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Chang S, Koo JH, Yoo J, Kim MS, Choi MK, Kim DH, Song YM. Flexible and Stretchable Light-Emitting Diodes and Photodetectors for Human-Centric Optoelectronics. Chem Rev 2024; 124:768-859. [PMID: 38241488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Optoelectronic devices with unconventional form factors, such as flexible and stretchable light-emitting or photoresponsive devices, are core elements for the next-generation human-centric optoelectronics. For instance, these deformable devices can be utilized as closely fitted wearable sensors to acquire precise biosignals that are subsequently uploaded to the cloud for immediate examination and diagnosis, and also can be used for vision systems for human-interactive robotics. Their inception was propelled by breakthroughs in novel optoelectronic material technologies and device blueprinting methodologies, endowing flexibility and mechanical resilience to conventional rigid optoelectronic devices. This paper reviews the advancements in such soft optoelectronic device technologies, honing in on various materials, manufacturing techniques, and device design strategies. We will first highlight the general approaches for flexible and stretchable device fabrication, including the appropriate material selection for the substrate, electrodes, and insulation layers. We will then focus on the materials for flexible and stretchable light-emitting diodes, their device integration strategies, and representative application examples. Next, we will move on to the materials for flexible and stretchable photodetectors, highlighting the state-of-the-art materials and device fabrication methods, followed by their representative application examples. At the end, a brief summary will be given, and the potential challenges for further development of functional devices will be discussed as a conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehui Chang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Hoon Koo
- Department of Semiconductor Systems Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Semiconductor and System IC, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Yoo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seok Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Kee Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Center for Future Semiconductor Technology (FUST), UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, SNU, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, SNU, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Song
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) Graduate School, GIST, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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Jiang W, Lee S, Zan G, Zhao K, Park C. Alternating Current Electroluminescence for Human-Interactive Sensing Displays. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2304053. [PMID: 37696051 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of stimuli-interactive displays based on alternating current (AC)-driven electroluminescence (EL) is of great interest, owing to their simple device architectures suitable for wearable applications requiring resilient mechanical flexibility and stretchability. AC-EL displays can serve as emerging platforms for various human-interactive sensing displays (HISDs) where human information is electrically detected and directly visualized using EL, promoting the development of the interaction of human-machine technologies. This review provides a holistic overview of the latest developments in AC-EL displays with an emphasis on their applications for HISDs. AC-EL displays based on exciton recombination or impact excitations of hot electrons are classified into four representative groups depending upon their device architecture: 1) displays without insulating layers, 2) displays with single insulating layers, 3) displays with double insulating layers, and 4) displays with EL materials embedded in an insulating matrix. State-of-the-art AC HISDs are discussed. Furthermore, emerging stimuli-interactive AC-EL displays are described, followed by a discussion of scientific and engineering challenges and perspectives for future stimuli-interactive AC-EL displays serving as photo-electronic human-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokyeong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Guangtao Zan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kaiying Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolmin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Spin Convergence Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02791, Republic of Korea
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Wang Y, Gao W, Yang S, Chen Q, Ye C, Wang H, Zhang Q, Ren J, Ning Z, Chen X, Shao Z, Li J, Liu Y, Ling S. Humanoid Intelligent Display Platform for Audiovisual Interaction and Sound Identification. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:221. [PMID: 37812331 PMCID: PMC10562358 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes a rational strategy for the design, fabrication and system integration of the humanoid intelligent display platform (HIDP) to meet the requirements of highly humanized mechanical properties and intelligence for human-machine interfaces. The platform's sandwich structure comprises a middle light-emitting layer and surface electrodes, which consists of silicon elastomer embedded with phosphor and silk fibroin ionoelastomer, respectively. Both materials are highly stretchable and resilient, endowing the HIDP with skin-like mechanical properties and applicability in various extreme environments and complex mechanical stimulations. Furthermore, by establishing the numerical correlation between the amplitude change of animal sounds and the brightness variation, the HIDP realizes audiovisual interaction and successful identification of animal species with the aid of Internet of Things (IoT) and machine learning techniques. The accuracy of species identification reaches about 100% for 200 rounds of random testing. Additionally, the HIDP can recognize animal species and their corresponding frequencies by analyzing sound characteristics, displaying real-time results with an accuracy of approximately 99% and 93%, respectively. In sum, this study offers a rational route to designing intelligent display devices for audiovisual interaction, which can expedite the application of smart display devices in human-machine interaction, soft robotics, wearable sound-vision system and medical devices for hearing-impaired patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenli Gao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaolin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Ye
