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Ling Y, Li J, Luo T, Lin Y, Zhang G, Shou M, Liao Q. MoS 2-Based Memristor: Robust Resistive Switching Behavior and Reliable Biological Synapse Emulation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:3117. [PMID: 38133014 PMCID: PMC10745937 DOI: 10.3390/nano13243117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Memristors are recognized as crucial devices for future nonvolatile memory and artificial intelligence. Due to their typical neuron-synapse-like metal-insulator-metal(MIM) sandwich structure, they are widely used to simulate biological synapses and have great potential in advancing biological synapse simulation. However, the high switch voltage and inferior stability of the memristor restrict the broader application to the emulation of the biological synapse. In this study, we report a vertically structured memristor based on few-layer MoS2. The device shows a lower switching voltage below 0.6 V, with a high ON/OFF current ratio of 104, good stability of more than 180 cycles, and a long retention time exceeding 3 × 103 s. In addition, the device has successfully simulated various biological synaptic functions, including potential/depression propagation, paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), and long-term potentiation/long-term depression (LTP/LTD) modulation. These results have significant implications for the design of a two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides composite material memristor that aim to mimic biological synapses, representing promising avenues for the development of advanced neuromorphic computing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfa Ling
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation Technology and Application, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (Y.L.); (J.L.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (G.Z.)
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Hezhou University, Hezhou 542899, China
| | - Jiexin Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation Technology and Application, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (Y.L.); (J.L.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Tao Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation Technology and Application, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (Y.L.); (J.L.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Ying Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation Technology and Application, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (Y.L.); (J.L.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Guangxin Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation Technology and Application, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (Y.L.); (J.L.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Meihua Shou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation Technology and Application, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (Y.L.); (J.L.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Qing Liao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation Technology and Application, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (Y.L.); (J.L.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (G.Z.)
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Jeon YR, Kim D, Ku B, Chung C, Choi C. Synaptic Characteristics of Atomic Layer-Deposited Ferroelectric Lanthanum-Doped HfO 2 (La:HfO 2) and TaN-Based Artificial Synapses. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 38041654 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Analog synaptic devices have made significant advances based on various electronic materials that can realize the biological synapse properties of neuromorphic computing. Ferroelectric (FE) HfO2-based materials with nonvolatile and low power consumption characteristics are being studied as promising materials for application to analog synaptic devices. The gradual reversal of FE multilevel polarization results in precise changes in the channel conductance and allows analogue synaptic weight updates. However, there have been few studies of FE synaptic devices doped with La, Y, and Gd. Furthermore, an investigation of interface quality is also crucial to enhance the remnant polarization (Pr), synaptic conductance linearity, and reliability characteristics. In this study, we demonstrate improved FE and artificial synaptic characteristics using an atomic layer-deposited (ALD) lanthanum-doped HfO2 (La:HfO2) and TaN electrode in the structure of an FE thin-film transistor (ITO/IGZO/La:HfO2/TaN), where indium-tin oxide (ITO) and indium-gallium-zinc oxide (IGZO) were used as source/drain and channel materials, respectively. Improved Pr and lower surface roughness were achieved by doped HfO2 and ALD TaN thin films. This synaptic transistor shows long-term potentiation and long-term depression with 200 levels of conductance states, high linearity (Ap, 0.97; Ad, 0.86), high Gmax/Gmin (∼6.1), and low cycle-to-cycle variability. In addition, a pattern recognition accuracy higher than 90% was achieved in an artificial neural network simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Rim Jeon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Duho Kim
- Division of Materials Science & Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Boncheol Ku
- Division of Materials Science & Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Chulwon Chung
- Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Changhwan Choi
