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Kim K, Kim M, Lee H, Chung DW, Kim J. Multi-Functional PEDOT:PSS as the Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402341. [PMID: 38795003 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), particularly in its complex form with poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), stands out as a prominent example of an organic conductor. Renowned for its exceptional conductivity, substantial light transmissibility, water processability, and remarkable flexibility, PEDOT:PSS has earned its reputation as a leading conductive polymer. This study explores the unique effects of two additives, Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA) and Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), on the PSS component of PEDOT:PSS films are shown. Both additives induce grain size growth, while DGEBA makes the PEDOT:PSS layer hydrophobic, which acts as a passivation to protect the perovskite layer, which is vulnerable to moisture. The other additive, DMSO, separates the PSS groups, resulting in increased conductivity through the free movement of holes. With these multi-modified p-type PEDOT:PSS, the ITO/M-PEDOT:PSS/Perovskite/PCBM/Ag structured reverse structure solar cell has improved the power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 15.28% to 17.80% compared to the control cell with conventional PEDOT:PSS. It also maintains 90% for 500 h at 60 °C and 300 h at 1 sun illuminating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Minhee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Hyeonseok Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Dae-Won Chung
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Suwon, Hwaseong, 18323, South Korea
| | - Jinhyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
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2
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Park HH, Fermin DJ. Recent Developments in Atomic Layer Deposition of Functional Overlayers in Perovskite Solar Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:3112. [PMID: 38133009 PMCID: PMC10745498 DOI: 10.3390/nano13243112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, research in organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has gathered unprecedented momentum, putting the technology on the brink of full-scale commercialization. A wide range of strategies have been implemented for enhancing the power conversion efficiency of devices and modules, as well as improving stability toward high levels of irradiation, temperature, and humidity. Another key element in the path to commercialization is the scalability of device manufacturing, which requires large-scale deposition of conformal layers without compromising the delicate structure of the perovskite film. In this context, atomic layer deposition (ALD) tools excel in depositing high-quality conformal films with precise control of film composition and thickness over large areas at relatively low processing temperatures. In this commentary, we will briefly outline recent progress in PSC technology enabled by ALD tools, focusing on layers deposited above the absorber layer. These interlayers include charge transport layers, passivation layers, buffer layers, and encapsulation techniques. Additionally, we will discuss some of the challenges and potential avenues for research in PSC technology underpinned by ALD tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Hejin Park
- Advanced Materials Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Department of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - David J. Fermin
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
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Ryu S, Gil B, Kim B, Kim J, Park B. Understanding the Trap Characteristics of Perovskite Solar Cells via Drive-Level Capacitance Profiling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 38032846 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are gaining significant interest as the future of photovoltaics owing to their superior performance and cost-effectiveness. Nevertheless, traps in PSCs have emerged as issues that adversely affect the efficiency and stability of the devices. In this study, the methylammonium chloride (MACl) additive and phenyltrimethylammonium iodide (PTMAI) posttreatment were applied to passivate bulk and surface defects. Furthermore, variations of the traps' quantitative spatial arrangement have been monitored by using the drive-level capacitance profiling (DLCP) analysis. A similar magnitude of trap reduction was observed for the bulk perovskite layer and two interfaces (electron transport layer (ETL)/perovskite and hole transport layer (HTL)/perovskite) with an optimal concentration of the MACl additive. However, the effect of perovskite posttreatment in reducing the trap density was much more noticeable at the HTL/perovskite interface compared to the bulk and ETL/perovskite regions. This observation was reinforced by the outcomes of the 500 h thermal stability tests at 60 °C from seven independent batches, which demonstrated a substantial suppression of trap accumulation, particularly at the HTL/perovskite interface, by an order of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokjoo Ryu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Bumjin Gil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Beomsoo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jinhyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong 18323, Korea
| | - Byungwoo Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Yun AJ, Ryu S, Lim J, Kim J, Park B. Thermal degradation of the bulk and interfacial traps at 85 °C in perovskite photovoltaics. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:4334-4343. [PMID: 36748825 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06608d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The facile formation of defects in halide perovskite has recently been regarded as the main bottleneck for both the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Therefore, understanding and controlling defects and traps in PSCs is essential to achieving stable devices. Herein, the thermal degradation of perovskite solar cells at 85 °C is studied in terms of electronic traps and device performance, of which the correlations are discussed. In particular, the shifts and changes in both energetic and spatial distributions of electronic defects are observed by capacitance plus impedance analyses under thermal stress. As the energy level and density of deep traps are quantitatively investigated, both the relaxation and degradation of the traps are identified at different timescales. Additionally, the trap densities are individually traced by positions during thermal degradation, where distinct evolutions are visualized. Notably, the traps are measured dominant at the interface between the perovskite and electron-transport layer (ETL). However, LiF incorporation mitigates the electronic traps by an order of magnitude at both interfaces throughout the thermal degradation, indicating that LiF incorporation reduces the initial trap density and suppresses the further formation of traps near the interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Jiwan Yun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Seokjoo Ryu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Jiheon Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Jinhyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong 18323, Korea