- School of Textile and Clothing, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Jiangsu, 224051, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ren
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Ning
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengzhong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, 201210, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, 201210, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengjie Ling
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, 201210, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Yu S, Park TH, Jiang W, Lee SW, Kim EH, Lee S, Park JE, Park C. Soft Human-Machine Interface Sensing Displays: Materials and Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2204964. [PMID: 36095261 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of human-interactive sensing displays (HISDs) that simultaneously detect and visualize stimuli is important for numerous cutting-edge human-machine interface technologies. Therefore, innovative device platforms with optimized architectures of HISDs combined with novel high-performance sensing and display materials are demonstrated. This study comprehensively reviews the recent advances in HISDs, particularly the device architectures that enable scaling-down and simplifying the HISD, as well as material designs capable of directly visualizing input information received by various sensors. Various HISD platforms for integrating sensors and displays are described. HISDs consist of a sensor and display connected through a microprocessor, and attempts to assemble the two devices by eliminating the microprocessor are detailed. Single-device HISD technologies are highlighted in which input stimuli acquired by sensory components are directly visualized with various optical components, such as electroluminescence, mechanoluminescence and structural color. The review forecasts future HISD technologies that demand the development of materials with molecular-level synthetic precision that enables simultaneous sensing and visualization. Furthermore, emerging HISDs combined with artificial intelligence technologies and those enabling simultaneous detection and visualization of extrasensory information are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunggun Yu
- Insulation Materials Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Jeongiui-gil 12, Seongsan-gu, Changwon, 51543, Republic of Korea
- Electro-functional Materials Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Jeongiui-gil 12, Seongsan-gu, Changwon, 51543, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Park
- KIURI Institute, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Hyuk Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokyeong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Park
- LOTTE Chemical, Gosan-ro 56, Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16073, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolmin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Spin Convergence Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
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Kim KL, Cho SH, Lee JB, Kim G, Lee K, Lee SW, Kang HS, Park C, Ahn JH, Shim W, Bae I, Park C. Transparent and Flexible Graphene Pressure Sensor with Self-Assembled Topological Crystalline Ionic Gel. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:19319-19329. [PMID: 37022806 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates transparent and flexible capacitive pressure sensors using a high-k ionic gel composed of an insulating polymer (poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene-co-chlorofluoroethylene), P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)) blended with an ionic liquid (IL; 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide, [EMI][TFSA]). The thermal melt recrystallization of the P(VDF-TrFE-CFE):[EMI][TFSA] blend films develops the characteristic topological semicrystalline surface of the films, making them highly sensitive to pressure. Using optically transparent and mechanically flexible graphene electrodes, a novel pressure sensor is realized with the topological ionic gel. The sensor exhibits a sufficiently large air dielectric gap between graphene and the topological ionic gel, resulting in a large variation in capacitance before and after the application of various pressures owing to the pressure-sensitive reduction of the air gap. The developed graphene pressure sensor exhibits a high sensitivity of 10.14 kPa-1 at 20 kPa, rapid response times of <30 ms, and durable device operation with 4000 repeated ON/OFF cycles. Furthermore, broad-range detections from lightweight objects to human motion are successfully achieved, demonstrating that the developed pressure sensor with a self-assembled crystalline topology is potentially suitable for a variety of cost-effective wearable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Lib Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Bok Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwangmook Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuho Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sol Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanho Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Ahn
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooyoung Shim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Insung Bae
