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Baranowska-Korczyc A, Kowalczyk D, Cieślak M. Polydopamine/SWCNT Ink Functionalization of Silk Fabric to Obtain Electroconductivity at a Low Percolation Threshold. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5024. [PMID: 38732243 PMCID: PMC11084783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25095024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This study presents the functionalization of silk fabric with SWCNT ink. The first step was the formation of a polydopamine (PDA) thin coating on the silk fabric to allow for effective bonding of SWCNTs. PDA formation was carried out directly on the fabric by means of polymerization of dopamine in alkali conditions. The Silk/PDA fabric was functionalized with SWCNT ink of different SWCNT concentrations by using the dip-coating method. IR and Raman analyses show that the dominant β-sheet structure of silk fibroin after the functionalization process remains unchanged. The heat resistance is even slightly improved. The hydrophobic silk fabric becomes hydrophilic after functionalization due to the influence of PDA and the surfactant in SWCNT ink. The ink significantly changes the electrical properties of the silk fabric, from insulating to conductive. The volume resistance changes by nine orders of magnitude, from 2.4 × 1012 Ω to 2.3 × 103 Ω for 0.12 wt.% of SWCNTs. The surface resistance changes by seven orders of magnitude, from 2.1 × 1012 Ω to 2.4 × 105 Ω for 0.17 wt.% of SWCNTs. The volume and surface resistance thresholds are determined to be about 0.05 wt.% and 0.06 wt.%, respectively. The low value of the percolation threshold indicates efficient functionalization, with high-quality ink facilitating the formation of percolation paths through SWCNTs and the influence of the PDA linker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Baranowska-Korczyc
- Łukasiewicz Research Network–Lodz Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Textiles Technologies, 9/27 M. Skłodowskiej-Curie Street, 90-570 Lodz, Poland
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Cao J, Wu B, Yuan P, Liu Y, Hu C. Progress of Research on Conductive Hydrogels in Flexible Wearable Sensors. Gels 2024; 10:144. [PMID: 38391474 PMCID: PMC10887588 DOI: 10.3390/gels10020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels, characterized by their excellent conductivity and flexibility, have attracted widespread attention and research in the field of flexible wearable sensors. This paper reviews the application progress, related challenges, and future prospects of conductive hydrogels in flexible wearable sensors. Initially, the basic properties and classifications of conductive hydrogels are introduced. Subsequently, this paper discusses in detail the specific applications of conductive hydrogels in different sensor applications, such as motion detection, medical diagnostics, electronic skin, and human-computer interactions. Finally, the application prospects and challenges are summarized. Overall, the exceptional performance and multifunctionality of conductive hydrogels make them one of the most important materials for future wearable technologies. However, further research and innovation are needed to overcome the challenges faced and to realize the wider application of conductive hydrogels in flexible sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cao
- School of Fashion and Design Art, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Bo Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ping Yuan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yeqi Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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3
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Yadav A, Patil R, Dutta S. Advanced Self-Powered Biofuel Cells with Capacitor and Nanogenerator for Biomarker Sensing. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:4060-4080. [PMID: 37787456 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Self-powered biofuel cells (BFCs) have evolved for highly sensitive detection of biomarkers such as noncodon micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) in the presence of interfering substrates. Self-charging supercapacitive BFCs for in vivo and in vitro cellular microenvironments represent the most prevalent sensing mechanism for diagnosis. Therefore, self-powered biosensing (SPB) with a capacitor and contact separation with a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) offers electrochemical and colorimetric dual-mode detection via improved electrical signal intensity. In this review, we discuss three major components: stretchable self-powered BFC design, miRNA sensing, and impedance spectroscopy. A specific focus is given to 1) assembling of sensors for biomarkers, 2) electrical output signal intensification, and 3) role of supercapacitors and nanogenerators in SPBs. We outline the key features of stretchable SPBs and the sequence of miRNA sensing by SPBs. We have emphasized the need of a supercapacitor and nanogenerator for SPBs in the context of advanced assembly of the sensing unit. Finally, we outline the role of impedance spectroscopy in the detection and estimation of biomarkers. We highlight key challenges in SPBs for biomarker sensing, which needs improved sensing accuracy, integration strategies of electrochemical biosensing for in vitro and in vivo microenvironments, and the impact of miRNA sensing on cancer diagnostics. This article attempts a specific focus on the accuracy and limitations of sensing unit for miRNA biomarkers and associated tool for boosting electrical signal intensity for a potential big step further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubha Yadav
- Electrochemical Energy & Sensor Research Laboratory Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research & Studies, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Patil