| | - Byungwoo Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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Hwang IS, Lee JY, Kim J, Pak NY, Kim J, Chung DW. Post-Treatment of Tannic Acid for Thermally Stable PEDOT:PSS Film. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224908. [PMID: 36433036 PMCID: PMC9692676 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly (styrene sulfonate), PEDOT:PSS is well known for its conductive polymer in a field of organic electronics. PEDOT:PSS can be widely operated as electronics under low temperature conditions; however, the layer can be easily damaged by high temperature conditions, while in fabrication or in the operation of electronics. Therefore, enhancing the thermal stability of PEDOT:PSS can be a novel strategy for both fabrication and operating varieties. Herein, PEDOT:PSS is the surface-treated with tannic acid to increase the thermal stability. A large number of phenols in tannic acid not only provide UV absorption ability, but also thermal stability. Therefore, tannic-treated PEDOT:PSS film sustained 150 °C for 96 h because of its initial conductivity. Moreover, surface properties and its bonding nature was further examined to show that the tannic acid does not damage the electrical and film properties. The method can be widely used in the field of organic electronics, especially because of its high stability and the high performance of the devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Seong Hwang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Suwon, Hwaseong 18323, Korea
| | - Ju-Yeong Lee
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Suwon, Hwaseong 18323, Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Suwon, Hwaseong 18323, Korea
| | - Na-Young Pak
- EverChemTech Co., Ltd., 38, Cheongwonsandan 7-gil, Mado-myeon, Hwaseong 18543, Korea
| | - Jinhyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Suwon, Hwaseong 18323, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.K.); (D.-W.C.); Tel.: +82-31-220-2352 (J.K.); Tel.: +82-31-220-2156 (D.-W.C.)
| | - Dae-Won Chung
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Suwon, Hwaseong 18323, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.K.); (D.-W.C.); Tel.: +82-31-220-2352 (J.K.); Tel.: +82-31-220-2156 (D.-W.C.)
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Chen Z, Hoang AT, Hwang W, Seo D, Cho M, Kim YD, Yang L, Soon A, Ahn JH, Choi HJ. Vertical Conductivity and Topography in Electrostrictive Germanium Sulfide Microribbon via Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:7636-7643. [PMID: 36106948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Layered group IV monochalcogenides are two-dimensional (2D) semiconducting materials with unique crystal structures and novel physical properties. Here, we report the growth of single crystalline GeS microribbons using the chemical vapor transport process. By using conductive atomic force microscopy, we demonstrated that the conductive behavior in the vertical direction was mainly affected by the Schottky barriers between GeS and both electrodes. Furthermore, we found that the topographic and current heterogeneities were significantly different with and without illumination. The topographic deformation and current enhancement were also predicted by our density functional theory (DFT)-based calculations. Their local spatial correlation between the topographic height and current was established. By virtue of 2D fast Fourier transform power spectra, we constructed the holistic spatial correlation between the topographic and current heterogeneity that indicated the diminished correlation with illumination. These findings on layered GeS microribbons provide insights into the conductive and topographic behaviors in 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangfu Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Anh Tuan Hoang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Woohyun Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjea Seo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Minhyun Cho
- Department of Physics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Duck Kim
- Department of Physics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Lianqiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Yanchang Road 149, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Aloysius Soon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Ahn
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Jin Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Inorganic Materials by Atomic Layer Deposition for Perovskite Solar Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11010088. [PMID: 33401576 PMCID: PMC7824461 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have received much attention with their rapid progress during the past decade, coming close to the point of commercialization. Various approaches in the process of PSC development have been explored with the motivation to enhance the solar cell power conversion efficiency—while maintaining good device stability from light, temperature, and moisture—and simultaneously optimizing for scalability. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a powerful tool in depositing pinhole-free conformal thin-films with excellent reproducibility and accurate and simple control of thickness and material properties over a large area at low temperatures, making it a highly desirable tool to fabricate components of highly efficient, stable, and scalable PSCs. This review article summarizes ALD’s recent contributions to PSC development through charge transport layers, passivation layers, and buffer and recombination layers for tandem applications and encapsulation techniques. The future research directions of ALD in PSC progress and the remaining challenges will also be discussed.