- Division of Materials Science & Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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Yang F, Wei W, Dong X, Zhao Y, Chen J, Chen J, Zhang X, Li Y. Optoelectronic bio-synaptic plasticity on neotype kesterite memristor with switching ratio >104. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:114701. [PMID: 37712793 DOI: 10.1063/5.0167187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Optoelectronic memristors hold the most potential for realizing next-generation neuromorphic computation; however, memristive devices that can integrate excellent resistive switching and both electrical-/light-induced bio-synaptic behaviors are still challenging to develop. In this study, an artificial optoelectronic synapse is proposed and realized using a kesterite-based memristor with Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) as the switching material and Mo/Ag as the back/top electrode. Benefiting from unique electrical features and a bi-layered structure of CZTSSe, the memristor exhibits highly stable nonvolatile resistive switching with excellent spatial uniformity, concentrated Set/Reset voltage distribution (variation <0.08/0.02 V), high On/Off ratio (>104), and long retention time (>104 s). A possible mechanism of the switching behavior in such a device is proposed. Furthermore, these memristors successfully achieve essential bio-synaptic functions under both electrical and various visible light (470-655 nm) stimulations, including electrical-induced excitatory postsynaptic current, paired pulse facilitation, long-term potentiation, long-term depression, spike-timing-dependent plasticity, as well as light-stimulated short-/long-term plasticity and learning-forgetting-relearning process. As such, the proposed neotype kesterite-based memristor demonstrates significant potential in facilitating artificial optoelectronic synapses and enabling neuromorphic computation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Functional Materials of Gansu Province, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Wenbin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Functional Materials of Gansu Province, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaofei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Functional Materials of Gansu Province, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Functional Materials of Gansu Province, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jiangtao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Functional Materials of Gansu Province, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jianbiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Functional Materials of Gansu Province, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xuqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Functional Materials of Gansu Province, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Functional Materials of Gansu Province, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Ahn W, Jeong HB, Oh J, Hong W, Cha JH, Jeong HY, Choi SY. A Highly Reliable Molybdenum Disulfide-Based Synaptic Memristor Using a Copper Migration-Controlled Structure. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300223. [PMID: 37093184 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Memristors are drawing attention as neuromorphic hardware components because of their non-volatility and analog programmability. In particular, electrochemical metallization (ECM) memristors are extensively researched because of their linear conductance controllability. Two-dimensional materials as switching medium of ECM memristors give advantages of fast speed, low power consumption, and high switching uniformity. However, the multistate retention in the switching conductance range for the long-term reliable neuromorphic system has not been achieved using two-dimensional materials-based ECM memristors. In this study, the copper migration-controlled ECM memristor showing excellent multistate retention characteristics in the switching conductance range using molybdenum disulfide (MoS2 ) and aluminum oxide (Al2 O3 ) is proposed. The fabricated device exhibits gradual resistive switching with low switching voltage (<0.5 V), uniform switching (σ/µ ∼ 0.07), and a wide switching range (>12). Importantly, excellent reliabilities with robustness to cycling stress and retention over 104 s for more than 5-bit states in the switching conductance range are achieved. Moreover, the contribution of the Al2 O3 layer to the retention characteristic is investigated through filament morphology observation using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and copper migration component analysis. This study provides a practical approach to developing highly reliable memristors with exceptional switching performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonbae Ahn
- Graphene/2D Materials Research Center, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Beom Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungyeop Oh
- Graphene/2D Materials Research Center, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Woonggi Hong
- Convergence Semiconductor Research Center, School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dankook University, 152 Jukjeon-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 16890, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hwe Cha
- Graphene/2D Materials Research Center, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hu Young Jeong
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yool Choi
- Graphene/2D Materials Research Center, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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Abbas H, Li J, Ang DS. Conductive Bridge Random Access Memory (CBRAM): Challenges and Opportunities for Memory and Neuromorphic Computing Applications. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13050725. [PMID: 35630191 PMCID: PMC9143014 DOI: 10.3390/mi13050725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to a rapid increase in the amount of data, there is a huge demand for the development of new memory technologies as well as emerging computing systems for high-density memory storage and efficient computing. As the conventional transistor-based storage devices and computing systems are approaching their scaling and technical limits, extensive research on emerging technologies is becoming more and more important. Among other emerging technologies, CBRAM offers excellent opportunities for future memory and neuromorphic computing applications. The principles of the CBRAM are explored in depth in this review, including the materials and issues associated with various materials, as well as the basic switching mechanisms. Furthermore, the opportunities that CBRAMs provide for memory and brain-inspired neuromorphic computing applications, as well as the challenges that CBRAMs confront in those applications, are thoroughly discussed. The emulation of biological synapses and neurons using CBRAM devices fabricated with various switching materials and device engineering and material innovation approaches are examined in depth.