- Electrochemical Energy & Sensor Research Laboratory Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research & Studies, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saikat Dutta
- Electrochemical Energy & Sensor Research Laboratory Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research & Studies, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India
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4
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Drozdowska K, Rehman A, Smulko J, Krajewska A, Stonio B, Sai P, Przewłoka A, Filipiak M, Pavłov K, Cywiński G, Lyubchenko DV, Rumyantsev S. Optimum Choice of Randomly Oriented Carbon Nanotube Networks for UV-Assisted Gas Sensing Applications. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3547-3554. [PMID: 37682632 PMCID: PMC10521142 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the noise and photoresponse characteristics of various optical transparencies of nanotube networks to identify an optimal randomly oriented network of carbon nanotube (CNT)-based devices for UV-assisted gas sensing applications. Our investigation reveals that all of the studied devices demonstrate negative photoconductivity upon exposure to UV light. Our studies confirm the effect of UV irradiation on the electrical properties of CNT networks and the increased photoresponse with decreasing UV light wavelength. We also extend our analysis to explore the low-frequency noise properties of different nanotube network transparencies. Our findings indicate that devices with higher nanotube network transparencies exhibit lower noise levels. We conduct additional measurements of noise and resistance in an ethanol and acetone gas environment, demonstrating the high sensitivity of higher-transparent (lower-density) nanotube networks. Overall, our results indicate that lower-density nanotube networks hold significant promise as a viable choice for UV-assisted gas sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Drozdowska
- Department
of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications,
and Informatics, Gdańsk University
of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland
| | - Adil Rehman
- CENTERA
Laboratories, Institute of High Pressure
Physics PAS, Warsaw 01-142, Poland
| | - Janusz Smulko
- Department
of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications,
and Informatics, Gdańsk University
of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Krajewska
- CENTERA
Laboratories, Institute of High Pressure
Physics PAS, Warsaw 01-142, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Stonio
- CENTERA
Laboratories, Institute of High Pressure
Physics PAS, Warsaw 01-142, Poland
- Centre
for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw 02-822, Poland
| | - Pavlo Sai
- CENTERA
Laboratories, Institute of High Pressure
Physics PAS, Warsaw 01-142, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Przewłoka
- CENTERA
Laboratories, Institute of High Pressure
Physics PAS, Warsaw 01-142, Poland
- Institute
of Optoelectronics, Military University
of Technology, gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, Warsaw 00-908, Poland
| | - Maciej Filipiak
- CENTERA
Laboratories, Institute of High Pressure
Physics PAS, Warsaw 01-142, Poland
- Centre
for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw 02-822, Poland
| | - Krystian Pavłov
- CENTERA
Laboratories, Institute of High Pressure
Physics PAS, Warsaw 01-142, Poland
- Centre
for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw 02-822, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Cywiński
- CENTERA
Laboratories, Institute of High Pressure
Physics PAS, Warsaw 01-142, Poland
| | - Dmitry V. Lyubchenko
- CENTERA
Laboratories, Institute of High Pressure
Physics PAS, Warsaw 01-142, Poland
- Division
of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, Malvinas Väg 10, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Sergey Rumyantsev
- CENTERA
Laboratories, Institute of High Pressure
Physics PAS, Warsaw 01-142, Poland
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5
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Song J, Yin B, Tan M. Simultaneous detection of ultraviolet irradiation and vitamin C using an all-carbon-based integrated wearable system powering by a micro-supercapacitor. Talanta 2023; 256:124306. [PMID: 36724691 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a harmful exogenous factor for human skin. Wearable UV photodetectors can monitor UV exposure in the surroundings, and wearable vitamin C (VC) sensors tracking the levels in the human body present the potential ability to defend the UV radiation. Herein, we reported on the fabrication of an all-in-one wearable system with a UV photodetector and VC sensor powered by a micro-supercapacitor. Based on direct laser writing carbonization of polyimide sheets, the patterned electrodes and interconnects of the circuit were fabricated by a facile one-step operation, obtaining an all-carbon-based integrated system. Such a system exhibited outstanding energy storage ability (56.2 μWh cm-2 at 4.17 mW cm-2), high areal capacitance (1.06 mF cm-2 at 5 mV s-1), satisfying capacitive stability, and good mechanical flexibility. The UV photodetector and the VC sensor were powered to obtain a linear range of UV intensity from 11 to 44 μW cm-2 (equivalent to Ultraviolet Index 4.4 to 17.6), and VC levels of 1.0-200 μM with a low limit of detection of 0.83 μM. Furthermore, the integrated system was successfully applied to the determination of VC in commercial beverage and human sweat samples. This work provided a simple and promising method to fabricate integrated wearable systems for on-site providing information on the UV intensity of the external environment and the VC level of the human body simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Bing Yin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Mingqian Tan
- Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, PR China.