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8
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Kim J, Lee Y, Yun AJ, Gil B, Park B. Interfacial Modification and Defect Passivation by the Cross-Linking Interlayer for Efficient and Stable CuSCN-Based Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:46818-46824. [PMID: 31741386 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The study of the inorganic hole-transport layer (HTL) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is gathering attention because of the drawback of the conventional PSC design, where the organic HTL with salt dopants majorly participates in the degradation mechanisms. On the other hand, inorganic HTL secures better stability, while it offers difficulties in the deposition and interfacial control to realize high-performing devices. In this study, we demonstrate polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as an ideal polymeric interlayer which prevents interfacial degradation and improves both photovoltaic performance and stability of CuSCN-based PSC by its cross-linking behavior. Surprisingly, the PDMS polymers are identified to form chemical bonds with perovskite and CuSCN, as shown by Raman spectroscopy. This novel cross-linking interlayer of PDMS enhances the hole-transporting property at the interface and passivates the interfacial defects, realizing the PSC with high power-conversion efficiency over 19%. Furthermore, the utilization of the PDMS interlayer greatly improves the stability of solar cells against both humidity and heat by mitigating the interfacial defects and interdiffusion. The PDMS-interlayered PSCs retained over 90% of the initial efficiencies, both after 1000 h under ambient conditions (unencapsulated) and after 500 h under 85 °C/85% relative humidity (encapsulated).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhyun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Younghyun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Alan Jiwan Yun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Bumjin Gil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Byungwoo Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Korea
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9
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Microstructural Evolution of Hybrid Perovskites Promoted by Chlorine and its Impact on the Performance of Solar Cell. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4803. [PMID: 30886329 PMCID: PMC6423327 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Cl in halide hybrid perovskites CH3NH3PbI3(Cl) (MAPbI3(Cl)) on the augmentation of grain size is still unclear although many reports have referred to these phenomena. Herein, we synthesized MAPbI3(Cl) perovskite films by using excess MACl-containing precursors, which exhibited approximately an order of magnitude larger grain size with higher <110>-preferred orientation compared with that from stoichiometric precursors. Comprehensive mechanisms for the large grain evolution by Cl incorporation were elucidated in detail by correlating the changes in grain orientation, distribution of grain size, and the remaining Cl in the perovskite during thermal annealing. In the presence of Cl, <110>- and <001>-oriented grains grew faster than other grains at the initial stage of annealing. Further annealing led to the dissipation of Cl, resulting in the shrinkage of <001> grains while <110> grains continuously grew, as analyzed by x-ray rocking curve and diffraction. As a result of reduced grain boundaries and enhanced <110> texture, the trap density of perovskite solar cells diminished by ~10% by incorporating MACl in the precursor, resulting in a fill factor more than 80%.
