Novel Ti4+-Chelated Polyoxometalate/Polydopamine Composite Microspheres for Highly Selective Isolation and Enrichment of Phosphoproteins

Superhydrophilic Nanostructured Microparticles for Enhanced Phosphoprotein Enrichment from Alzheimer's Disease Brain

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder and closely related to abnormal phosphoproteoforms. The analysis of low-abundance phosphoproteoforms relies heavily on the enrichment of phosphoproteins. However, existing phosphoprotein enrichment materials suffer from either low selectivity or low coverage due to the unavoidable unspecific adsorption of background proteins. Here, we propose a strategy of nanostructure-enabled superhydrophilic surfaces and synthesize Ti4+-functionalized superhydrophilic nanostructured microparticles (SNMs-Ti4+) via an emulsion interfacial polymerization process. In this process, hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers assemble into a stable oil-in-water emulsion, producing microparticles with abundant hydrophilic phosphate nanoprotrusions on the surface. The microparticles are subsequently functionalized with Ti4+. SNMs-Ti4+ exhibit enormous nanoprotrusions and abundant Ti4+ modifications, which allow SNMs-Ti4+ to effectively adsorb the phosphoproteins and suppress the unspecific adsorption of background proteins. Using these SNMs-Ti4+, we identified 2256 phosphoproteins from HeLa cells, twice the number of those enriched with commercial kits. From AD mouse brains, 2603 phosphoproteins were successfully enriched, and 10 times of AD-related differentially regulated phosphoproteins were discovered than those without enrichment. These microparticles show great prospects for biomarker detection, disease diagnosis, and downstream biological process disclosure.

Profiling the differential phosphoproteome between breast milk and infant formula through a titanium (IV)-immobilized magnetic nanoplatform

Breast milk (BM) fulfills the nutritional needs of infants and sets the standard for infant formula (IF). However, profiling the differential phosphoproteome between BM and IF remains unclear. Herein, a titanium (IV) (Ti4+)-immobilized magnetic nanoplatform (Fe3O4@GO@PDA-Ti4+) was constructed by self-assembly polymerization of dopamine on magnetic graphene oxide, followed by immobilizing Ti4+ through chelation for phosphopeptide enrichment. Fe3O4@GO@PDA-Ti4+ possessed outstanding selectivity (1/1000, a molar ratio of β-casein digests to bovine serum albumin digests) and favorable sensitivity (2.5 fmol/μL), along with rapid magnetic separation. Excellent phosphopeptide capture efficiencies were obtained for BM and IF using Fe3O4@GO@PDA-Ti4+ as an adsorbent coupled with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. There were 191 and 239 phosphopeptides found in BM and IF, respectively, with 36 phosphoproteins identified in both. However, BM and IF shared only 17 phosphopeptides and 4 phosphoproteins. The variation in the phosphoproteome between BM and IF provides valuable insights into the optimization of IF humanization.

Self-healing cellulose-based hydrogels: From molecular design to multifarious applications

Self-healing cellulose-based hydrogels (SHCHs) exhibit wide-ranging potential applications in the fields of biomedicine, environmental management, energy storage, and smart materials due to their unique physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. This review delves into the molecular design principles, performance characteristics, and diverse applications of SHCHs. Firstly, the molecular structure and physicochemical properties of cellulose are analyzed, along with strategies for achieving self-healing properties through molecular design, with particular emphasis on the importance of self-healing mechanisms. Subsequently, methods for optimizing the performance of SHCHs through chemical modification, composite reinforcement, stimulus responsiveness, and functional integration technologies are discussed in detail. Furthermore, applications of SHCHs in drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound healing, smart sensing, supercapacitors, electronic circuits, anti-counterfeiting systems, oil/water separation, and food packaging are explored. Finally, future research directions for SHCHs are outlined, including the innovative development of new SHCHs, in-depth elucidation of cooperative strengthening mechanisms, a further expansion of application scope, and the establishment of intelligent systems. This review provides researchers with a comprehensive overview of SHCHs and serves as a reference and guide for future research and development.