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6
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Chen C, Feng J, Li J, Guo Y, Shi X, Peng H. Functional Fiber Materials to Smart Fiber Devices. Chem Rev 2023; 123:613-662. [PMID: 35977344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The development of fiber materials has accompanied the evolution of human civilization for centuries. Recent advances in materials science and chemistry offered fibers new applications with various functions, including energy harvesting, energy storing, displaying, health monitoring and treating, and computing. The unique one-dimensional shape of fiber devices endows them advantages to work as human-interfaced electronics due to the small size, lightweight, flexibility, and feasibility for integration into large-scale textile systems. In this review, we first present a discussion of the basics of fiber materials and the design principles of fiber devices, followed by a comprehensive analysis on recently developed fiber devices. Finally, we provide the current challenges facing this field and give an outlook on future research directions. With novel fiber devices and new applications continuing to be discovered after two decades of research, we envision that new fiber devices could have an important impact on our life in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanrui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Jianyou Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Yue Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Huisheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
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7
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Yuan Y, Liu B, Li H, Li M, Song Y, Wang R, Wang T, Zhang H. Flexible Wearable Sensors in Medical Monitoring. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12121069. [PMID: 36551036 PMCID: PMC9775172 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The popularity of health concepts and the wave of digitalization have driven the innovation of sensors in the medical field. Such continual development has made sensors progress in the direction of safety, flexibility, and intelligence for continuous monitoring of vital signs, which holds considerable promise for changing the way humans live and even treat diseases. To this end, flexible wearable devices with high performance, such as high sensitivity, high stability, and excellent biodegradability, have attracted strong interest from scientists. Herein, a review of flexible wearable sensors for temperature, heart rate, human motion, respiratory rate, glucose, and pH is highlighted. In addition, engineering issues are also presented, focusing on material selection, sensor fabrication, and power supply. Finally, potential challenges facing current technology and future directions of wearable sensors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Yuan
- Liaoning Key Lab of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Liaoning Key Lab of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Nursing, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology (Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute), Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Mo Li
- Department of Nursing, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology (Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute), Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Yingqiu Song
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology (Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute), Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Runze Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Tianlu Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology (Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute), Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Hangyu Zhang
- Liaoning Key Lab of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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8
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He Y, Lin X, Feng Y, Luo B, Liu M. Carbon Nanotube Ink Dispersed by Chitin Nanocrystals for Thermoelectric Converter for Self-Powering Multifunctional Wearable Electronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2204675. [PMID: 36202755 PMCID: PMC9685456 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The screen-printing process of conductive ink can realize simple and large-scale manufacture of micro/nano patterns for producing wearable electronic products. Herein, chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs) are used as a dispersant for the preparation of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) ink with high viscosity and uniformity by ultrasound treatment. ChNCs can interact with MWCNT in noncovalent ways, including π-π and hydrophobic interactions. ChNCs/MWCNT (CCNT) ink does not aggregate even after standing for 3 months with a maximum MWCNT concentration of 33 mg mL-1 and dispersion efficiency of 91.1%. Using CCNT ink, a paper-based thermoelectric generator (TEG) is manufactured by screen-printing technology. With good thermoelectric and strain sensing properties, CCNT coated paper can stably collect human energy at room temperature to realize self-powering. The CCNT coated paper-based TEG can convert thermal voltage signals into musical notes, monitor the changes in human behavior and respiratory rate, and monitor joint movements. Moreover, CCNT coated paper has no cytotoxicity by CCK-8 and live/dead staining. This work puts forward a strategy of green preparation of MWCNT-based ink by adding renewable chitin, which opens up a new way to apply MWCNT-based ink in self-powering wearable multifunctional sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing He
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringCollege of Chemistry and Materials ScienceJinan UniversityGuangzhou511443P. R. China
| | - Xiaoying Lin
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringCollege of Chemistry and Materials ScienceJinan UniversityGuangzhou511443P. R. China
| | - Yue Feng
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringCollege of Chemistry and Materials ScienceJinan UniversityGuangzhou511443P. R. China
| | - Binghong Luo
