable outlook is given, which aims to drive further development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxue Zhu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China.
| | - Yimeng Ni
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China.
| | - Gill M Biesold
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Yan Cheng
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P. R. China
| | - Mingzheng Ge
- School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, P. R. China
| | - Huaqiong Li
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P. R. China
| | - Jianying Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China. .,Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqun Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore.
| | - Yuekun Lai
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China. .,Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, P. R. China
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38
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Zhou X, Cao W. Flexible and Stretchable Carbon-Based Sensors and Actuators for Soft Robots. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:316. [PMID: 36678069 PMCID: PMC9864711 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the emergence of low-dimensional carbon-based materials, such as carbon dots, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, together with the advances in materials science, have greatly enriched the variety of flexible and stretchable electronic devices. Compared with conventional rigid devices, these soft robotic sensors and actuators exhibit remarkable advantages in terms of their biocompatibility, portability, power efficiency, and wearability, thus creating myriad possibilities of novel wearable and implantable tactile sensors, as well as micro-/nano-soft actuation systems. Interestingly, not only are carbon-based materials ideal constituents for photodetectors, gas, thermal, triboelectric sensors due to their geometry and extraordinary sensitivity to various external stimuli, but they also provide significantly more precise manipulation of the actuators than conventional centimeter-scale pneumatic and hydraulic robotic actuators, at a molecular level. In this review, we summarize recent progress on state-of-the-art flexible and stretchable carbon-based sensors and actuators that have creatively added to the development of biomedicine, nanoscience, materials science, as well as soft robotics. In the end, we propose the future potential of carbon-based materials for biomedical and soft robotic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhou
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wenhan Cao
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy Efficient and Custom AI IC, Shanghai 201210, China
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39
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Song B, Fan X, Gu H. Chestnut-Tannin-Crosslinked, Antibacterial, Antifreezing, Conductive Organohydrogel as a Strain Sensor for Motion Monitoring, Flexible Keyboards, and Velocity Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:2147-2162. [PMID: 36562537 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Flexible sensing devices (FSDs) fabricated using conductive hydrogels have attracted researchers' extensive enthusiasm in recent years due to their versatility. Considering the complexity of their application environments, the integration of various functional characteristics (e.g., excellent mechanical, antibacterial, and antifreezing properties) is an important guarantee for FSDs to stably perform their applications in different environments. Herein, we developed a multifunctional conductive polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) organohydrogel PVA-CT-Ag-Al-Gly (PCAAG) by using a green, natural, and cheap biomass, chestnut tannin (CT), as a crosslinking agent, nano-silver particles (AgNPs) as an antimicrobial agent, aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) as a conducting medium, and the mixed water-glycerol as the solvent system. In this organohydrogel system, CT acted not only as the reducing and stabilizing agent for the preparation of antibacterial AgNPs but also as the crosslinking agent owing to its strong multiple hydrogen bonding interactions with PVA, realizing its multifunctional application. The PCAAG organohydrogel possessed outstanding physical and mechanical properties (350.54% of the maximum fracture strain and 1.55 MPa of the maximum tensile strength), considerable bacteriostatic effects against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and excellent freeze resistance (it could function normally at -20 °C). The motion-monitoring sensor based on the PCAAG organohydrogel exhibited excellent specificity recognition for both large-amplitude (e.g., elbow bending, wrist bending, finger bending, running and walking, etc.) and small-amplitude (frowning and swallowing) human movements. The flexible keyboard constructed by using the PCAAG organohydrogel could easily achieve the transformation between digital signals and electrical signals, and the signal output had both specificity and stability. The velocity-monitoring sensor fabricated by using the PCAAG organohydrogel could accurately measure the speed of the object movement (less than 3% of relative error). In short, the present PCAAG organohydrogel solves the problems of the single application environment and a few application scenarios of traditional conductive hydrogels and possesses remarkable application potential as a multifunctional FSD in many fields such as artificial intelligence, sport management, soft robots, and human-computer interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Song
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
| | - Xin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
| | - Haibin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
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40