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Monalisha P, Kumar APS, Wang XR, Piramanayagam SN. Emulation of Synaptic Plasticity on a Cobalt-Based Synaptic Transistor for Neuromorphic Computing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:11864-11872. [PMID: 35229606 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuromorphic computing (NC), which emulates neural activities of the human brain, is considered for the low-power implementation of artificial intelligence. Toward realizing NC, fabrication, and investigations of hardware elements─such as synaptic devices and neurons─are crucial. Electrolyte gating has been widely used for conductance modulation by massive carrier injections and has proven to be an effective way of emulating biological synapses. Synaptic devices, in the form of synaptic transistors, have been studied using various materials. Despite the remarkable progress, the study of metallic channel-based synaptic transistors remains massively unexplored. Here, we demonstrated a three-terminal electrolyte gating-modulated synaptic transistor based on a metallic cobalt thin film to emulate biological synapses. We have realized gating-controlled, non-volatile, and distinct multilevel conductance states in the proposed device. The essential synaptic functions demonstrating both short-term and long-term plasticity have been emulated in the synaptic device. A transition from short-term to long-term memory has been realized by tuning the gate pulse parameters, such as amplitude and duration. The crucial cognitive behavior, including learning, forgetting, and re-learning, has been emulated, showing a resemblance to the human brain. Beyond that, dynamic filtering behavior has been experimentally implemented in the synaptic device. These results provide an insight into the design of metallic channel-based synaptic transistors for NC.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Monalisha
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Anil P S Kumar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Xiao Renshaw Wang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - S N Piramanayagam
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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Choi SH, Park SO, Seo S, Choi S. Reliable multilevel memristive neuromorphic devices based on amorphous matrix via quasi-1D filament confinement and buffer layer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj7866. [PMID: 35061541 PMCID: PMC8782456 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj7866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Conductive-bridging random access memory (CBRAM) has garnered attention as a building block of non-von Neumann architectures because of scalability and parallel processing on the crossbar array. To integrate CBRAM into the back-end-of-line (BEOL) process, amorphous switching materials have been investigated for practical usage. However, both the inherent randomness of filaments and disorders of amorphous material lead to poor reliability. In this study, a highly reliable nanoporous-defective bottom layer (NP-DBL) structure based on amorphous TiO2 is demonstrated (Ag/a-TiO2/a-TiOx/p-Si). The stoichiometries of DBL and the pore size can be manipulated to achieve the analog conductance updates and multilevel conductance by 300 states with 1.3% variation, and 10 levels, respectively. Compared with nonporous TiO2 CBRAM, endurance, retention, and uniformity can be improved by 106 pulses, 28 days at 85°C, and 6.7 times, respectively. These results suggest even amorphous-based systems, elaborately tuned structural variables, can help design more reliable CBRAMs.
