1
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Ma X, Neek-Amal M, Sun C. Advances in Two-Dimensional Ion-Selective Membranes: Bridging Nanoscale Insights to Industrial-Scale Salinity Gradient Energy Harvesting. ACS NANO 2024; 18:12610-12638. [PMID: 38733357 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Salinity gradient energy, often referred to as the Gibbs free energy difference between saltwater and freshwater, is recognized as "blue energy" due to its inherent cleanliness, renewability, and continuous availability. Reverse electrodialysis (RED), relying on ion-selective membranes, stands as one of the most prevalent and promising methods for harnessing salinity gradient energy to generate electricity. Nevertheless, conventional RED membranes face challenges such as insufficient ion selectivity and transport rates and the difficulty of achieving the minimum commercial energy density threshold of 5 W/m2. In contrast, two-dimensional nanostructured materials, featuring nanoscale channels and abundant functional groups, offer a breakthrough by facilitating rapid ion transport and heightened selectivity. This comprehensive review delves into the mechanisms of osmotic power generation within a single nanopore and nanochannel, exploring optimal nanopore dimensions and nanochannel lengths. We subsequently examine the current landscape of power generation using two-dimensional nanostructured materials in laboratory-scale settings across various test areas. Furthermore, we address the notable decline in power density observed as test areas expand and propose essential criteria for the industrialization of two-dimensional ion-selective membranes. The review concludes with a forward-looking perspective, outlining future research directions, including scalable membrane fabrication, enhanced environmental adaptability, and integration into multiple industries. This review aims to bridge the gap between previous laboratory-scale investigations of two-dimensional ion-selective membranes in salinity gradient energy conversion and their potential large-scale industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Mehdi Neek-Amal
- Department of Physics, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran 1678815811, Iran
- Departement Fysica, Universiteit Antwerpen, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Chengzhen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
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2
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Dischinger S, Miller DJ, Vermaas DA, Kingsbury RS. Unifying the Conversation: Membrane Separation Performance in Energy, Water, and Industrial Applications. ACS ES&T ENGINEERING 2024; 4:277-289. [PMID: 38357245 PMCID: PMC10862477 DOI: 10.1021/acsestengg.3c00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Dense polymer membranes enable a diverse range of separations and clean energy technologies, including gas separation, water treatment, and renewable fuel production or conversion. The transport of small molecular and ionic solutes in the majority of these membranes is described by the same solution-diffusion mechanism, yet a comparison of membrane separation performance across applications is rare. A better understanding of how structure-property relationships and driving forces compare among applications would drive innovation in membrane development by identifying opportunities for cross-disciplinary knowledge transfer. Here, we aim to inspire such cross-pollination by evaluating the selectivity and electrochemical driving forces for 29 separations across nine different applications using a common framework grounded in the physicochemical characteristics of the permeating and rejected solutes. Our analysis shows that highly selective membranes usually exhibit high solute rejection, rather than fast solute permeation, and often exploit contrasts in the size and charge of solutes rather than a nonelectrostatic chemical property, polarizability. We also highlight the power of selective driving forces (e.g., the fact that applied electric potential acts on charged solutes but not on neutral ones) to enable effective separation processes, even when the membrane itself has poor selectivity. We conclude by proposing several research opportunities that are likely to impact multiple areas of membrane science. The high-level perspective of membrane separation across fields presented herein aims to promote cross-pollination and innovation by enabling comparisons of solute transport and driving forces among membrane separation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah
M. Dischinger
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniel J. Miller
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David A. Vermaas
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Delft University
of Technology, 2629HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Ryan S. Kingsbury
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Andlinger Center for
Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
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3
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Akinyemi P, Chen W, Kim T. Enhanced Desalination Performance Using Phosphate Buffer-Mediated Redox Reactions of Manganese Oxide Electrodes in a Multichannel System. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:614-622. [PMID: 38148175 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Water desalination mediated by electrochemical reactions to directly capture and release salt at electrode materials offers a low-voltage method for producing freshwater. Developing new system designs has allowed electrode materials to maximize their capacity for salt separation, especially when a multichannel system is used to introduce a separate electrode rinse solution. Here, we show that the use of an additive can provide a new strategy for improving electrode capacity and, hence desalination performance, which so far has been limited to increasing the electrolyte concentration. A custom-built, 2/2-channel flow cell divided by two cation exchange membranes and an anion exchange membrane was fed with 50 mM NaCl as the feed (two inner channels) and 0.5 M NaCl containing up to 0.1 M phosphate as the electrode rinse (two outer channels). Using manganese oxide electrodes with phosphate buffer-mediated redox reactions exhibited an improved desalination capacity of 68.0 ± 5.2 mg g-1 (0.55 mA cm-2) and a rate of 5.6 ± 1.3 mg g-1 min-1 (0.96 mA cm-2). The improvement was attributed to the buffer that served as a proton donor for promoting the H+ insertion reaction of amorphous or poorly crystalline MnO2. Additionally, the buffering capacity against acidification and the creation of insoluble manganese phosphate on the electrode surface prevented the dissolution of Mn2+, which could otherwise occur at the anode due to a decrease in the local pH upon H+ deinsertion. Thus, the use of manganese oxide electrodes coupled with phosphate provides a new strategy of increasing electrode capacity for water desalination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Akinyemi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Weikun Chen
- Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Taeyoung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
- Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
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4
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Huang Y, Fan H, Yip NY. Mobility of Condensed Counterions in Ion-Exchange Membranes: Application of Screening Length Scaling Relationship in Highly Charged Environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:836-846. [PMID: 38147509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) are widely used in water, energy, and environmental applications, but transport models to accurately simulate ion permeation are currently lacking. This study presents a theoretical framework to predict ionic conductivity of IEMs by introducing an analytical model for condensed counterion mobility to the Donnan-Manning model. Modeling of condensed counterion mobility is enabled by the novel utilization of a scaling relationship to describe screening lengths in the densely charged IEM matrices, which overcame the obstacle of traditional electrolyte chemistry theories breaking down at very high ionic strength environments. Ionic conductivities of commercial IEMs were experimentally characterized in different electrolyte solutions containing a range of mono-, di-, and trivalent counterions. Because the current Donnan-Manning model neglects the mobility of condensed counterions, it is inadequate for modeling ion transport and significantly underestimated membrane conductivities (by up to ≈5× difference between observed and modeled values). Using the new model to account for condensed counterion mobilities substantially improved the accuracy of predicting IEM conductivities in monovalent counterions (to as small as within 7% of experimental values), without any adjustable parameters. Further adjusting the power law exponent of the screen length scaling relationship yielded reasonable precision for membrane conductivities in multivalent counterions. Analysis reveals that counterions are significantly more mobile in the condensed phase than in the uncondensed phase because electrostatic interactions accelerate condensed counterions but retard uncondensed counterions. Condensed counterions still have lower mobilities than ions in bulk solutions due to impedance from spatial effects. The transport framework presented here can model ion migration a priori with adequate accuracy. The findings provide insights into the underlying phenomena governing ion transport in IEMs to facilitate the rational development of more selective membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Huang
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027-6623, United States
| | - Hanqing Fan
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027-6623, United States
| | - Ngai Yin Yip
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027-6623, United States
- Columbia Water Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027-6623, United States
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5
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Zimmermann P, Tekinalp Ö, Wilhelmsen Ø, Deng L, Burheim OS. Enhancing Palladium Recovery Rates in Industrial Residual Solutions through Electrodialysis. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:859. [PMID: 37999345 PMCID: PMC10673505 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13110859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Palladium is a vital commodity in the industry. To guarantee a stable supply in the future, it is imperative to adopt more effective recycling practices. In this proof-of-concept study, we explore the potential of electrodialysis to enhance the palladium concentration in a residual solution of palladium recycling, thus promoting higher recovery rates. Experiments were conducted using an industrial hydrochloric acid solution containing around 1000 mg/L of palladium, with a pH below 1. Two sets of membranes, Selemion AMVN/CMVN and Fujifilm Type 12 AEM/CEM, were tested at two current levels. The Fujifilm membranes, which are designed for low permeability of water, show promising results, recovering around 40% of palladium within a two-hour timeframe. The Selemion membranes were inefficient due to excessive water transport. All membranes accumulated palladium in their structures. Anion-exchange membranes showed higher palladium accumulation at lower currents, while cation-exchange membranes exhibited increased palladium accumulation at higher currents. Owing to the low concentration of palladium and the presence of abundant competing ions, the current efficiency remained below 2%. Our findings indicate a strong potential for augmenting the palladium stage in industrial draw solutions through electrodialysis, emphasizing the importance of membrane properties and process parameters to ensure a viable process. Beyond the prominent criteria of high permselectivity and low resistance, minimizing the permeability of water within IEMs remains a key challenge to mitigating the efficiency loss associated with uncontrolled mixing of the electrolyte solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Zimmermann
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Önder Tekinalp
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (Ö.T.); (L.D.)
| | - Øivind Wilhelmsen
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Liyuan Deng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (Ö.T.); (L.D.)