Metal-chelated polydopamine nanomaterials: Nanoarchitectonics and applications in biomedicine, catalysis, and energy storage

Polydopamine (PDA)-based materials inspired by the adhesive proteins of mussels have attracted increasing attention owing to the universal adhesiveness, antioxidant activity, fluorescence quenching ability, excellent biocompatibility, and especially photothermal conversion capability. The high binding ability of PDA to a variety of metal ions offers a paradigm for the exploration of metal-chelated polydopamine nanomaterials with fantastic properties and functions. This review systematically summarizes the latest progress of metal-chelated polydopamine nanomaterials for the applications in biomedicine, catalysis, and energy storage. Different fabrication strategies for metal-chelated polydopamine nanomaterials with various composition, structure, size, and surface chemistry, such as the pre-functionalization method, the one-pot co-assembly method, and the post-modification method, are summarized. Furthermore, emerging applications of metal-chelated polydopamine nanomaterials in the fields ranging from cancer therapy, theranostics, antibacterial, catalysis to energy storage are highlighted. Additionally, the critical remaining challenges and future directions of this area are discussed to promote the further development and practical applications of PDA-based materials.

High-efficient depletion and separation of histidine-rich proteins via Cu2+-chelated porous polymer microspheres

Depletion and separation of histidine-rich proteins from complicated biosamples are crucial for various downstream applications in proteome research and clinical diagnosis. Herein, porous polymer microspheres coated with polyacrylic acid (SPSDVB-PAA) were fabricated through double emulsion interfacial polymerization technique and followed by immobilization of Cu2+ ions on the surface of SPSDVB-PAA. The as-prepared SPSDVB-PAA-Cu with uniform size and nanoscale pore structure enabled coordination interaction of Cu2+ with histidine residues in his-rich proteins, resulting in high-performance adsorption. As metal affinity adsorbent, the SPSDVB-PAA-Cu exhibited favorable selectivity for adsorbing hemoglobin (Hb) and human serum albumin (HSA) with the maximum adsorption capacities of 152.2 and 100.7 mg g-1. Furthermore, the polymer microspheres were used to isolate histidine-rich proteins from human whole blood and plasma, underscoring their effectiveness. The liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) results indicated that the content of 14 most abundant proteins in human plasma was depleted from 81.6 % to 30.7 % and low-abundance proteins were enriched from 18.4 % to 69.3 % after treatment with SPSDVB-PAA-Cu, illustrating potential application of SPSDVB-PAA-Cu in proteomic research.

Polyoxometalate functionalized magnetic metal-organic framework with multi-affinity sites for efficient enrichment of phosphopeptides

The reasonable design of metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived nanomaterial has important meaning in increasing the enrichment efficiency in the study of protein phosphorylation. In this work, a polyoxometalate (POM) functionalized magnetic MOF nanomaterial (Fe3O4@MIL-125-POM) was designed and fabricated. The nanomaterial with multi-affinity sites (unsaturated metal sites and metal oxide clusters) was used for the enrichment of phosphopeptides. Fe3O4@MIL-125-POM had high-efficient enrichment performance towards phosphopeptides (selectivity, a mass ratio of bovine serum albumin/α-casein/β-casein at 5000:1:1; sensitivity, 0.1 fmol; satisfactory repeatability, ten times). Furthermore, Fe3O4@MIL-125-POM was employed to enrich phosphopeptides from non-fat milk digests, saliva, serum, and A549 cell lysate. The enrichment results illustrated the great potential of Fe3O4@MIL-125-POM for efficient identification of low-abundance phosphopeptides.