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Hannam University, Yuseong-daero 1646, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolmin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Cho C, Kim D, Lee C, Oh JH. Ultrasensitive Ionic Liquid Polymer Composites with a Convex and Wrinkled Microstructure and Their Application as Wearable Pressure Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:13625-13636. [PMID: 36861378 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of pressure sensors with high sensitivity and effectiveness that exhibit linearity over a wide pressure range is crucial for wearable devices. In this study, we fabricated a novel ionic liquid (IL)/polymer composite with a convex and randomly wrinkled microstructure in a cost-effective and facile manner using an opaque glass and stretched polydimethylsiloxane template. The fabricated IL/polymer composite was used as the dielectric layer in a capacitive pressure sensor. The sensor exhibited a high linear sensitivity of 56.91 kPa-1 owing to the high interfacial capacitance formed by the electrical double layer of the IL/polymer composite over a relatively wide range (0-80 kPa). We also demonstrated the sensor performance for various applications such as a glove-attached sensor, sensor array, respiration monitoring mask, human pulse, blood pressure measurement, human motion detection, and a wide range of pressure sensing. It would be expected that the proposed pressure sensor has sufficient potential for use in wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwoo Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdeahak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdeahak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaeeun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdeahak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Hoon Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdeahak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
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Jang J, Lee SW, Lee S, Lee CE, Kim EH, Jin W, Lee S, Kim Y, Oh JW, Jung Y, Kim H, Yong H, Park J, Lee S, Park C. Wireless Stand-Alone Trimodal Interactive Display Enabled by Direct Capacitive Coupling. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2204760. [PMID: 35905410 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With recent advances in interactive displays, the development of a stand-alone interactive display with no electrical interconnection is of great interest. Here, a wireless stand-alone interactive display (WiSID), enabled by direct capacitive coupling, consisting of three layers: two in-plane metal electrodes separated by a gap, a composite layer for field-induced electroluminescence (EL) and inverse piezoelectric sound, and a stimuli-responsive layer, from bottom to top, is presented. Alternating current power necessary for field-induced EL and inverse piezoelectric sound is wirelessly transferred from a power unit, with two in-plane electrodes remotely separated from the WiSID. The unique in-plane power transfer through the stimuli-sensitive polar bridge allows stand-alone operation of the WiSID, making it suitable for the wireless dynamic monitoring of medical fluids. Moreover, a haptic wireless stand-alone trimodal interactive display mounted on a human finger is demonstrated, whereby touch is wirelessly displayed in various outputs of EL, inverse piezoelectric sound, and tactile vibration, making it suitable for a wireless three-mode smart braille display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208-3108, USA
| | - Seokyeong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Eun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Hyuk Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Wookyeong Jin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sejeong Lee
- College of Nursing and Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkyung Kim
- College of Nursing and Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngdoo Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - HoYeon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungseok Yong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseuk-ro, Dongjack-gu, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongok Park
- College of Nursing, Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseuk-ro, Dongjack-gu, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolmin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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Shen Z, Liu F, Huang S, Wang H, Yang C, Hang T, Tao J, Xia W, Xie X. Progress of flexible strain sensors for physiological signal monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 211:114298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hou P, Zhang X, Lu Q, Chen S, Liu Q, Qiao C, Zhao H. Poly(carbazole-co-1,4-dimethoxybenzene): Synthesis, Electrochemiluminescence Performance, and Application in Detection of Fe3+. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153045. [PMID: 35956560 PMCID: PMC9370792 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, four polycarbazole derivatives (PCMB-Ds) with different alkyl side chains were designed and synthesized via Wittig–Horner reaction. A novel solid-phase electrochemiluminescence (ECL) system was prepared by immobilizing PCMB-D on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in the presence of tripropylamine (TPrA). It could be found that the increase in alkyl side chain length had little effect on the ECL signal of PCMB-D, while the increase in the degree of polymerization (DP) greatly enhanced the ECL signal. Furthermore, the P-3/ITO ECL sensor based on the polyoctylcarbazole derivative (P-3) with the best ECL performance was successfully constructed and detected Fe3+ under the optimal experimental conditions. The ECL signal steadily diminished with the increased concentration of Fe3+ because of the competition and complexation between Fe3+ and P-3 under the condition of pH 7.4. This P-3/ITO platform could realize a highly sensitive and selective detection of Fe3+ with a wide detection range (from 6 × 10−8 mol/L to 1 × 10−5 mol/L) and low detection limit of 2 × 10−8 mol/L, which could allow the detection of Fe3+ in multiple scenarios, and would have a great application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchong Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (P.H.); (S.C.); (Q.L.); (C.Q.)
| | - Xian Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (P.H.); (S.C.); (Q.L.); (C.Q.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (Q.L.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-134-7596-2648 (X.Z.); +86-187-6613-0996 (Q.L.)
| | - Qian Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (P.H.); (S.C.); (Q.L.); (C.Q.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (Q.L.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-134-7596-2648 (X.Z.); +86-187-6613-0996 (Q.L.)
| | - Shunwei Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (P.H.); (S.C.); (Q.L.); (C.Q.)
| | - Qiang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (P.H.); (S.C.); (Q.L.); (C.Q.)
| | - Congde Qiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (P.H.); (S.C.); (Q.L.); (C.Q.)
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (Q.L.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-134-7596-2648 (X.Z.); +86-187-6613-0996 (Q.L.)