| | - Odne Stokke Burheim
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway;
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6
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Foo ZH, Thomas JB, Heath SM, Garcia JA, Lienhard JH. Sustainable Lithium Recovery from Hypersaline Salt-Lakes by Selective Electrodialysis: Transport and Thermodynamics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14747-14759. [PMID: 37721998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Evaporative technology for lithium mining from salt-lakes exacerbates freshwater scarcity and wetland destruction, and suffers from protracted production cycles. Electrodialysis (ED) offers an environmentally benign alternative for continuous lithium extraction and is amenable to renewable energy usage. Salt-lake brines, however, are hypersaline multicomponent mixtures, and the impact of the complex brine-membrane interactions remains poorly understood. Here, we quantify the influence of the solution composition, salinity, and acidity on the counterion selectivity and thermodynamic efficiency of electrodialysis, leveraging 1250 original measurements with salt-lake brines that span four feed salinities, three pH levels, and five current densities. Our experiments reveal that commonly used binary cation solutions, which neglect Na+ and K+ transport, may overestimate the Li+/Mg2+ selectivity by 250% and underpredict the specific energy consumption (SEC) by a factor of 54.8. As a result of the hypersaline conditions, exposure to salt-lake brine weakens the efficacy of Donnan exclusion, amplifying Mg2+ leakage. Higher current densities enhance the Donnan potential across the solution-membrane interface and ameliorate the selectivity degradation with hypersaline brines. However, a steep trade-off between counterion selectivity and thermodynamic efficiency governs ED's performance: a 6.25 times enhancement in Li+/Mg2+ selectivity is accompanied by a 71.6% increase in the SEC. Lastly, our analysis suggests that an industrial-scale ED module can meet existing salt-lake production capacities, while being powered by a photovoltaic farm that utilizes <1% of the salt-flat area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Hao Foo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Center for Computational Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - John B Thomas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Samuel M Heath
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jason A Garcia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - John H Lienhard
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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7
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Wang L, He J, Heiranian M, Fan H, Song L, Li Y, Elimelech M. Water transport in reverse osmosis membranes is governed by pore flow, not a solution-diffusion mechanism. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf8488. [PMID: 37058571 PMCID: PMC10104469 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf8488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We performed nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations and solvent permeation experiments to unravel the mechanism of water transport in reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. The NEMD simulations reveal that water transport is driven by a pressure gradient within the membranes, not by a water concentration gradient, in marked contrast to the classic solution-diffusion model. We further show that water molecules travel as clusters through a network of pores that are transiently connected. Permeation experiments with water and organic solvents using polyamide and cellulose triacetate RO membranes showed that solvent permeance depends on the membrane pore size, kinetic diameter of solvent molecules, and solvent viscosity. This observation is not consistent with the solution-diffusion model, where permeance depends on the solvent solubility. Motivated by these observations, we demonstrate that the solution-friction model, in which transport is driven by a pressure gradient, can describe water and solvent transport in RO membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8286, USA
| | - Jinlong He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1572, USA
| | - Mohammad Heiranian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8286, USA
| | - Hanqing Fan
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8286, USA
| | - Lianfa Song
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1023, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1572, USA
| | - Menachem Elimelech
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8286, USA
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8
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Sujanani R, Nordness O, Miranda A, Katz LE, Brennecke JF, Freeman BD. Accounting for Ion Pairing Effects on Sulfate Salt Sorption in Cation Exchange Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:1842-1855. [PMID: 36795084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c07900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Ion exchange membranes (IEMs) are frequently used in water treatment and electrochemical applications, with their ion separation properties largely governed by equilibrium ion partitioning between a membrane and contiguous solution. Despite an expansive literature on IEMs, the influence of electrolyte association (i.e., ion pairing) on ion sorption remains relatively unexplored. In this study, salt sorption in two commercial cation exchange membranes equilibrated with 0.01-1.0 M MgSO4 and Na2SO4 is investigated experimentally and theoretically. Association measurements of salt solutions using conductometric experiments and the Stokes-Einstein approximation show significant concentrations of ion pairs in MgSO4 and Na2SO4 relative to those in simple electrolytes (i.e., NaCl), which is consistent with prior studies of sulfate salts. The Manning/Donnan model, developed and validated for halide salts in previous studies, substantially underpredicts sulfate sorption measurements, presumably due to ion pairing effects not accounted for in this established theory. These findings suggest that ion pairing can enhance salt sorption in IEMs due to partitioning of reduced valence species. By reformulating the Donnan and Manning models, a theoretical framework for predicting salt sorption in IEMs that explicitly considers electrolyte association is developed. Remarkably, theoretical predictions of sulfate sorption are improved by over an order of magnitude by accounting for ion speciation. In some cases, good quantitative agreement is observed between theoretical and experimental values for external salt concentrations between 0.1 and 1.0 M using no adjustable parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Sujanani
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E. Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Oscar Nordness
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E. Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Andres Miranda
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E. Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Lynn E Katz
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 301 E. Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Joan F Brennecke
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E. Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Benny D Freeman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E. Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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9
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Mason TG, Freeman BD, Izgorodina EI. Influencing Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Ion-Exchange Membranes by Considering Comonomer Propagation. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Mason
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC3800, Australia
| | - Benny D. Freeman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas78712, United States
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10
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Ion and Water Transport in Ion-Exchange Membranes for Power Generation Systems: Guidelines for Modeling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010034. [PMID: 36613476 PMCID: PMC9820504 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial ion-exchange and other charged membranes, such as biomembranes, are self-organizing nanomaterials built from macromolecules. The interactions of fragments of macromolecules results in phase separation and the formation of ion-conducting channels. The properties conditioned by the structure of charged membranes determine their application in separation processes (water treatment, electrolyte concentration, food industry and others), energy (reverse electrodialysis, fuel cells and others), and chlore-alkali production and others. The purpose of this review is to provide guidelines for modeling the transport of ions and water in charged membranes, as well as to describe the latest advances in this field with a focus on power generation systems. We briefly describe the main structural elements of charged membranes which determine their ion and water transport characteristics. The main governing equations and the most commonly used theories and assumptions are presented and analyzed. The known models are classified and then described based on the information about the equations and the assumptions they are based on. Most attention is paid to the models which have the greatest impact and are most frequently used in the literature. Among them, we focus on recent models developed for proton-exchange membranes used in fuel cells and for membranes applied in reverse electrodialysis.