One-step enrichment and stepwise elution of glycoproteins and phosphoproteins by hydrophilic Ti4+-immobilized dendrimer poly(glycidyl methacrylate) microparticles functionalized with polyethylenimine and phytic acid

Glycosylation and phosphorylation rank as paramount post-translational modifications, and their analysis heavily relies on enrichment techniques. In this work, a facile approach was developed for the one-step simultaneous enrichment and stepwise elution of glycoproteins and phosphoproteins. The core of this approach was the application of the novel titanium (IV) ion immobilized poly(glycidyl methacrylate) microparticles functionalized with dendrimer polyethylenimine and phytic acid. The microparticles possessed dual enrichment capabilities due to their abundant titanium ions and hydroxyl groups on the surface. They demonstrate rapid adsorption equilibrium (within 30 min) and exceptional adsorption capacity for β-casein (1107.7 mg/g) and horseradish peroxidase (438.6 mg/g), surpassing that of bovine serum albumin (91.7 mg/g). Furthermore, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was conducted to validate the enrichment capability. Experimental results across various biological samples, including standard protein mixtures, non-fat milk, and human serum, demonstrated the remarkable ability of these microparticles to enrich low-abundance glycoproteins and phosphoproteins from biological samples.

Construction of strain responsive Ti-containing carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel with transitional coordination precursor

Due to marvelous sensitivity and flexibility, conductive hydrogels are popularly used as strain sensors in intelligent skin and wearable electronic devices fields. However, hydrogel tends to be destroyed after long-term use or in accident, leading to performance degradation. Herein, we developed an environmental-friendly Ti-containing conductive hydrogel. The hydrogel network was constructed via a simple two-step method with coordination reaction and amidation reaction based on a metal ion precursor from transitional coordination. The synergies of reversible metal coordination bonds and dynamic hydrogen bonds endowed the hydrogel with excellent self-healing properties (3 h, 93.66 %), tensile properties (136.46 kPa), compression properties (1.122 MPa), and anti-fatigue performance. At the same time, the hydrogel showed excellent self-adhesion, even underwater. Due to Ti4+, electrical conductivity of the hydrogel was visibly enhanced (σ = 25.64 mS·cm-1), which resulted in fast response (TS [time sensitivity] = 24.78 s-1) and short recovery time (153 ms). As a flexible strain sensor, the hydrogel with stable conductivity and high sensitivity could precisely detect and distinguish a series of human motions, even different letter pronunciations. These remarkable features make it a promising application in the fields of intelligent skin and wearable electronic devices.

Pilot investigation of magnetic nanoparticle-based immobilized metal affinity chromatography for efficient enrichment of phosphoproteoforms for mass spectrometry-based top-down proteomics

Protein phosphorylation is a vital and common post-translational modification (PTM) in cells, modulating various biological processes and diseases. Comprehensive top-down proteomics of phosphorylated proteoforms (phosphoproteoforms) in cells and tissues is essential for a better understanding of the roles of protein phosphorylation in fundamental biological processes and diseases. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based top-down proteomics of phosphoproteoforms remains challenging due to their relatively low abundance. Herein, we investigated magnetic nanoparticle-based immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC, Ti4+, and Fe3+) for selective enrichment of phosphoproteoforms for MS-based top-down proteomics. The IMAC method achieved reproducible and highly efficient enrichment of phosphoproteoforms from simple and complex protein mixtures. It outperformed one commercial phosphoprotein enrichment kit regarding the capture efficiency and recovery of phosphoproteins. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analyses of yeast cell lysates after IMAC (Ti4+ or Fe3+) enrichment produced roughly 100% more phosphoproteoform identifications compared to without IMAC enrichment. Importantly, the phosphoproteoforms identified after Ti4+-IMAC or Fe3+-IMAC enrichment correspond to proteins with much lower overall abundance compared to that identified without the IMAC treatment. We also revealed that Ti4+-IMAC and Fe3+-IMAC could enrich different pools of phosphoproteoforms from complex proteomes and the combination of those two methods will be useful for further improving the phosphoproteoform coverage from complex samples. The results clearly demonstrate the value of our magnetic nanoparticle-based Ti4+-IMAC and Fe3+-IMAC for advancing top-down MS characterization of phosphoproteoforms in complex biological systems.