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10
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Hwang T, Yun AJ, Kim J, Cho D, Kim S, Hong S, Park B. Electronic Traps and Their Correlations to Perovskite Solar Cell Performance via Compositional and Thermal Annealing Controls. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:6907-6917. [PMID: 30668095 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b17431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein, underlying factors for enabling efficient and stable performance of perovskite solar cells are studied through nanostructural controls of organic-inorganic halide perovskites. Namely, MAPbI3, (FA0.83MA0.17)Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3, and (Cs0.10FA0.75MA0.15)Pb(I0.85Br0.15)3 perovskites (abbreviated as MA, FAMA, and CsFAMA, respectively) are examined with a grain growth control through thermal annealing. FAMA- and CsFAMA-based cells result in stable photovoltaic performance, while MA cells are sensitively dependent on the perovskite grain size dominated by annealing time. Micro-/nanoscopic features are comprehensively analyzed to unravel the origin that is directly correlated to the cell performance with the applications of electronic-trap characterizations such as photoconductive noise microscopy and capacitance analyses. It is revealed that CsFAMA has a lower trap density compared to MA and FAMA through the analyses of 1/ f noises and trapping/detrapping capacitances. Also, an open-circuit voltage ( Voc) change is correlated to the variation of trap states during the shelf-life test: FAMA and CsFAMA cells with the negligible change of Voc over weeks exhibit trap states shifting toward the band edge, although the power-conversion efficiencies are clearly reduced. The origins that critically affect the solar cell performance through the characterizations of shallow/deep traps with additional mobile defects in the perovskite and interfaces are discussed.
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11
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Chen X, Lai J, Shen Y, Chen Q, Chen L. Functional Scanning Force Microscopy for Energy Nanodevices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1802490. [PMID: 30133000 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Energy nanodevices, including energy conversion and energy storage devices, have become a major cross-disciplinary field in recent years. These devices feature long-range electron and ion transport coupled with chemical transformation, which call for novel characterization tools to understand device operation mechanisms. In this context, recent developments in functional scanning force microscopy techniques and their application in thin-film photovoltaic devices and lithium batteries are reviewed. The advantages of scanning force microscopy, such as high spatial resolution, multimodal imaging, and the possibility of in situ and in operando imaging, are emphasized. The survey indicates that functional scanning force microscopy is making significant contributions in understanding materials and interfaces in energy nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Junqi Lai
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yanbin Shen
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qi Chen
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Liwei Chen
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
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12
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Hoque MNF, He R, Warzywoda J, Fan Z. Effects of Moisture-Based Grain Boundary Passivation on Cell Performance and Ionic Migration in Organic-Inorganic Halide Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:30322-30329. [PMID: 30118195 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b08981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Because of the polycrystalline nature, grain boundaries (GBs) in hybrid perovskite thin films play critical roles in determining the charge collection efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), material stability, and in particular the ion migration, considering their relatively soft ionic bonds with low formation energy. Different GB passivation methods are being studied, and introducing PbI2-rich phase at GBs in methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) has been found to be useful. In this study, combining macroscale measurements with tip-based microscopic probing that includes scanning Kelvin probe microscopy for surface potential mapping and conductive atomic force microscopy for charge transport mapping, we revealed the effects of PbI2-rich phase at GBs, which was introduced in moisture-assisted synthesis of MAPbI3 thin films. It was found that PbI2 passivation of GBs could change the surface potential and charge carrier screening and significantly retard current conduction at the GB while enhancing conduction through the grain interior. Inhibition of ion migration at GBs, as well as enhanced PSC device performance, is reported.
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13
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Eichhorn J, Kastl C, Cooper JK, Ziegler D, Schwartzberg AM, Sharp ID, Toma FM. Nanoscale imaging of charge carrier transport in water splitting photoanodes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2597. [PMID: 30013111 PMCID: PMC6048052 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04856-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of energy materials hinges on the presence of structural defects and heterogeneity over different length scales. Here we map the correlation between morphological and functional heterogeneity in bismuth vanadate, a promising metal oxide photoanode for photoelectrochemical water splitting, by photoconductive atomic force microscopy. We demonstrate that contrast in mapping electrical conductance depends on charge transport limitations, and on the contact at the sample/probe interface. Using temperature and illumination intensity-dependent current–voltage spectroscopy, we find that the transport mechanism in bismuth vanadate can be attributed to space charge-limited current in the presence of trap states. We observe no additional recombination sites at grain boundaries, which indicates high defect tolerance in bismuth vanadate. These findings support the fabrication of highly efficient bismuth vanadate nanostructures and provide insights into how local functionality affects the macroscopic performance. The performance of energy materials is affected by structural defects, as well as physicochemical heterogeneity over different length scales. Here the authors map nanoscale correlations between morphological and functional heterogeneity, quantifying the trap states limiting electronic transport in bismuth vanadate thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Eichhorn