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10
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Saengsonachai A, Seekaew Y, Traiwatcharanon P, Wongchoosuk C. Dual functions of alternating current electroluminescent device for light emission and humidity detection. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:405202. [PMID: 35767930 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac7cf5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alternating current electroluminescent (AC-EL) device can be considered as a potential candidate for next generation of multifunctional light-emitting sources. In this work, we present a new design of AC-EL device with inclusion of a silver oxide humidity-sensing layer instead of an insulating buffer layer for humidity detection. The ZnS:Cu, Cl and ZnS:Ag+(Zn,Cd)S:Ag phosphors were used as an emissive layer prepared by screen printing method. The silver oxide (AgO/Ag2O) nanoparticles synthesized via a green method were employed as a humidity sensing layer. The developed AC-EL devices exhibited high response, good productivity, high stability, high repeatability and linear relationship with humidity in range of 10%-90% RH as well as no significant effects with several VOCs/gases such as NH3, CO2, acetone, methanol, toluene and propan at room temperature. The effects of parameters such as excitation frequency, applied voltage, and waveforms on the luminance intensity are discussed. The development of the present AC-EL device offers a simplified architecture to enable sensing functions of the AC-EL device via monitoring of light emission changing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Saengsonachai
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Yotsarayuth Seekaew
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bang Kapi, Bangkok 10240, Thailand
| | | | - Chatchawal Wongchoosuk
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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11
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Chromism-Integrated Sensors and Devices for Visual Indicators. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22114288. [PMID: 35684910 PMCID: PMC9185273 DOI: 10.3390/s22114288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The bifunctionality of chromism-integrated sensors and devices has been highlighted because of their reversibility, fast response, and visual indication. For example, one of the representative chromism electrochromic materials exhibits optical modulation under ion insertion/extraction by applying a potential. This operation mechanism can be integrated with various sensors (pressure, strain, biomolecules, gas, etc.) and devices (energy conversion/storage systems) as visual indicators for user-friendly operation. In this review, recent advances in the field of chromism-integrated systems for visual indicators are categorized for various chromism-integrated sensors and devices. This review can provide insights for researchers working on chromism, sensors, or devices. The integrated chromic devices are evaluated in terms of coloration-bleach operation, cycling stability, and coloration efficiency. In addition, the existing challenges and prospects for chromism-integrated sensors and devices are summarized for further research.
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12
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Nie B, Liu S, Qu Q, Zhang Y, Zhao M, Liu J. Bio-inspired flexible electronics for smart E-skin. Acta Biomater 2022; 139:280-295. [PMID: 34157454 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
"Learning from nature" provides endless inspiration for scientists to invent new materials and devices. Here, we review state-of-the-art technologies in flexible electronics, with a focus on bio-inspired smart skins. This review focuses on the development of E-skin for sensing a variety of parameters such as mechanical loads, temperature, light, and biochemical cues, with a trend of increased integration of multiple functions. It highlights the most recent advances in flexible electronics inspired by animals such as chameleons, squids, and octopi whose bodies have remarkable camouflage, mimicry, or self-healing attributes. Implantable devices, being overlapped with smart E-skin in a broad sense, are included in this review. This review outlines the remaining challenges in flexible electronics and the prospects for future development for biomedical applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This article reviews the state-of-the-art technologies of bio-inspired smart electronic skin (E-skin) developed in a "learning-mimicking-creating" (LMC) cycle. We emphasize the most recent innovations in the development of E-skin for sensing physical changes and biochemical cues, and for integrating multiple sensing modalities. We discuss the achievements in implantable materials, wireless communication, and device design pertaining to implantable flexible electronics. This review will provide prospective insights integrating material, electronics, and mechanical engineering viewpoints to foster new ideas for next-generation smart E-skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqing Nie
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Sidi Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Qing Qu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Yiqiu Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Mengying Zhao
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
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13
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Qi X, Wu R, Lok BK, Kerk WT, Lai SFK, Fan W, Pu K. Biomolecule-Interactive Flexible Light Emitting Capacitor Display. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2103541. [PMID: 34841654 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin, lightweight, flexible, and conformable interactive displays that transduce external stimuli into human-readable signals are essential for emerging applications, such as wearable electronics, human-machine interfaces, and soft robots. Herein, a biomolecule-interactive flexible light emitting capacitor (LEC) display (BIO-LEC) capable of dynamic and quantitative visualization of biomolecules through naked-eye detectable electroluminescence (EL) emission is reported. BIO-LEC comprises a coplanar LEC light source at the bottom, and a designed microfluidic chip as sampling compartment at the top. The quantitative measurement feature of BIO-LEC is achieved by introducing the top liquid electrode, which possesses a unique long dielectric realization time, in the microfluidic chip. BIO-LEC is novel for the following reasons, 1) simple stimuli response principle based on correlating EL intensity to dielectric properties of the top liquid electrode; 2) simple test conditions whereby no labeling is required in the analyte solution to optically detect biomolecules; 3) effective sampling method through the design of an integrated microfluidic chip for hosting the top liquid electrode, ensuring good reproducibility and preventing contamination; 4) sensitive detection limit for heparin concentrations at clinically relevant levels, and 5) high compliance with industrial manufacturing standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Qi