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11
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Huang Y, Fan H, Yip NY. Influence of electrolyte on concentration-induced conductivity-permselectivity tradeoff of ion-exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Liu H, She Q. Influence of membrane structure-dependent water transport on conductivity-permselectivity trade-off and salt/water selectivity in electrodialysis: Implications for osmotic electrodialysis using porous ion exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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13
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Mohandass G, Chen W, Krishnan S, Kim T. Asymmetric and Symmetric Redox Flow Batteries for Energy-Efficient, High-Recovery Water Desalination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:4477-4488. [PMID: 35297617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical separation offers an energy-efficient means to desalinate brackish water, a relatively untapped but increasingly utilized water source for freshwater supply. Several electrochemical techniques are being developed to enable low-energy desalination combined with energy storage. We report a new approach that produced a peak power density of 6.0 mW cm-2 from the energy stored in iron cyanide (Fe-CN) and iron citrate (Fe-Cit) redox couples during water desalination, using asymmetric redox flow batteries (RFBs). Desalination and the charging of the redox couples occurred in a four-channel RFB cell. The stored energy was extracted in a two-channel RFB cell. Desalination of model brackish water (2.9 g L-1) to freshwater (0.5 g L-1) was also studied in a symmetric system using the environmentally benign Fe-Cit. The process was characterized by low energy consumption (0.56 kW h m-3), high productivity (41.1 L freshwater m-2 area h-1, representing practical operating conditions for brackish water desalination), and high water recovery (91% product-to-intake water ratio, addressing the environmental and economic challenges of brine disposal). The low cell voltage (<0.5 V) required in the reported system is ideally suited for developing modular desalination systems powered by renewables, including solar energy. Collectively, water-based RFBs for desalination and power production would lead to sustainable water-energy infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowri Mohandass
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Weikun Chen
- Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Sitaraman Krishnan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Taeyoung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
- Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
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14
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Liu F, Kingsbury RS, Rech JJ, You W, Coronell O. Effect of osmotic ballast properties on the performance of a concentration gradient battery. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 212:118076. [PMID: 35077940 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A concentration gradient battery (CGB) is an energy storage system comprised of a series of concentrated and dilute salt solution compartments, separated by ion exchange membranes (IEMs). The battery is charged by electrodialysis (ED), which increases the concentration gradient between these solutions, and discharged by reverse electrodialysis (RED), which allows these solutions to mix. In both ED and RED, water moves by osmosis from dilute to concentrated compartments, reducing the CGB faradaic and energy efficiency. A promising approach to mitigate osmosis is to use an osmotic ballast in the dilute solution to balance the osmotic pressure and reduce faradaic energy losses. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of ballast properties (i.e., size, structure, end-group) on the faradaic and round-trip efficiency of the CGB. To accomplish this objective, we tested seven sugar and five glycol compounds as osmotic ballasts in a closed-loop cell. Results show that ballasts with high molecular weight generally resulted in higher faradaic efficiency and lower water transport compared with low molecular weight ballasts. Data also indicates that ballast with a cyclic structure (instead of linear), non-planar structure (instead of planar), and lower number of methyl end-groups led to lower water transport. Of all ballasts tested, sucrose performed best in terms of reducing non-ideal water transport (by 109%) and enhancing both faradaic and round-trip efficiencies (from 47.4% to 77.7% and 25.5% to 38.1%, respectively) compared with the non-ballasted CGB. Our results contribute to fundamental understanding of the impact of solute properties on water and small organic molecule transport in ion exchange membranes and indicate that ballasted CGBs can be further improved through development of optimized ballasts and selection of optimum membrane-ballast pairs. The improved understanding of ballast impact on CGB performance could be used for evaluation of potential ballast benefits in other membrane-based systems that may be impacted by osmosis such as the acid-base flow battery, waste heat recovery using RED, ED purification processes, osmotically assisted processes, and redox flow batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, China; Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ryan S Kingsbury
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jeromy J Rech
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Wei You
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Applied Physical Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Orlando Coronell
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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15
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Komazaki Y, Kanazawa K, Nobeshima T, Hirama H, Watanabe Y, Suemori K, Uemura S. Mathematical Modeling of Hygroelectric Cell Based on Deliquescent Electrolyte Solution Partitioned by Cation-Exchange Membrane. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Komazaki
- Human Augmentation Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kashiwa II Campus, University of Tokyo, 6-2-3 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-1, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kenji Kanazawa
- Human Augmentation Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kashiwa II Campus, University of Tokyo, 6-2-3 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-1, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Taiki Nobeshima
- Human Augmentation Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kashiwa II Campus, University of Tokyo, 6-2-3 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-1, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hirotada Hirama
- Human Augmentation Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kashiwa II Campus, University of Tokyo, 6-2-3 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-1, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yuichi Watanabe
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-1, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kouji Suemori
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-1, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Sei Uemura
- Human Augmentation Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kashiwa II Campus, University of Tokyo, 6-2-3 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-1, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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16
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Kitto D, Kamcev J. Manning condensation in ion exchange membranes: A review on ion partitioning and diffusion models. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Kitto
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex B28 Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Jovan Kamcev
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex B28 Ann Arbor Michigan USA
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex B28 Ann Arbor Michigan USA
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17
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Zimmermann P, Solberg SBB, Tekinalp Ö, Lamb JJ, Wilhelmsen Ø, Deng L, Burheim OS. Heat to Hydrogen by RED-Reviewing Membranes and Salts for the RED Heat Engine Concept. MEMBRANES 2021; 12:48. [PMID: 35054575 PMCID: PMC8779139 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Reverse electrodialysis heat engine (REDHE) combines a reverse electrodialysis stack for power generation with a thermal regeneration unit to restore the concentration difference of the salt solutions. Current approaches for converting low-temperature waste heat to electricity with REDHE have not yielded conversion efficiencies and profits that would allow for the industrialization of the technology. This review explores the concept of Heat-to-Hydrogen with REDHEs and maps crucial developments toward industrialization. We discuss current advances in membrane development that are vital for the breakthrough of the RED Heat Engine. In addition, the choice of salt is a crucial factor that has not received enough attention in the field. Based on ion properties relevant for both the transport through IEMs and the feasibility for regeneration, we pinpoint the most promising salts for use in REDHE, which we find to be KNO3, LiNO3, LiBr and LiCl. To further validate these results and compare the system performance with different salts, there is a demand for a comprehensive thermodynamic model of the REDHE that considers all its units. Guided by such a model, experimental studies can be designed to utilize the most favorable process conditions (e.g., salt solutions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Zimmermann
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (P.Z.); (S.B.B.S.); (J.J.L.)