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Christoph Kastl
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jason K Cooper
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Dominik Ziegler
- Scuba Probe Technologies LLC, 255 Lina Ave, Alameda, CA, 94501, USA
| | - Adam M Schwartzberg
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Francesca M Toma
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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14
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Wenderott JK, Raghav A, Shtein M, Green PF, Satapathi S. Local Optoelectronic Characterization of Solvent-Annealed, Lead-Free, Bismuth-Based Perovskite Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:7647-7654. [PMID: 29722975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Traditional organolead-halide perovskite-based devices have shown rapid improvements in their power conversion efficiency in less than a decade, yet challenges remain for improving stability and film uniformity, as well as the elimination of lead to address toxicity issues. We fabricated lead-free methylammonium bismuth iodide (MBI) perovskite films and studied the effect of solvent annealing with dimethylformamide (DMF) on both (1) the crystallinity and structure of the films with X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy and (2) the local optoelectronic properties of the films as measured via (photo)conductive atomic force microscopy. We found that solvent annealing leads to improved crystallinity and increased grain size in the MBI films as compared to the thermally annealed films. Furthermore, solvent-annealed MBI films show significantly increased electrical conductivity in the out-of-plane direction. Photoconductivity in both solvent-annealed and thermally annealed MBI films was increased in the grain interiors versus the grain boundaries. It was observed that DMF-induced solvent annealing impacts charge transport through the film, which can be a unique design parameter for optimizing local optoelectronic properties. By studying how solvent annealing affects the MBI film structure and changes the ways in which charges are transported through the film, we have developed a better understanding of how local optoelectronic properties are affected by DMF annealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Wenderott
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Michigan , 2300 Hayward Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
- Biointerfaces Institute , University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex , 2800 Plymouth Road , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Anubhav Raghav
- Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , Uttarakhand 247667 , India
| | - Max Shtein
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Michigan , 2300 Hayward Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Peter F Green
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Michigan , 2300 Hayward Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
- Biointerfaces Institute , University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex , 2800 Plymouth Road , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Soumitra Satapathi
- Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , Uttarakhand 247667 , India
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15
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Gonzalez-Carrero S, Schmidt LC, Rosa-Pardo I, Martínez-Sarti L, Sessolo M, Galian RE, Pérez-Prieto J. Colloids of Naked CH 3NH 3PbBr 3 Perovskite Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Stability, and Thin Solid Film Deposition. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:1298-1303. [PMID: 31457965 PMCID: PMC6641344 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b02052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A novel preparation of lead halide, CH3NH3PbBr3, perovskite nanoparticle solid films from colloidal "naked" nanoparticles, that is, dispersible nanoparticles without any surfactant, is reported. The colloids are obtained by simply adding potassium ions, whose counterions are both more lipophilic and less coordinating than bromide ions, to the perovskite precursor solutions (CH3NH3Br/PbBr2 in dimethylformamide) following the reprecipitation strategy. The naked nanoparticles exhibit a low tendency to aggregate in solution, and they effectively self-assembled on a substrate by centrifugation of the colloid, leading to homogeneous nanoparticle solid films with arbitrary thickness. These results are expected to spur further the interest in lead halide perovskites due to the new opportunities offered by these films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soranyel Gonzalez-Carrero
- ICMOL,
Institute of Molecular Science, Universidad
de Valencia, Catedrático
José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luciana C. Schmidt
- ICMOL,
Institute of Molecular Science, Universidad
de Valencia, Catedrático
José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- INFIQC
(UNC-CONICET), Dpto. Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias
Químicas, Universidad Nacional de
Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Rosa-Pardo
- ICMOL,
Institute of Molecular Science, Universidad
de Valencia, Catedrático
José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Martínez-Sarti
- ICMOL,
Institute of Molecular Science, Universidad
de Valencia, Catedrático
José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Michele Sessolo
- ICMOL,
Institute of Molecular Science, Universidad
de Valencia, Catedrático
José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel E. Galian
- ICMOL,
Institute of Molecular Science, Universidad
de Valencia, Catedrático
José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- E-mail: (R.E.G.)
| | - Julia Pérez-Prieto
- ICMOL,
Institute of Molecular Science, Universidad
de Valencia, Catedrático
José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- E-mail: (J.P.-P.)