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 73 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637662, Singapore
| | - Ruige Wu
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 73 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637662, Singapore
| | - Boon Keng Lok
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 73 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637662, Singapore
| | - Wai Tat Kerk
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 73 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637662, Singapore
| | - Steve Foo Khuen Lai
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 73 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637662, Singapore
| | - Wei Fan
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 73 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637662, Singapore
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
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Ma Z, Zhang Y, Zhang K, Deng H, Fu Q. Recent progress in flexible capacitive sensors: Structures and properties. NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Niu H, Zhang H, Yue W, Gao S, Kan H, Zhang C, Zhang C, Pang J, Lou Z, Wang L, Li Y, Liu H, Shen G. Micro-Nano Processing of Active Layers in Flexible Tactile Sensors via Template Methods: A Review. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100804. [PMID: 34240560 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Template methods are regarded as an important method for micro-nano processing in the active layer of flexible tactile sensors. These template methods use physical/chemical processes to introduce micro-nano structures on the active layer, which improves many properties including sensitivity, response/recovery time, and detection limit. However, since the processing process and applicable conditions of the template method have not yet formed a perfect system, the development and commercialization of flexible tactile sensors based on the template method are still at a relatively slow stage. Despite the above obstacles, advances in microelectronics, materials science, nanoscience, and other disciplines have laid the foundation for various template methods, enabling the continuous development of flexible tactile sensors. Therefore, a comprehensive and systematic review of flexible tactile sensors based on the template method is needed to further promote progress in this field. Here, the unique advantages and shortcomings of various template methods are summarized in detail and discuss the research progress and challenges in this field. It is believed that this review will have a significant impact on many fields of flexible electronics, which is beneficial to promote the cross-integration of multiple fields and accelerate the development of flexible electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsen Niu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Huiyun Zhang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Wenjing Yue
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Song Gao
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Hao Kan
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Chunwei Zhang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Congcong Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Jinbo Pang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Zheng Lou
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Guozhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
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16
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Tang R, Lu F, Liu L, Yan Y, Du Q, Zhang B, Zhou T, Fu H. Flexible pressure sensors with microstructures. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruitao Tang
- Frontier Research Center Institute of flexible electronics technology of THU Zhejiang Jiaxing 314006 China
| | - Fangyuan Lu
- Frontier Research Center Institute of flexible electronics technology of THU Zhejiang Jiaxing 314006 China
| | - Lanlan Liu
- Frontier Research Center Institute of flexible electronics technology of THU Zhejiang Jiaxing 314006 China
| | - Yu Yan
- Frontier Research Center Institute of flexible electronics technology of THU Zhejiang Jiaxing 314006 China
| | - Qifeng Du
- Frontier Research Center Institute of flexible electronics technology of THU Zhejiang Jiaxing 314006 China
| | - Bocheng Zhang
- Frontier Research Center Institute of flexible electronics technology of THU Zhejiang Jiaxing 314006 China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Frontier Research Center Institute of flexible electronics technology of THU Zhejiang Jiaxing 314006 China
| | - Haoran Fu
- Frontier Research Center Institute of flexible electronics technology of THU Zhejiang Jiaxing 314006 China
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17
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Lee S, Kim EH, Yu S, Kim H, Park C, Lee SW, Han H, Jin W, Lee K, Lee CE, Jang J, Koo CM, Park C. Polymer-Laminated Ti 3C 2T X MXene Electrodes for Transparent and Flexible Field-Driven Electronics. ACS NANO 2021; 15:8940-8952. [PMID: 33983015 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
MXenes (Ti3C2TX) are two-dimensional transition-metal carbides and carbonitrides with high conductivity and optical transparency. However, transparent MXene electrodes with high environmental stability suitable for various flexible organic electronic devices have rarely been demonstrated. By laminating a thin polymer film onto a solution-processed MXene layer to protect the MXene film from harsh environmental conditions, we present transparent and flexible MXene electronic devices. A thin polymer layer spin-coated onto a transparent MXene electrode provides environmental stability even under air exposure longer than 7 d at high temperatures (up to 70 °C) and humidity levels (up to 50%) without degrading the transparency of the electrode. The resulting polymer-laminated (PL) MXene electrode facilitates the development of a variety of field-driven photoelectronic devices by exploiting the electric field exerted between the MXene layer and the counter electrode through the insulating polymer. Field-induced electroluminescent displays, based on both organic and inorganic phosphors, with PL-MXene electrodes are demonstrated with high transparency and mechanical flexibility. Furthermore, our PL-MXene electrode exhibits high versatility through successful implementation in capacitive-type pressure sensors and triboelectric nanogenerators, resulting in field-driven sensing and energy harvesting electronic devices with excellent operation reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokyeong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Hyuk Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunggun Yu