| | - Simon Birger Byremo Solberg
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (P.Z.); (S.B.B.S.); (J.J.L.)
| | - Önder Tekinalp
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (Ö.T.); (L.D.)
| | - Jacob Joseph Lamb
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (P.Z.); (S.B.B.S.); (J.J.L.)
| | - Øivind Wilhelmsen
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Liyuan Deng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (Ö.T.); (L.D.)
| | - Odne Stokke Burheim
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (P.Z.); (S.B.B.S.); (J.J.L.)
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18
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Rousseau CR, Honig ML, Bühlmann P. Hydrogels Doped with Redox Buffers as Transducers for Ion-Selective Electrodes. Anal Chem 2021; 94:1143-1150. [PMID: 34932309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) with an unintentional water layer between the sensing membrane and underlying electron conductor are well known to suffer from potential drift caused by the instability of the phase boundary potential between the sensing membrane and the water layer with its uncontrolled ionic composition. The reproducibility and long-term emf stability of ISEs with a miniaturized inner filling solution comprising a hydrogel and a hydrophilic electrolyte have not been studied as thoroughly. Here, such devices are discussed with a view to electrode-to-electrode reproducibility, using both hydrophilic ion-exchange and plasticized PVC membranes, along with a hydrophilic redox buffer composed of ferrocyanide and ferricyanide to control the potential between the hydrogel and the underlying electron conductor. With plasticized PVC sensing membranes, these electrodes showed an E0 reproducibility of ±1.1 mV or better, while with hydrophilic ion-exchange membranes, this variability was slightly larger. Long-term drifts were also assessed with both membranes, and the effect of osmotic pressure on drift was shown to be insignificant for the PVC membranes and very small at most for the hydrophilic membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste R Rousseau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Madeline L Honig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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19
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Kingsbury R, Hegde M, Wang J, Kusoglu A, You W, Coronell O. Tunable Anion Exchange Membrane Conductivity and Permselectivity via Non-Covalent, Hydrogen Bond Cross-Linking. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:52647-52658. [PMID: 34705410 PMCID: PMC9043033 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ion exchange membranes (IEMs) are a key component of electrochemical processes that purify water, generate clean energy, and treat waste. Most conventional polymer IEMs are covalently cross-linked, which results in a challenging tradeoff relationship between two desirable properties─high permselectivity and high conductivity─in which one property cannot be changed without negatively affecting the other. In an attempt to overcome this limitation, in this work we synthesized a series of anion exchange membranes containing non-covalent cross-links formed by a hydrogen bond donor (methacrylic acid) and a hydrogen bond acceptor (dimethylacrylamide). We show that these monomers act synergistically to improve both membrane permselectivity and conductivity relative to a control membrane without non-covalent cross-links. Furthermore, we show that the hydrogen bond donor and acceptor loading can be used to tune permselectivity and conductivity relatively independently of one another, escaping the tradeoff observed in conventional membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Kingsbury
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Maruti Hegde
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jingbo Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ahmet Kusoglu
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Wei You
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Orlando Coronell
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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20
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Sujanani R, Katz LE, Paul DR, Freeman BD. Aqueous ion partitioning in Nafion: Applicability of Manning's counter-ion condensation theory. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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A practical approach to measuring the ion-transport number of cation-exchange membranes: Effects of junction potential and analyte concentration. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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22
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Hulme A, Davey C, Tyrrel S, Pidou M, McAdam E. Transitioning from electrodialysis to reverse electrodialysis stack design for energy generation from high concentration salinity gradients. ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT 2021; 244:None. [PMID: 34538999 PMCID: PMC8415203 DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, stack design for high concentration gradient reverse electrodialysis operating in recycle is addressed. High concentration gradients introduce complex transport phenomena, which are exacerbated when recycling feeds; a strategy employed to improve system level energy efficiency. This unique challenge indicates that membrane properties and spacer thickness requirements may differ considerably from reverse electrodialysis for lower concentration gradients (e.g. seawater/river water), drawing closer parallels to electrodialysis stack design. Consequently, commercially available electrodialysis and reverse electrodialysis stack design was first compared for power generation from high concentration gradients. Higher gross power densities were identified for the reverse electrodialysis stack, due to the use of thinner membranes characterised by a higher permselectivity, which improved current. However, energy efficiency of the electrodialysis stack was twice that recorded for the reverse electrodialysis stack at low current densities, which was attributed to: (i) an increased residence time provided by the larger intermembrane distance, and (ii) reduced exergy losses of the electrodialysis membranes, which provided comparatively lower water permeance. Further in-depth investigation into membrane properties and spacer thickness identified that membranes characterised by an intermediate water permeability and ohmic resistance provided the highest power density and energy efficiency (Neosepta ACS/CMS), while wider intermembrane distances up to 0.3 mm improved energy efficiency. This study confirms that reverse electrodialysis stacks for high concentration gradients in recycle therefore demand design more comparable to electrodialysis stacks to drive energy efficiency, but when selecting membrane properties, the trade-off with permselectivity must also be considered to ensure economic viability.