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Liu Y, Feng H, Gui Y, Chen T, Xu H, Huang X, Ma X. Flexible Stretchable, Dry-Resistant MXene Nanocomposite Conductive Hydrogel for Human Motion Monitoring. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020250. [PMID: 36679131 PMCID: PMC9864371 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels with high electrical conductivity, ductility, and anti-dryness have promising applications in flexible wearable electronics. However, its potential applications in such a developing field are severely hampered by its extremely poor adaptability to cold or hot environmental conditions. In this research, an "organic solvent/water" composite conductive hydrogel is developed by introducing a binary organic solvent of EG/H2O into the system using a simple one-pot free radical polymerization method to create Ti3C2TX MXene nanosheet-reinforced polyvinyl alcohol/polyacrylamide covalently networked nanocomposite hydrogels (PAEM) with excellent flexibility and mechanical properties. The optimized PAEM contains 0.3 wt% MXene has excellent mechanical performance (tensile elongation of ~1033%) and an improved modulus of elasticity (0.14 MPa), a stable temperature tolerance from -50 to 40 °C, and a high gauge factor of 10.95 with a long storage period and response time of 110 ms. Additionally, it is worth noting that the elongation at break at -40 °C was maintained at around 50% of room temperature. This research will contribute to the development of flexible sensors for human-computer interaction, electronic skin, and human health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Liu
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Huixia Feng
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Yujie Gui
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Ting Chen
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Haidong Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Normal College for Nationalities, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Xiaoxue Huang
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xuemei Ma
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
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41
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Jiang Z, Shi X, Qiao F, Sun J, Hu Q. Multistimuli-Responsive PNIPAM-Based Double Cross-Linked Conductive Hydrogel with Self-Recovery Ability for Ionic Skin and Smart Sensor. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:5239-5252. [PMID: 36354756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Multistimuli-responsive conductive hydrogels have been appealing candidates for multifunctional ionic skin. However, the fabrication of the multistimuli-responsive conductive hydrogels with satisfactory mechanical property to meet the practical applications is still a great challenge. In this study, a novel poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-sodium acrylate)/alginate/hectorite clay Laponite XLS (PNIPAM-SA/ALG/XLS) double cross-linked hydrogel with excellent mechanical property, self-recovery ability, temperature/pH-responsive ability, and strain/temperature-sensitive conductivity was fabricated. The PNSAX hydrogel possessed a moderate tensile strength of 290 kPa at a large elongation rate of 1120% and an excellent compression strength of 2.72 MPa at 90%. The hydrogel also possessed excellent mechanical repeatability and self-recovery ability. Thus, the hydrogel could withstand repetitive deformations for long time periods. Additionally, the hydrogel could change its transparency and volume once at a temperature of 44 °C and change its volume at different pHs. Thus, the visual temperature/pH-responsive ability allowed the hydrogel to qualitatively harvest environmental information. Moreover, the hydrogel possessed an excellent conductivity of 0.43 S/m, and the hydrogel could transform large/subtle deformation and temperature information into electrical signal change. Thus, the ultrafast strain/temperature-sensitive conductivity allowed the hydrogel to quantitatively detect large/small-scale human motions as well as environmental temperature. A cytotoxicity test confirmed the good cytocompatibility. Taken together, the hydrogel was suitable for human motion detecting and environmental information harvesting for long time periods. Therefore, the hydrogel has a great application potential as a multifunctional ionic skin and smart sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Xuanyu Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Fenghui Qiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Jingzhi Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Qiaoling Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
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42
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Wu Y, Liu J, Chen Z, Chen Y, Chen W, Li H, Liu H. High Multi-Environmental Mechanical Stability and Adhesive Transparent Ionic Conductive Hydrogels Used as Smart Wearable Devices. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235316. [PMID: 36501708 PMCID: PMC9739927 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic conductive hydrogels used as flexible wearable sensor devices have attracted considerable attention because of their easy preparation, biocompatibility, and macro/micro mechanosensitive properties. However, developing an integrated conductive hydrogel that combines high mechanical stability, strong adhesion, and excellent mechanosensitive properties to meet practical requirements remains a great challenge owing to the incompatibility of properties. Herein, we prepare a multifunctional ionic conductive hydrogel by introducing high-modulus bacterial cellulose (BC) to form the skeleton of double networks, which exhibit great mechanical properties in both tensile (83.4 kPa, 1235.9% strain) and compressive (207.2 kPa, 79.9% strain) stress-strain tests. Besides, the fabricated hydrogels containing high-concentration Ca2+ show excellent anti-freezing (high ionic conductivities of 1.92 and 0.36 S/m at room temperature and -35 ∘C, respectively) properties. Furthermore, the sensing mechanism based on the conductive units and applied voltage are investigated to the benefit of the practical applications of prepared hydrogels. Therefore, the designed and fabricated hydrogels provide a novel strategy and can serve as candidates in the fields of sensors, ionic skins, and soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yujie Chen
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (H.L.); Tel.: +86-21-34202549 (Y.C.); +86-21-34202546 (H.L.)
| | | | | | - Hezhou Liu
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (H.L.); Tel.: +86-21-34202549 (Y.C.); +86-21-34202546 (H.L.)