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Kim D, Jeon YR, Ku B, Chung C, Kim TH, Yang S, Won U, Jeong T, Choi C. Analog Synaptic Transistor with Al-Doped HfO 2 Ferroelectric Thin Film. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:52743-52753. [PMID: 34723461 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Neuromorphic computing has garnered significant attention because it can overcome the limitations of the current von-Neumann computing system. Analog synaptic devices are essential for realizing hardware-based artificial neuromorphic devices; however, only a few systematic studies in terms of both synaptic materials and device structures have been conducted so far, and thus, further research is required in this direction. In this study, we demonstrate the synaptic characteristics of a ferroelectric material-based thin-film transistor (FeTFT) that uses partial switching of ferroelectric polarization to implement analog conductance modulation. For a ferroelectric material, an aluminum-doped hafnium oxide (Al-doped HfO2) thin film was prepared by atomic layer deposition. As an analog synaptic device, our FeTFT successfully emulated short-term plasticity and long-term plasticity characteristics, such as paired-pulse facilitation and spike timing-dependent plasticity. In addition, we obtained potentiation/depression weight updates with high linearity, an on/off ratio, and low cycle-to-cycle variation by adjusting the amplitude and number of input pulses. In the simulation trained with optimized potentiation/depression conditions, we achieved a pattern recognition accuracy of approximately 90% for the Modified National Institute of Standard and Technology (MNIST) handwritten data set. Our results indicated that ferroelectric transistors can be used as an alternative artificial synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duho Kim
- Division of Materials Science & Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Rim Jeon
- Division of Materials Science & Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Boncheol Ku
- Division of Materials Science & Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulwon Chung
- Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Heun Kim
- Division of Materials Science & Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyeok Yang
- Institute of Fundamental and Advanced Technology, Hyundai Motor Group, Uiwang-si 16082, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Uiyeon Won
- Institute of Fundamental and Advanced Technology, Hyundai Motor Group, Uiwang-si 16082, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Taeho Jeong
- Institute of Fundamental and Advanced Technology, Hyundai Motor Group, Uiwang-si 16082, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Changhwan Choi
- Division of Materials Science & Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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Jin S, Kwon JD, Kim Y. Statistical Analysis of Uniform Switching Characteristics of Ta 2O 5-Based Memristors by Embedding In-Situ Grown 2D-MoS 2 Buffer Layers. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14216275. [PMID: 34771802 PMCID: PMC8584643 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A memristor based on emerging resistive random-access memory (RRAM) is a promising candidate for use as a next-generation neuromorphic computing device which overcomes the von Neumann bottleneck. Meanwhile, due to their unique properties, including atomically thin layers and surface smoothness, two-dimensional (2D) materials are being widely studied for implementation in the development of new information-processing electronic devices. However, inherent drawbacks concerning operational uniformities, such as device-to-device variability, device yield, and reliability, are huge challenges in the realization of concrete memristor hardware devices. In this study, we fabricated Ta2O5-based memristor devices, where a 2D-MoS2 buffer layer was directly inserted between the Ta2O5 switching layer and the Ag metal electrode to improve uniform switching characteristics in terms of switching voltage, the distribution of resistance states, endurance, and retention. A 2D-MoS2 layered buffer film with a 5 nm thickness was directly grown on the Ta2O5 switching layer by the atomic-pressure plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (AP-PECVD) method, which is highly uniform and provided a superior yield of 2D-MoS2 film. It was observed that the switching operation was dramatically stabilized via the introduction of the 2D-MoS2 buffer layer compared to a pristine device without the buffer layer. It was assumed that the difference in mobility and reduction rates between Ta2O5 and MoS2 caused the narrow localization of ion migration, inducing the formation of more stable conduction filament. In addition, an excellent yield of 98% was confirmed while showing cell-to-cell operation uniformity, and the extrinsic and intrinsic variabilities in operating the device were highly uniform. Thus, the introduction of a MoS2 buffer layer could improve highly reliable memristor device switching operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soeun Jin
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea;
| | - Jung-Dae Kwon
- Department of Energy and Electronic Materials, Surface Materials Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), 797 Changwondaero, Sungsan-gu, Changwon 51508, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-D.K.); (Y.K.)
| | - Yonghun Kim
- Department of Energy and Electronic Materials, Surface Materials Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), 797 Changwondaero, Sungsan-gu, Changwon 51508, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-D.K.); (Y.K.)
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