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringCollege of Chemistry and Materials ScienceJinan UniversityGuangzhou511443P. R. China
| | - Mingxian Liu
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringCollege of Chemistry and Materials ScienceJinan UniversityGuangzhou511443P. R. China
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9
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Ji G, Chen Z, Li H, Awuye DE, Guan M, Zhu Y. Electrospinning-Based Biosensors for Health Monitoring. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:876. [PMID: 36291013 PMCID: PMC9599869 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, many different biosensors are being used to monitor physical health. Electrospun nanofiber materials have the advantages of high specific surface area, large porosity and simple operation. These properties play a vital role in biosensors. However, the mechanical properties of electrospun nanofibers are poor relative to other techniques of nanofiber production. At the same time, the organic solvents used in electrospinning are generally toxic and expensive. Meanwhile, the excellent performance of electrospun nanofibers brings about higher levels of sensitivity and detection range of biosensors. This paper summarizes the principle and application of electrospinning technology in biosensors and its comparison with other technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojing Ji
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Zhou Chen
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
- Wuhu Innovation New Materials Co., Ltd., Wuhu 241080, China
| | - Desire Emefa Awuye
- Department of Minerals and Materials Engineering, University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa 03123, Ghana
| | - Mengdi Guan
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Yingbao Zhu
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
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10
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Han F, Luo J, Pan R, Wu J, Guo J, Wang Y, Wang L, Liu M, Wang Z, Zhou D, Wang Z, Li Q, Zhang Q. Vanadium Dioxide Nanosheets Supported on Carbonized Cotton Fabric as Bifunctional Textiles for Flexible Pressure Sensors and Zinc-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:41577-41587. [PMID: 36043320 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors and aqueous batteries have been widely used in the rapid development of wearable electronics. The synergistic functionalities of versatile materials with multidimensional architectures are recognized to have a significant impact on the performance of flexible electronics. Herein, a facile hydrothermal strategy was demonstrated to conformally grow vanadium dioxide nanosheets on carbonized cotton fabrics (VO2/CCotton), which is a candidate material used in flexible piezoresistive sensors. As a result, the VO2/CCotton-based pressure sensor behaved with high sensitivity (S = 7.12 kPa-1 in the pressure range of 0-2.0 kPa) and a stable sensing ability in a wide pressure scale of 0-120 kPa. Further practical applications were performed in monitoring delicate physiological signals as well, such as twisting, blowing, and voice vibration recognitions. In addition, another application for energy storage was investigated as well. A quasi-solid-state aqueous zinc-ion battery was assembled with VO2/CCotton as the cathode and a film of Zn nanosheets/carbon nanotube as the anode. A capacity as high as 301.5 mAh g-1 and remarkable durability of 88.7% capacity retention after 5000 cycles at 10 A g-1 were found. These exceptional outcomes are attributed to the unique three-dimensional architecture and the prominent synergetic effects of CCotton and VO2 and allow for the proposal of novel guidelines for next-generation multifunctional flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengsai Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Rui Pan
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Jiabin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Yongjiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Lianbo Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Min Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Zemin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Ding Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Zhanyong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Qingwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Qichong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123 China
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11
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Ates HC, Nguyen PQ, Gonzalez-Macia L, Morales-Narváez E, Güder F, Collins JJ, Dincer C. End-to-end design of wearable sensors. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2022; 7:887-907. [PMID: 35910814 PMCID: PMC9306444 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-022-00460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Wearable devices provide an alternative pathway to clinical diagnostics by exploiting various physical, chemical and biological sensors to mine physiological (biophysical and/or biochemical) information in real time (preferably, continuously) and in a non-invasive or minimally invasive manner. These sensors can be worn in the form of glasses, jewellery, face masks, wristwatches, fitness bands, tattoo-like devices, bandages or other patches, and textiles. Wearables such as smartwatches have already proved their capability for the early detection and monitoring of the progression and treatment of various diseases, such as COVID-19 and Parkinson disease, through biophysical signals. Next-generation wearable sensors that enable the multimodal and/or multiplexed measurement of physical parameters and biochemical markers in real time and continuously could be a transformative technology for diagnostics, allowing for high-resolution and time-resolved historical recording of the health status of an individual. In this Review, we examine the building blocks of such wearable sensors, including the substrate materials, sensing mechanisms, power modules and decision-making units, by reflecting on the recent developments in the materials, engineering and data science of these components. Finally, we synthesize current trends in the field to provide predictions for the future trajectory of wearable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Ceren Ates
- FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Q. Nguyen
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Eden Morales-Narváez
- Biophotonic Nanosensors Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, León, Mexico
| | - Firat Güder
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James J. Collins
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA USA
- Institute of Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Can Dincer
- FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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12
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Liu L, Li S, Zhao C, Chen Y, Han J, Li Y, Xiang D, Li H, Guo M. Carbonized sunflower core based strain sensor for monitoring human motion. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Siyu Li
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Yunxin Chen
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Jin Han
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Yuntao Li
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- State Key Lab of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Dong Xiang
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Hui Li
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Min Guo
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
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13
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A Mini-Review on Preparation of Functional Composite Fibers and Their Based Devices. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12040473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Composite fibers are composed of two or more different components by functionating, coating or direct spinning, enabling unique characteristics, such as design ability, high strength, and high- and low-temperature resistance. Due to their ability to be directly woven into or stitched onto textiles to prepare flexible electronic devices, stretchable composite fibers have drawn great attention, enabling better wearability and integrality to wearable devices. Fiber or fiber-based electronic film or textiles represent a significant component in wearable technology, providing the possibility for portable and wearable electronics in the future. Herein, we introduce the composite fiber together with its preparation and devices. With the advancement of preparation technology, the as-prepared composite fibers exhibit good performance in various applications closely related to human life. Moreover, a simple discussion will be provided based on recent basic and advanced progress on composite fibers used in various devices.
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14
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Yoo S, Kim DS, Hong WK, Yoo JI, Huang F, Ko HC, Park JH, Yoon J. Enhanced Ultraviolet Photoresponse Characteristics of Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide Photo-Thin-Film Transistors Enabled by Surface Functionalization of Biomaterials for Real-Time Ultraviolet Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:47784-47792. [PMID: 34585581 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) is one of the most promising materials for diverse optoelectronic applications based on thin-film transistors (TFTs) including ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors. In particular, the monitoring of UV-A (320-400 nm) exposure is very useful for healthcare applications because it can be used to prevent various human skin and eye-related diseases. However, the relatively weak optical absorption in the UV-A range and the persistent photoconductivity (PPC) arising from the oxygen vacancy-related states of IGZO thin films limit efficient UV monitoring. In this paper, we report the enhancement of the UV photoresponse characteristics of IGZO photo-TFTs by the surface functionalization of biomolecules on an IGZO channel. The biomaterial/IGZO interface plays a crucial role in enhancing UV-A absorption and suppressing PPC under negative gate bias, resulting in not only increased photoresponsivity and specific detectivity but also a fast and repeatable UV photoresponse. In addition, turning off the device without external bias completely eliminates PPC due to the internal electric field induced by the surface functionalization of biomaterials. Such a volatile feature of PPC enables the fast and repeatable UV photoresponse. These results suggest the potential of IGZO photo-TFTs combined with biomaterials for real-time UV monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonggwang Yoo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Som Kim
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental and Bioresources Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Ki Hong
- Center for Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Il Yoo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Fu Huang
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental and Bioresources Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Cho Ko
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hee Park
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental and Bioresources Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54596, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental and Bioresources Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwon Yoon
- Jeonju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 54907, Republic of Korea
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15