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23
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Multilayered surface modification of anion exchange membrane by MoS2 flakes for improved antifouling performance. Chem Eng Res Des 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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24
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Zargarnezhad H, Asselin E, Wong D, Lam CNC. A Critical Review of the Time-Dependent Performance of Polymeric Pipeline Coatings: Focus on Hydration of Epoxy-Based Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1517. [PMID: 34065062 PMCID: PMC8125940 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The barrier performance of organic coatings is a direct function of mass transport and long-term stability of the polymeric structure. A predictive assessment of the protective coating cannot be conducted a priori of degradation effects on transport. Epoxy-based powder coatings are an attractive class of coatings for pipelines and other structures because application processing times are low and residual stresses between polymer layers are reduced. However, water ingress into the polymeric network of these coatings is of particular interest due to associated competitive sorption and plasticization effects. This review examines common analytical techniques for identifying parameters involved in transport in wet environments and underscores the gaps in the literature for the evaluation of the long-term performance of such coating systems. Studies have shown that the extent of polymer hydration has a major impact on gas and ion permeability/selectivity. Thus, transport analyses based only on micropore filling (i.e., adsorption) by water molecules are inadequate. Combinatorial entropy of the glassy epoxy and water vapor mixture not only affects the mechanism of membrane plasticization, but also changes the sorption kinetics of gas permeation and causes a partial gas immobility in the system. However, diffusivity, defined as the product of a kinetic mobility parameter and a concentration-dependent thermodynamic parameter, can eventually become favorable for gas transport at elevated temperatures, meaning that increasing gas pressure can decrease selectivity of the membrane for gas permeation. On the other hand, reverse osmosis membranes have shown that salt permeation is sensitive to, among other variables, water content in the polymer and a fundamental attribute in ionic diffusion is the effective size of hydrated ions. In addition, external electron sources-e.g., cathodic protection potentials for pipeline structures-can alter the kinetics of this transport as the tendency of ions to dissociate increases due to electrostatic forces. Focusing primarily on epoxy-based powder coatings, this review demonstrates that service parameters such as humidity, temperature, and concentration of aggressive species can dynamically develop different transport mechanisms, each at the expense of others. Although multilayered coating systems decrease moisture ingress and the consequences of environmental exposure, this survey shows that demands for extreme operating conditions can pose new challenges for coating materials and sparse data on transport properties would limit analysis of the remaining life of the system. This knowledge gap impedes the prediction of the likelihood of coating and, consequently, infrastructure failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Zargarnezhad
- Department of Materials Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 309-6350 Stores Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Edouard Asselin
- Department of Materials Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 309-6350 Stores Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Dennis Wong
- Shawcor Ltd., 25 Bethridge Road, Toronto, ON M9W 1M7, Canada; (D.W.); (C.N.C.L.)
| | - C. N. Catherine Lam
- Shawcor Ltd., 25 Bethridge Road, Toronto, ON M9W 1M7, Canada; (D.W.); (C.N.C.L.)