- Insulation Materials Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Bulmosan-ro 10-gil 12, Seongsan-gu, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 51543, Korea
| | - Hyerim Kim
- Materials Architecturing Research Centre, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Chanho Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyowon Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Wookyoung Jin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuho Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Eun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Min Koo
- Materials Architecturing Research Centre, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Cheolmin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Spin Convergence Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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18
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Abstract
Current power supply networks across the world are mostly based on three-phase electrical systems as an efficient and economical way for generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. Now, many electrically driven devices are relying on direct current or single-phase alternating current power supply that complicates utilization of three-phase power supply by requiring additional elements and costly switching mechanisms in the circuits. For example, light-emitting devices, which are now widely used for displays, solid-state lighting etc. typically operate with direct current power sources, although single-phase alternating current driven light-emitting devices have also gained significant attention in the recent years. Yet, light-emitting devices directly driven by a three-phase electric power has never been reported before. Benefiting from our precious work on coplanar electrodes structured light-emitting devices, in this article we demonstrate proof of a concept that light-emitting components can be driven by three-phase electric power without utilizing intricate back-end circuits and can compose state detection sensors and pixel units in a single device inspiring from three primary colors. Here we report a three-phase electric power driven electroluminescent devices fabricated featuring of flexibility and multi-functions. The design consists of three coplanar electrodes with dielectric layer(s) and light emission layer(s) coated on a top of input electrodes. It does not require transparent electrodes for electrical input and the light emission occurs when the top light-emitting layers are connected through a polar bridge. We demonstrate some applications of our three-phase electric power driven electroluminescent devices to realize pixel units, interactive rewritable displays and optical-output sensors. Furthermore, we also demonstrate the applicability of three-phase electrical power source to drive organic light-emitting devices with red, green and blue-emitting pixels and have shown high luminance (up to 6601 cd/m2) and current efficiency (up to 16.2 cd/A) from fabricated three-phase organic light-emitting devices. This novel geometry and driving method for electroluminescent devices is scalable and can be utilized even in a wider range of other types of light-emitting devices and special units.
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19
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Lee SW, Baek S, Park SW, Koo M, Kim EH, Lee S, Jin W, Kang H, Park C, Kim G, Shin H, Shim W, Yang S, Ahn JH, Park C. 3D motion tracking display enabled by magneto-interactive electroluminescence. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6072. [PMID: 33247086 PMCID: PMC7695719 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19523-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a human-interactive display enabling the simultaneous sensing, visualisation, and memorisation of a magnetic field remains a challenge. Here we report a skin-patchable magneto-interactive electroluminescent display, which is capable of sensing, visualising, and storing magnetic field information, thereby enabling 3D motion tracking. A magnetic field-dependent conductive gate is employed in an alternating current electroluminescent display, which is used to produce non-volatile and rewritable magnetic field-dependent display. By constructing mechanically flexible arrays of magneto-interactive displays, a spin-patchable and pixelated platform is realised. The magnetic field varying along the z-axis enables the 3D motion tracking (monitoring and memorisation) on 2D pixelated display. This 3D motion tracking display is successfully used as a non-destructive surgery-path guiding, wherein a pathway for a surgical robotic arm with a magnetic probe is visualised and recorded on a display patched on the abdominal skin of a rat, thereby helping the robotic arm to find an optimal pathway. Designing human-interactive displays enabling the simultaneous sensing, visualization, and memorization of a magnetic field remains a challenge. Here, the authors present a skin-patchable magneto-interactive electroluminescent display by employing a magnetic field-dependent conductive gate, thereby enabling 3D motion tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Won Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Soyeon Baek
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Sung-Won Park
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Min Koo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Eui Hyuk Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Seokyeong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Wookyeong Jin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Hansol Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Chanho Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Gwangmook Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Heechang Shin
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Wooyoung Shim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Sunggu Yang
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Ahn
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Cheolmin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea.