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Lin L, Shen L, Zhang J, Xu Y, Fang Z, Müller-Buschbaum P, Zhong Q. Ionic Hydrogels Based Wearable Sensors to Monitor the Solar Radiation Dose for Vitamin D Production and Sunburn Prevention. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:45995-46002. [PMID: 34524812 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wearable solar radiation sensors based on ionic hydrogels are facilely prepared to simultaneously monitor the radiation dose for the production of vitamin D and the prevention of sunburn. Tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) is neutralized with acrylic acid (AA) to obtain tetramethylethylenediamine acrylate (TEMEDA), which is further polymerized with acrylamide by a free radical reaction. By simply adding MB or NR during the polymerization, the final obtained ionic hydrogels can indicate solar radiation. Due to the extent of discoloration, the discoloration speed of MB and NR is correlated to the radiation dose. This wearable sensor can indicate the solar radiation dose required by the human body to synthesize vitamin D through the discoloration of the ionized hydrogel of MB, whereas those with NR are able to illustrate the threshold of radiation dose that causes potential skin hurt. Therefore, the benefit and drawback of solar radiation can be well balanced by optimizing the exposure time to solar irradiation. In addition, polyurethane cross-linked with a thermoresponsive coating is used as band for this wearable sensor. Due to the hydrophilicity below its transition temperature, the cross-linked band possesses the easy cleaning capability of stains after the daily wear. Such type of wearable sensor can be broadly used for monitoring the solar radiation, especially in outdoor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 928 Second Avenue, 310018 Hangzhou, China
| | - Liangen Shen
- Zhejiang Hexin Holdings Co. Ltd., 1568 Dongfang Road, 314003 Jiaxing, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Hexin Kuraray Micro Fiber Leather (Jiaxing) Co. Ltd., 777 Pingnan Road, 314003 Jiaxing, China
| | - Yiyan Xu
- Zhejiang Hexin New Material Co. Ltd., 1568 Dongfang Road, 314003 Jiaxing, China
| | - Zheng Fang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 928 Second Avenue, 310018 Hangzhou, China
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Technische Universität München, Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Qi Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 928 Second Avenue, 310018 Hangzhou, China
- Technische Universität München, Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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16
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Pandey VK, Tan CM, Kim S, Singh P, Sangwan V, Han JW, Meyyappan M. Effect of 150 MeV protons on carbon nanotubes for fabrication of a radiation detector. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:355501. [PMID: 34038895 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac056d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High energy and high flux protons are used in proton therapy and the impact of proton radiation is a major reliability concern for electronics and solar cells in low earth orbit as well as in the trapped belts. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), due to their unique characteristics, have been considered for the construction of proton and other radiation sensors. Here, a single wall CNT based proton sensor was fabricated on FR4 substrate and its response to 150 MeV proton irradiation was studied. The change in the resistance of the nanotubes upon irradiation is exploited as the sensing mechanism and the sensor shows good sensitivity to proton radiation. Proton radiation induces dissociation of ambient oxygen, followed by the adsorption of oxygen species on the nanotube surface, which influences its electrical characteristics. Since the nanotube film is thin and the 150 MeV protons are expected to penetrate into and interact with the substrate, control experiments were conducted to study the impact on FR4 substrate without the nanotubes. The dielectric loss tangent or dissipation factor of FR4 increases after irradiation due to an increase in the cross-linking of the resin arising from the degradation of the polymer network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Kant Pandey
- Centre for Reliability Sciences & Technologies, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Cher Ming Tan
- Centre for Reliability Sciences & Technologies, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Centre for Reliability Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Sunjin Kim
- Center for Nanotechnology, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States of America
- Universities Space Research Association, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States of America
| | - Preetpal Singh
- Centre for Reliability Sciences & Technologies, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Vivek Sangwan
- Centre for Reliability Sciences & Technologies, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Woo Han
- Center for Nanotechnology, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States of America
- Universities Space Research Association, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States of America
| | - M Meyyappan
- Center for Nanotechnology, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States of America
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17
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Abstract
Wearable electronics have been receiving increasing attention for the past few decades. Particularly, fiber-based electronics are considered to be ideal for many applications for their flexibility, lightweight, breathability, and comfortability. Furthermore, fibers and fiber-based textiles can be 3D-molded with ease and potentially integrated with everyday clothes or accessories. These properties are especially desired in the fields of bio-related sensors and energy-storage systems. Wearable sensors utilize a tight interface with human skin and clothes for continuous environmental scanning and non-invasive health monitoring. At the same time, their flexible and lightweight properties allow more convenient and user-friendly experiences to the wearers. Similarly, for the wearable devices to be more accessible, it is crucial to incorporate energy harvesting and storage systems into the device themselves, removing the need to attach an external power source. This review summarizes the recent applications of fibers and fiber-based textiles in mechanical, photonic, and biomedical sensors. Pressure and strain sensors and their implementation as electronic skins will be explored, along with other various fiber sensors capable of imaging objects or monitoring safety and health markers. In addition, we attempt to elucidate recent studies in energy-storing fibers and their implication in self-powered and fully wireless wearable devices.