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25
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Hyder AHMG, Morales BA, Cappelle MA, Percival SJ, Small LJ, Spoerke ED, Rempe SB, Walker WS. Evaluation of Electrodialysis Desalination Performance of Novel Bioinspired and Conventional Ion Exchange Membranes with Sodium Chloride Feed Solutions. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:217. [PMID: 33808723 PMCID: PMC8003458 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11030217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Electrodialysis (ED) desalination performance of different conventional and laboratory-scale ion exchange membranes (IEMs) has been evaluated by many researchers, but most of these studies used their own sets of experimental parameters such as feed solution compositions and concentrations, superficial velocities of the process streams (diluate, concentrate, and electrode rinse), applied electrical voltages, and types of IEMs. Thus, direct comparison of ED desalination performance of different IEMs is virtually impossible. While the use of different conventional IEMs in ED has been reported, the use of bioinspired ion exchange membrane has not been reported yet. The goal of this study was to evaluate the ED desalination performance differences between novel laboratory‑scale bioinspired IEM and conventional IEMs by determining (i) limiting current density, (ii) current density, (iii) current efficiency, (iv) salinity reduction in diluate stream, (v) normalized specific energy consumption, and (vi) water flux by osmosis as a function of (a) initial concentration of NaCl feed solution (diluate and concentrate streams), (b) superficial velocity of feed solution, and (c) applied stack voltage per cell-pair of membranes. A laboratory‑scale single stage batch-recycle electrodialysis experimental apparatus was assembled with five cell‑pairs of IEMs with an active cross-sectional area of 7.84 cm2. In this study, seven combinations of IEMs (commercial and laboratory-made) were compared: (i) Neosepta AMX/CMX, (ii) PCA PCSA/PCSK, (iii) Fujifilm Type 1 AEM/CEM, (iv) SUEZ AR204SZRA/CR67HMR, (v) Ralex AMH-PES/CMH-PES, (vi) Neosepta AMX/Bare Polycarbonate membrane (Polycarb), and (vii) Neosepta AMX/Sandia novel bioinspired cation exchange membrane (SandiaCEM). ED desalination performance with the Sandia novel bioinspired cation exchange membrane (SandiaCEM) was found to be competitive with commercial Neosepta CMX cation exchange membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- AHM Golam Hyder
- Center for Inland Desalination Systems (CIDS) and Nanotechnology Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT) Engineering Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W., University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968-0684, USA; (B.A.M.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Brian A. Morales
- Center for Inland Desalination Systems (CIDS) and Nanotechnology Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT) Engineering Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W., University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968-0684, USA; (B.A.M.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Malynda A. Cappelle
- Center for Inland Desalination Systems (CIDS) and Nanotechnology Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT) Engineering Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W., University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968-0684, USA; (B.A.M.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Stephen J. Percival
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185-1315, USA; (S.J.P.); (L.J.S.); (E.D.S.); (S.B.R.)
| | - Leo J. Small
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185-1315, USA; (S.J.P.); (L.J.S.); (E.D.S.); (S.B.R.)
| | - Erik D. Spoerke
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185-1315, USA; (S.J.P.); (L.J.S.); (E.D.S.); (S.B.R.)
| | - Susan B. Rempe
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185-1315, USA; (S.J.P.); (L.J.S.); (E.D.S.); (S.B.R.)
| | - W. Shane Walker
- Center for Inland Desalination Systems (CIDS) and Nanotechnology Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT) Engineering Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W., University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968-0684, USA; (B.A.M.); (M.A.C.)
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26
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Soniat M, Dischinger SM, Weng L, Martinez Beltran H, Weber AZ, Miller DJ, Houle FA. Toward predictive permeabilities: Experimental measurements and multiscale simulation of methanol transport in Nafion. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Soniat
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
| | - Sarah M. Dischinger
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
| | - Lien‐Chun Weng
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of California Berkeley Berkeley California USA
| | - Hajhayra Martinez Beltran
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of California Berkeley Berkeley California USA
| | - Adam Z. Weber
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
| | - Daniel J. Miller
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
| | - Frances A. Houle
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
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27
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Kingsbury R, Coronell O. Modeling and validation of concentration dependence of ion exchange membrane permselectivity: Significance of convection and Manning's counter-ion condensation theory. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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28
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Díaz JC, Kamcev J. Ionic conductivity of ion-exchange membranes: Measurement techniques and salt concentration dependence. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Rommerskirchen A, Alders M, Wiesner F, Linnartz CJ, Kalde A, Wessling M. Process model for high salinity flow-electrode capacitive deionization processes with ion-exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Kum S, Lawler DF, Katz LE. Separation characteristics of cations and natural organic matter in electrodialysis. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Izquierdo-Gil MA, Villaluenga JPG, Muñoz S, Barragán VM. The Correlation between the Water Content and Electrolyte Permeability of Cation-Exchange Membranes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165897. [PMID: 32824424 PMCID: PMC7460568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The salt permeability through three commercial cation-exchange membranes with different morphologies is investigated in aqueous NaCl solutions. Ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) find application in different processes such as electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, diffusion dialysis, membrane electrolysis, membrane fuel cells and ion exchange bioreactors. The aim of this paper is the experimental determination of the electrolyte permeability in the following membranes: MK-40 membrane, Nafion N324 membrane and Nafion 117 membrane. The latter is selected as being a reference membrane. The effect of an increase in the NaCl concentration in the solutions on membranes transport properties is analyzed. With regard to membranes sorption, a decrease in the water content was observed when the external electrolyte concentration is increased. Concerning permeation through the membranes, the salt permeability increased with concentration for the Nafion 117 membrane and remained nearly constant for the other two membranes. A close relation between the degree of liquid sorption by the membranes and the electrolyte permeability was observed.