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20
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Kwon DK, Myoung JM. Wearable and Semitransparent Pressure-Sensitive Light-Emitting Sensor Based on Electrochemiluminescence. ACS NANO 2020; 14:8716-8723. [PMID: 32644780 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tactile sensors are being researched as a key technology for developing an electronic skin and a wearable display, which have recently been attracting much attention. However, to develop a next-generation wearable tactile sensor, it is necessary to implement an interactive display that responds immediately to external stimuli. Herein, a wearable and semitransparent pressure-sensitive light-emitting sensor (PLS) based on electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is successfully implemented with visual alarm functions to prevent damage to the human body from external stimuli. The PLS is fabricated with a very simple structure using the ECL gel as the light-emitting layer and a carbon nanotube embedded polydimethylsiloxane as the electrode. The ECL light-emitting layer using a redox reaction is advantageous for the fabrication of next-generation wearable devices due to the advantages of a simple structure and the use of electrodes without work function limitation. The PLS can display various external stimuli immediately and operate at a high luminance, making it safe to use as a wearable sensor. Therefore, the PLS using ECL can be a simple and meaningful solution for next-generation wearable tactile sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Kyun Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Soedaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Myoung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Soedaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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21
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Kang HS, Han SW, Park C, Lee SW, Eoh H, Baek J, Shin DG, Park TH, Huh J, Lee H, Kim DE, Ryu DY, Thomas EL, Koh WG, Park C. 3D touchless multiorder reflection structural color sensing display. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb5769. [PMID: 32832673 PMCID: PMC7439647 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb5769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The development of a lightweight, low-power, user-interactive three-dimensional (3D) touchless display in which a human stimulus can be detected and simultaneously visualized in noncontact mode is of great interest. Here, we present a user-interactive 3D touchless sensing display based on multiorder reflection structural colors (SCs) of a thin, solid-state block copolymer (BCP) photonic crystal (PC). Full-visible-range SCs are developed in a BCP PC consisting of alternating lamellae, one of which contains a chemically cross-linked, interpenetrated hydrogel network. The absorption of a nonvolatile ionic liquid into the domains of the interpenetrated network allows for further manipulation of SC by using multiple-order photonic reflections, giving rise to unprecedented visible SCs arising from reflective color mixing. Furthermore, by using a hygroscopic ionic liquid ink, a printable 3D touchless interactive display is created where 3D position of a human finger is efficiently visualized in different SCs as a function of finger-to-display distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sol Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanho Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongkyu Eoh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghyeok Baek
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gap Shin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - June Huh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungsuk Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Eun Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Yeol Ryu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Material Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA
| | - Won-Gun Koh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. (C.P.); (W.-G.K.)
| | - Cheolmin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Spin Convergence Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. (C.P.); (W.-G.K.)
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Ye T, Xiu F, Cheng S, Ban C, Tian Z, Chen Y, Ding Y, Zhen Z, Liu J, Huang W. Recyclable and Flexible Dual-Mode Electronics with Light and Heat Management. ACS NANO 2020; 14:6707-6714. [PMID: 32437131 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Realizing multiple functions and sustainable manufacturing within the same electronic device would be highly attractive from a design and fabrication perspective. Here we demonstrate a recyclable dual-mode thin-film device that can perform both light emission and heat management simultaneously. The device is composed of a dissolvable emitting layer sandwiched between two undissolvable conducting films. The vertical multilayered device enables a highly flexible and foldable multicolor electroluminescent emission ranging from yellow or blue to white, and the coplanar monolayered conductor achieves tunable Joule heat temperature setting. By utilizing selective dissolution and artificial reconstruction of each layered component, the parent device shows full recyclability and reconstructability without severe performance degradation after several recycles. The proof-of concept device provides an ideal strategy to construct a multifunctional film system with recyclability and makes a significant contribution to scientific and technological advancement in low-cost sustainable electronics and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Fei Xiu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Shuai Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chaoyi Ban
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhihui Tian
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yamei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ziwei Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Juqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
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23
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Yakoh A, Siangproh W, Chailapakul O, Ngamrojanavanich N. Optical Bioelectronic Device Based on a Screen-Printed Electroluminescent Transducer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:22543-22551. [PMID: 32338866 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new class of biosensing transducer based on alternating-current electroluminescent (ACEL) display is demonstrated. Unlike conventional ACEL displays where they have been rigidly used in flexible screens and advertising applications, here, the display is integrated with immunoassay and functioned as an optical transducer. Taking advantage of the reversed ACEL architecture, the display can be simply fabricated on an unconventional paper material without requiring the transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. The sensing mechanism relies on the promoted electronic conduction from the immunocomplex formation between immobilized antibody, antigen, and nanoparticle labeled antibody. As a result, the electroluminescence could be triggered off instantaneously. To demonstrate the device effectiveness, C-reactive protein (CRP), a particular biomarker of an inflammatory process and cardiovascular disease, is chosen as a model analyte in this work. Additionally, the applicability of the proposed platform is proved efficacious in human serums, showing negligible interference from nontargeting proteins. The sensing display is also capable of performing multiple assays (up to 8) within a single device. This bio-optoelectronic device represents a straightforward yet highly sensitive approach. This ACEL transducer is believed to explore new possibilities for biosensing and exploit in point-of-care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhadee Yakoh