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16
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Choi WG, Kang DW, Na S, Park CG, Gokdemir FP, Moon T. Sequentially Vapor-Grown Hybrid Perovskite for Planar Heterojunction Solar Cells. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 13:9. [PMID: 29327311 PMCID: PMC5764897 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-017-2401-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
High-quality and reproducible perovskite layer fabrication routes are essential for the implementation of efficient planar solar cells. Here, we introduce a sequential vapor-processing route based on physical vacuum evaporation of a PbCl2 layer followed by chemical reaction with methyl-ammonium iodide vapor. The demonstrated vapor-grown perovskite layers show compact, pinhole-free, and uniform microstructure with the average grain size of ~ 320 nm. Planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells are fabricated using TiO2 and spiro-OMeTAD charge transporting layers in regular n-i-p form. The devices exhibit the best efficiency of 11.5% with small deviation indicating the high uniformity and reproducibility of the perovskite layers formed by this route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Gyu Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, South Korea
| | - Dong-Won Kang
- Department of Solar and Energy Engineering, Cheongju University, Cheongju, 28503, South Korea
| | - Sungjae Na
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, South Korea
| | - Chan-Gyu Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, South Korea
| | - Fatma Pinar Gokdemir
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, South Korea.
- Department of Physics, Yildiz Technical University, 34210, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Taeho Moon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, South Korea.
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17
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deQuilettes DW, Jariwala S, Burke S, Ziffer ME, Wang JTW, Snaith HJ, Ginger DS. Tracking Photoexcited Carriers in Hybrid Perovskite Semiconductors: Trap-Dominated Spatial Heterogeneity and Diffusion. ACS NANO 2017; 11:11488-11496. [PMID: 29088539 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b06242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We use correlated confocal and wide-field fluorescence microscopy to probe the interplay between local variations in charge carrier recombination and charge carrier transport in methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite thin films. We find that local photoluminescence variations present in confocal imaging are also observed in wide-field imaging, while intensity-dependent confocal measurements show that the heterogeneity in nonradiative losses observed at low excitation powers becomes less pronounced at higher excitation powers. Both confocal and wide-field images show that carriers undergo anisotropic diffusion due to differences in intergrain connectivity. These data are all qualitatively consistent with trap-dominated variations in local photoluminescence intensity and with grain boundaries that exhibit varying degrees of opacity to carrier transport. We use a two-dimensional kinetic model to simulate and compare confocal time-resolved photoluminescence decay traces with experimental data. The simulations further support the assignment of local variations in nonradiative recombination as the primary cause of photoluminescence heterogeneity in the films studied herein. These results point to surface passivation and intergrain connectivity as areas that could yield improvements in perovskite solar cells and optoelectronic device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane W deQuilettes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Sarthak Jariwala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Sven Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Mark E Ziffer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Jacob T-W Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Henry J Snaith
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - David S Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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18
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Zhang Y, Lv H, Cui C, Xu L, Wang P, Wang H, Yu X, Xie J, Huang J, Tang Z, Yang D. Enhanced optoelectronic quality of perovskite films with excess CH 3NH 3I for high-efficiency solar cells in ambient air. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:205401. [PMID: 28346215 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa6956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed polycrystalline perovskite films contribute critically to the high photovoltaic performance of perovskite-based solar cells (PSCs). The inevitable electronic trap states at grain boundaries and intrinsic defects such as metallic lead (Pb0) and halide vacancies in perovskite films cause serious carrier recombination loss. Furthermore, the film can easily decompose into PbI2 in a moist atmosphere. Here, we introduce a simple strategy, through a small increase in methylammonium iodide (CH3NH3I, MAI), molar proportion (5%), for perovskite fabrication in ambient air with ∼50% relative humidity. Analysis of the morphology and crystallography demonstrates that excess MAI significantly promotes grain growth without decomposition. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy shows that no metallic Pb0 exists in the perovskite film and the I/Pb ratio is improved. A time-resolved photoluminescence measurement indicates efficient suppression of non-radiative recombination in the perovskite layer. As a result, the device yields improved power conversion efficiency from 14.06% to 18.26% with reduced hysteresis and higher stability under AM1.5G illumination (100 mW cm-2). This work strongly provides a feasible and low-cost way to develop highly efficient PSCs in ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhai Zhang
- Center for Optoelectronics Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
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