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32
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Mubita T, Porada S, Aerts P, van der Wal A. Heterogeneous anion exchange membranes with nitrate selectivity and low electrical resistance. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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33
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Landsman MR, Sujanani R, Brodfuehrer SH, Cooper CM, Darr AG, Davis RJ, Kim K, Kum S, Nalley LK, Nomaan SM, Oden CP, Paspureddi A, Reimund KK, Rowles LS, Yeo S, Lawler DF, Freeman BD, Katz LE. Water Treatment: Are Membranes the Panacea? Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2020; 11:559-585. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-111919-091940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alongside the rising global water demand, continued stress on current water supplies has sparked interest in using nontraditional source waters for energy, agriculture, industry, and domestic needs. Membrane technologies have emerged as one of the most promising approaches to achieve water security, but implementation of membrane processes for increasingly complex waters remains a challenge. The technical feasibility of membrane processes replacing conventional treatment of alternative water supplies (e.g., wastewater, seawater, and produced water) is considered in the context of typical and emerging water quality goals. This review considers the effectiveness of current technologies (both conventional and membrane based), as well as the potential for recent advancements in membrane research to achieve these water quality goals. We envision the future of water treatment to integrate advanced membranes (e.g., mixed-matrix membranes, block copolymers) into smart treatment trains that achieve several goals, including fit-for-purpose water generation, resource recovery, and energy conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Landsman
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Rahul Sujanani
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Samuel H. Brodfuehrer
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Carolyn M. Cooper
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Addison G. Darr
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - R. Justin Davis
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Kyungtae Kim
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Soyoon Kum
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Lauren K. Nalley
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Sheik M. Nomaan
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Cameron P. Oden
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Akhilesh Paspureddi
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Kevin K. Reimund
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Lewis Stetson Rowles
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Seulki Yeo
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Desmond F. Lawler
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Benny D. Freeman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Lynn E. Katz
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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34
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Comparison of water and salt transport properties of ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and nanofiltration membranes for desalination and energy applications. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.117998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Luque Di Salvo J, De Luca G, Cipollina A, Micale G. Effect of ion exchange capacity and water uptake on hydroxide transport in PSU-TMA membranes: A DFT and molecular dynamics study. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.117837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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36
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Luo T, Roghmans F, Wessling M. Ion mobility and partition determine the counter-ion selectivity of ion exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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37
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Dischinger SM, Gupta S, Carter BM, Miller DJ. Transport of Neutral and Charged Solutes in Imidazolium-Functionalized Poly(phenylene oxide) Membranes for Artificial Photosynthesis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Dischinger
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Shubham Gupta
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Blaine M. Carter
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniel J. Miller
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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McGrath MJ, Patterson N, Manubay BC, Hardy SH, Malecha JJ, Shi Z, Yue X, Xing X, Funke HH, Gin DL, Liu P, Noble RD. 110th Anniversary: The Dehydration and Loss of Ionic Conductivity in Anion Exchange Membranes Due to FeCl 4– Ion Exchange and the Role of Membrane Microstructure. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. McGrath
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Nicholas Patterson
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California—San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Bryce C. Manubay
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Samantha H. Hardy
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - John J. Malecha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Zhangxing Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Xiujun Yue
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California—San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Xing Xing
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California—San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Hans H. Funke
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Douglas L. Gin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California—San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Richard D. Noble
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Kingsbury RS, Bruning K, Zhu S, Flotron S, Miller CT, Coronell O. Influence of Water Uptake, Charge, Manning Parameter, and Contact Angle on Water and Salt Transport in Commercial Ion Exchange Membranes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. S. Kingsbury
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - K. Bruning
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - S. Zhu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - S. Flotron
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - C. T. Miller
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - O. Coronell
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Fernández de Labastida M, Yaroshchuk A. Transient membrane potential after concentration step: A new method for advanced characterization of ion-exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Mercer E, Davey C, Azzini D, Eusebi A, Tierney R, Williams L, Jiang Y, Parker A, Kolios A, Tyrrel S, Cartmell E, Pidou M, McAdam E. Hybrid membrane distillation reverse electrodialysis configuration for water and energy recovery from human urine: An opportunity for off-grid decentralised sanitation. J Memb Sci 2019; 584:343-352. [PMID: 31423048 PMCID: PMC6558964 DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The integration of membrane distillation with reverse electrodialysis has been investigated as a sustainable sanitation solution to provide clean water and electrical power from urine and waste heat. Reverse electrodialysis was integrated to provide the partial remixing of the concentrate (urine) and diluate (permeate) produced from the membrane distillation of urine. Broadly comparable power densities to those of a model salt solution (sodium chloride) were determined during evaluation of the individual and combined contribution of the various monovalent and multivalent inorganic and organic salt constituents in urine. Power densities were improved through raising feed-side temperature and increasing concentration in the concentrate, without observation of limiting behaviour imposed by non-ideal salt and water transport. A further unique contribution of this application is the limited volume of salt concentrate available, which demanded brine recycling to maximise energy recovery analogous to a battery, operating in a 'state of charge'. During recycle, around 47% of the Gibbs free energy was recoverable with up to 80% of the energy extractable before the concentration difference between the two solutions was halfway towards equilibrium which implies that energy recovery can be optimised with limited effect on permeate quality. This study has provided the first successful demonstration of an integrated MD-RED system for energy recovery from a limited resource, and evidences that the recovered power is sufficient to operate a range of low current fluid pumping technologies that could help deliver off-grid sanitation and clean water recovery at single household scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Mercer
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - C.J. Davey
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - D. Azzini
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Piazza Roma, Ancona, Italy
| | - A.L. Eusebi
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Piazza Roma, Ancona, Italy
| | - R. Tierney
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - L. Williams
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Y. Jiang
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - A. Parker
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - A. Kolios
- Naval Architecture, Ocean and Marine Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - S. Tyrrel
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - E. Cartmell
- Scottish Water, Castle House, Carnegie Campus, Dunfermline, UK
| | - M. Pidou
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - E.J. McAdam
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
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Nativ P, Fridman-Bishop N, Gendel Y. Ion transport and selectivity in thin film composite membranes in pressure-driven and electrochemical processes. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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