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43
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Hao S, Fu Q, Meng L, Xu F, Yang J. A biomimetic laminated strategy enabled strain-interference free and durable flexible thermistor electronics. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6472. [PMID: 36309511 PMCID: PMC9617538 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34168-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of flexible thermistor epidermal electronics (FTEE) to satisfy high temperature resolution without strain induced signal distortion is of great significance but still challenging. Inspired by the nacre microstructure capable of restraining the stress concentration, we exemplify a versatile MXene-based thermistor elastomer sensor (TES) platform that significantly alleviates the strain interference by the biomimetic laminated strategy combining with the in-plane stress dissipation and nacre-mimetic hierarchical architecture, delivering competitive advantages of superior thermosensitivity (-1.32% °C-1), outstanding temperature resolution (~0.3 °C), and unparalleled mechanical durability (20000 folding fatigue cycles), together with considerable improvement in strain-tolerant thermosensation over commercial thermocouple in exercise scenario. By a combination of theoretical model simulation, microstructure observation, and superposed signal detection, the authors further reveal the underlying temperature and strain signal decoupling mechanism that substantiate the generality and customizability of the nacre-mimetic strategy, possessing insightful significance of fabricating FTEE for static and dynamic temperature detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanwei Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qingjin Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lei Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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44
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Han Z, Xiao X, Chen J, Wei K, Wang Z, Yang X, Fang D. Bifunctional Metamaterials Incorporating Unusual Geminations of Poisson's Ratio and Coefficient of Thermal Expansion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:50068-50078. [PMID: 36283006 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Natural materials overwhelmingly shrink laterally under stretching and expand upon heating. Through incorporating Poisson's ratio and coefficient of thermal expansion (PR and CTE) in unusual geminations, such as positive PR and negative CTE, negative PR and positive CTE, and even zero PR and zero CTE, bifunctional metamaterials would generate attractive shape control capacity. However, reported bifunctional metamaterials are only theoretically constructed by simple skeletal ribs, and the magnitudes of the bifunctions are still in quite narrow ranges. Here, we propose a methodology for generating novel bifunctional metamaterials consisting of engineering polymers. From concept to refinement, the topology and shape optimization are integrated for programmatically designing bifunctional metamaterials in various germinations of the PR and CTE. The underlying deformation mechanisms of the obtained bifunctions are distinctly revealed. All of the designs with complex architectures and material layouts are fabricated using the multimaterial additive manufacturing, and their effective properties are experimentally characterized. Good agreements of the design, simulation, and experiments are achieved. Especially, the accessible range of the bifunction, namely, PR and CTE, is remarkably enlarged nearly 4 times. These developed approaches open an avenue to explore the bifunctional metamaterials, which are the basis of myriad mechanical- and temperature-sensitive devices, e.g., morphing structures and high-precision components of the sensors/actuators in aerospace and electronical domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengtong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyujie Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan410082, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonggang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xujing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Daining Fang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, People's Republic of China
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Liu S, Li X, Han L. Recent developments in stimuli‐responsive hydrogels for biomedical applications. BIOSURFACE AND BIOTRIBOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1049/bsb2.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Liu
- School of Medicine and Pharmaceutics Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Ocean University of China Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Xiaozhuang Li
- School of Medicine and Pharmaceutics Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Ocean University of China Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Lu Han
- School of Medicine and Pharmaceutics Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Ocean University of China Qingdao Shandong China
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Seo J, Han G, Kim H, Lee D. Solid state thin electrolyte to overcome transparency-capacity dilemma of transparent supercapacitor. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15923. [PMID: 36151249 PMCID: PMC9508085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19933-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
For portable and transparent electronic applications, transparent supercapacitor (T-SC) is developed to act as an energy storing device. Because electric and optical characteristics of the supercapacitor are strongly dependent on its thickness, all solid state T-SC was developed based on sensitively controllable fabrication process. We were able to attain an optimum thickness for the T-SC such that it exhibited an excellent transparency as well as capacity. Thus, the transparency-capacity dilemma, that is, the thickness of a T-SC increases with respect to its capacity while it is inversely proportional to its transparency, was solved through our proposed T-SC structure. Consequently, more than 60% transparency and 80% capacitance retention of 1500 charge/discharge cycles were achieved. The overcoming of transparency-capacity dilemma can enhance the T-SC applicability as a core energy storage device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongseon Seo
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Geonhui Han
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Kim
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeseok Lee
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea.