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18
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Liang X, Li H, Dou J, Wang Q, He W, Wang C, Li D, Lin JM, Zhang Y. Stable and Biocompatible Carbon Nanotube Ink Mediated by Silk Protein for Printed Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2000165. [PMID: 32583914 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ink-based processes, which enable scalable fabrication of flexible devices based on nanomaterials, are one of the practical approaches for the production of wearable electronics. However, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which possess great potential for flexible electronics, are facing challenges for use in inks due to their low dispersity in most solvents and suspicious cytotoxicity. Here, a stable and biocompatible CNT ink, which is stabilized by sustainable silk sericin and free from any artificial chemicals, is reported. The ink shows stability up to months, which can be attributed to the formation of sericin-CNT (SSCNT) hybrid through non-covalent interactions. It is demonstrated that the SSCNT ink can be used for fabricating versatile circuits on textile, paper, and plastic films through various techniques. As proofs of concept, electrocardiogram electrodes, breath sensors, and electrochemical sensors for monitoring human health and activity are fabricated, demonstrating the great potential of the SSCNT ink for smart wearables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Liang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Haifang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus, Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jinxin Dou
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus, Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Wenya He
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Chunya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Donghang Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus, Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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19
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Lee D, Seol ML, Motilal G, Kim B, Moon DI, Han JW, Meyyappan M. All 3D-Printed Flexible ZnO UV Photodetector on an Ultraflat Substrate. ACS Sens 2020; 5:1028-1032. [PMID: 32200620 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b02544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An all three-dimensional (3D)-printed flexible ZnO ultraviolet (UV) photodetector is demonstrated, where the 3D-printing method is used not only for the electrode and photosensitive material but also for creating a substrate. An ultraflat and flexible substrate capable of serving as the backbone layer is developed using a water-dissolvable polymer layer for surface planarization. A two-layered printing followed by surface treatment is demonstrated for the substrate preparation. As mechanical support but flexible, a thick and sparse thermoplastic polyurethane layer is printed. On its surface, a thin and dense poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is then printed. A precise control of PVA reflow using a microwater droplet results in a flexible and extremely uniform substrate. A Cu-Ag nanowire network is directly 3D printed on the flexible substrate for the conducting layer, followed by ZnO for the photosensitive material. Unlike the planar two-dimensional printing that provides thin films, 3D printing allows the electrode to have a step height, which can be made like a dam to accommodate a thick film of ZnO. Photosensitivity as a function of various ZnO thickness values was investigated to establish an optimal thickness for UV response. The device was also tested in natural sunlight along with stability and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongil Lee
- Center for Nanotechnology, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California94035, United States
- Universities Space Research Association, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California94035, United States
| | - Myeong-Lok Seol
- Center for Nanotechnology, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California94035, United States
- Universities Space Research Association, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California94035, United States
| | - Gabrielle Motilal
- Center for Nanotechnology, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California94035, United States
| | - Beomseok Kim
- Center for Nanotechnology, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California94035, United States
- Universities Space Research Association, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California94035, United States
| | - Dong-Il Moon
- Center for Nanotechnology, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California94035, United States
- Universities Space Research Association, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California94035, United States
| | - Jin-Woo Han
- Center for Nanotechnology, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California94035, United States
- Universities Space Research Association, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California94035, United States
| | - M. Meyyappan
- Center for Nanotechnology, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California94035, United States
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