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Weena Siangproh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Orawon Chailapakul
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nattaya Ngamrojanavanich
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- The Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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24
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Yang B, Yuan W. Highly Stretchable, Adhesive, and Mechanical Zwitterionic Nanocomposite Hydrogel Biomimetic Skin. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:40620-40628. [PMID: 31595740 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The artificial skin-like stretchable ionic sensor device usually requires a synergistic effect of reliable adhesion between human machine interface, reasonable mechanical strength, and visually displayable transparency. A plant-inspired zwitterionic hydrogel was prepared through rapid UV initiation in the existence of cellulose nanocrystals as physically crosslinker and reinforcing agent. The resulting transparent zwitterionic nanocomposite hydrogel successfully brings the synergistic advantages of robust adhesive strength between diversified substrates such as skins, plastics, glass, and steels with remarkable mechanical properties of a superior stretchability over 1000% strain, a mechanical tensile strength up to 0.61 MPa, and compressive strength up to 7.5 MPa, manifesting in superior ionic transport performance, simultaneously. Furthermore, the zwitterionic nanocomposite hydrogel was fabricated as a wearable compliant stretchable pressure-strain sensor in the modality of the skin-adhesive patch to be sensitive to human motion such as finger touch and speech recognition for personal healthcare of patient sensory rebuilding and physiological data acquisition. It maintains compressive cycling sensibility at diverse pressure during 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 Hz, respectively. The multifunctional zwitterionic nanocomposite hydrogel could also be assembled into flexible electrical devices such as luminescent display and information transfer between human and robot communication for mechanosensory electronics and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Materials of Ministry of Education , Tongji University , Shanghai 201804 , People's Republic of China
| | - Weizhong Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Materials of Ministry of Education , Tongji University , Shanghai 201804 , People's Republic of China
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25
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Kim JS, Kim EH, Park C, Kim G, Jeong B, Kim KL, Lee SW, Hwang I, Han H, Lee S, Shim W, Huh J, Park C. Sensing and memorising liquids with polarity-interactive ferroelectric sound. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3575. [PMID: 31395876 PMCID: PMC6687823 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11478-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The direct sensing and storing of the information of liquids with different polarities are of significant interest, in particular, through means related to human senses for emerging biomedical applications. Here, we present an interactive platform capable of sensing and storing the information of liquids. Our platform utilises sound arising from liquid-interactive ferroelectric actuation, which is dependent upon the polarity of the liquid. Liquid-interactive sound is developed when a liquid is placed on a ferroelectric polymer layer across two in-plane electrodes under an alternating current field. As the sound is correlated with non-volatile remnant polarisation of the ferroelectric layer, the information is stored and retrieved after the liquid is removed, resulting in a sensing memory of the liquid. Our pad-type allows for identifying the position of a liquid. Flexible tube-type devices offer a route for in situ analysis of flowing liquids including a human serum liquid in terms of sound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Sung Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Hyuk Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanho Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwangmook Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Beomjin Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Lib Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ihn Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyowon Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokyeong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooyoung Shim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - June Huh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolmin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Kim EH, Han H, Yu S, Park C, Kim G, Jeong B, Lee SW, Kim JS, Lee S, Kim J, Park J, Shim W, Park C. Interactive Skin Display with Epidermal Stimuli Electrode. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1802351. [PMID: 31380180 PMCID: PMC6662062 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201802351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the demand for stimuli-responsive sensors that can detect various vital signals in epidermal skin, the development of electronic skin displays that quantitatively detect and visualize various epidermal stimuli such as the temperature, sweat gland activity, and conductance simultaneously are of significant interest for emerging human-interactive electronics used in health monitoring. Herein, a novel interactive skin display with epidermal stimuli electrode (ISDEE) allowing for the simultaneous sensing and display of multiple epidermal stimuli on a single device is presented. It is based on a simple two-layer architecture on a topographically patterned elastomeric polymer composite with light-emitting inorganic phosphors, upon which two electrodes are placed with a certain parallel gap. The ISDEE is directly mounted on human skin, which by itself serves as a field-responsive floating electrode of the display operating under an alternating current (AC). The AC field exerted on the epidermal skin layer depends on the conductance of the skin, which can be modulated based on a variety of physiological skin factors, such as the temperature, sweat gland activity, and pressure. Conductance-dependent field-induced electroluminescence is achieved, giving rise to an on-hand sensing display platform where a variety of human information can be directly sensed and visualized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Hyuk Kim
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Hyowon Han
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Seunggun Yu
- Insulation Materials Research CenterKorea Electrotechnology Research InstituteBulmosan‐ro 10‐gil 12, Seongsan‐guChangwon‐siGyeongsangnam‐do51543Korea
| | - Chanho Park
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Gwangmook Kim
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Beomjin Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Sung Kim
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Seokyeong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Joohee Kim
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Jang‐Ung Park
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Wooyoung Shim
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolmin Park
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
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