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Zhou Y, Fei X, Tian J, Xu L, Li Y. Biomass-based hydrogels with high ductility, self-adhesion and conductivity inspired by starch paste for strain sensing. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:1211-1220. [PMID: 36155785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Currently, hydrogel sensors for health monitoring require external tapes, bandages or adhesives to immobilize them on the surface of human skin. However, these external fixation methods easily lead to skin allergic reactions and the decline of monitoring accuracy. A simple strategy to solve this problem is to endow hydrogel sensors with good adhesion. Inspired by the starch paste adhesion mechanism, a biomass-based hydrogel with good conductivity and high repetitive adhesion strength was prepared by introducing modified starch into polyacrylic acid hydrogel system. The properties of biomass-based hydrogels could be controlled by changing the proportion of amylose and amylopectin. The biomass-based hydrogel exhibited a variety of excellent properties, including good stretchability (1290 %), high adhesion strength (pig skin: 46.51 kPa) and conductivity (2.3 S/m). Noticeably, the repeated adhesive strength of biomass-based hydrogel did not decrease with the increase of adhesion times. The strain sensor based on the biomass-based hydrogel could accurately monitor the large-scale and small movements of the human body, and had broad application prospects in the field of flexible wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Zhou
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China; School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Xu Fei
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China.
| | - Jing Tian
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China.
| | - Longquan Xu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Yao Li
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China.
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Luneva O, Olekhnovich R, Uspenskaya M. Bilayer Hydrogels for Wound Dressing and Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153135. [PMID: 35956650 PMCID: PMC9371176 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of different skin diseases such as hits, acute, and chronic wounds dictate the search for alternative and effective treatment options. The wound healing process requires a complex approach, the key step of which is the choice of a dressing with controlled properties. Hydrogel-based scaffolds can serve as a unique class of wound dressings. Presented on the commercial market, hydrogel wound dressings are not found among proposals for specific cases and have a number of disadvantages—toxicity, allergenicity, and mechanical instability. Bilayer dressings are attracting great attention, which can be combined with multifunctional properties, high criteria for an ideal wound dressing (antimicrobial properties, adhesion and hemostasis, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects), drug delivery, self-healing, stimulus manifestation, and conductivity, depending on the preparation and purpose. In addition, advances in stem cell biology and biomaterials have enabled the design of hydrogel materials for skin tissue engineering. To improve the heterogeneity of the cell environment, it is possible to use two-layer functional gradient hydrogels. This review summarizes the methods and application advantages of bilayer dressings in wound treatment and skin tissue regeneration. Bilayered hydrogels based on natural as well as synthetic polymers are presented. The results of the in vitro and in vivo experiments and drug release are also discussed.
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Zhou C, Wu T, Xie X, Song G, Ma X, Mu Q, Huang Z, Liu X, Sun C, Xu W. Advances and challenges in conductive hydrogels: From properties to applications. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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High-Strength, Conductive, Antifouling, and Antibacterial Hydrogels for Wearable Strain Sensors. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:2624-2635. [PMID: 35512312 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels have shown great potential in the field of flexible strain sensors. However, their application is greatly limited due to the poor antifouling and low mechanical strength. Unfortunately, it is still a challenge to improve these two distinct properties simultaneously. Herein, a hydrogel with high strength, good conductivity, and excellent antifouling and antibacterial properties was prepared through the synergistic effect of physical and chemical cross-linking. First, acrylic acid (AA), acrylamide (AM), and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) monomers were polymerized in the presence of chitosan chains to form the hydrogel. Then, the prepared hydrogel was immersed in a ferric ion solution to further strengthen the hydrogel through ion coordination. The obtained CS-P(AM-MPC-AA0.2)-Fe0.13+ hydrogel showed outstanding tensile strength (1.03 MPa), excellent stretchability (1075%), good toughness (7.03 MJ/m3), and fatigue resistance. The CS-P(AM-MPC-AA0.2)-Fe0.13+ hydrogel also demonstrated good ion conductivity (0.42 S/m) and excellent antifouling and antibacterial properties. In addition, the strain sensor constructed by the CS-P(AM-MPC-AA0.2)-Fe0.13+ hydrogel showed high sensitivity and good stability. This work presented a facile method to construct a zwitterionic hydrogel with high-strength, conductive, antifouling, and antibacterial properties, which suggested a promising gel platform for flexible wearable sensors.
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