One-pot superhydrophilic surface modification of waste polyurethane foams for high-efficiency oil/water separation

Despite of the fact that polymers have brought tremendous convenience to human life, they have also inevitably caused considerable environmental pollution after their service life. Therefore, a feasible strategy that can effectively recycle waste polymers and endow them with high added value is much desired. Superwetting materials have shown great promise in oily wastewater treatment because of their high oil/water separation efficiency. However, most of these materials present some limitations, such as complex preparation procedures and poor salt tolerance, which hamper their practical applications. In this study, an iron hydroxide@polydopamine@waste polyurethane foam (Fe(OH)₃@PDA@WPU) was synthesized via a facile and mild "one-pot" reaction. During this process, polymerization of dopamine and in situ growth of Fe(OH)₃ were simultaneously realized, and the resultant PDA and Fe(OH)₃ nanoparticles were firmly attached to the surface of WPU. Due to the abundant hydrophilic groups from PDA and Fe(OH)₃ coupled with the surface roughness created by Fe(OH)₃ nanoparticles, the surface properties of the foam could be changed from hydrophobic to superhydrophilic. Remarkably, the Fe(OH)₃@PDA@WPU was capable of separating various oil/water mixtures even under some severe conditions (e.g. erosion in a saturated sodium chloride solution and longtime sonication), demonstrating high potential in marine oily sewage treatment. Moreover, this work also paved a new path for reducing the negative impact of waste polymer foams on our environment, and in the meantime realizing their high value utilization.

Recent Advances in Polyoxometalates with Enzyme-like Characteristics for Analytical Applications

Artificial enzymes based on inorganic solids with both enzyme-mimetic activities and the special material features has been a promising candidate to overcome many deleterious effects of native enzymes in analytical applications. Polyoxometalates (POMs) are an importance class of molecular metal-oxygen anionic clusters. Their outstanding physicochemical properties, versatility and potential applications in energy conversion, magnetism, catalysis, molecular electronics and biomedicine have long been studied. However, the analytical applications of them is limited. Recently, the intrinsic enzymatic activities of POMs have also been found and become an area of growing interest. In this review, along with other reports, we aimed to classify the enzymatic activity of POMs, summarize the construction of POMs-based enzymes, and survey their recent advances in analytical fields. Finally, the current challenges and trends of the polyoxometalates with enzymatic activity in future chemo-/bio-sensing applications are briefly discussed.

TiO2 with Confined Water Boosts Ultrahigh Selective Enrichment of Phosphorylated Proteins

In the selective enrichment of phosphorylated proteins (PPs) from biological samples, the non-phosphorylated proteins (NPPs) adhered onto enrichment adsorbents due to the hydrophobic interaction, resulting in poor selectivity and low recovery of target PPs. Herein, superhydrophilic TiO₂-coated porous SiO₂ microspheres are prepared and boost remarkable selectivity toward standard PP spiked with 2000 mass-fold NPP interference. The outstanding performance of the superhydrophilic microspheres is attributed to the coordination interaction between TiO₂ and PPs, and the confined water layer generated from superhydrophilicity avoids the irreversible adsorption of NPPs by keeping NPP inner hydrophobic regions in a compact structure, which is verified by single molecule force spectroscopy, circular dichroism, and quartz crystal microbalance. This strategy for enrichment is expected to solve the challenge in proteomics and sheds light on the interactions between biomolecules and superwettability.

Polyoxometalate-Containing Supramolecular Gels

Supramolecular gels are important soft materials with various applications, which are fabricated through hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking, electrostatic or host-guest interactions. Introducing functional groups, especially inorganic components, is an efficient strategy to obtain gels with robust architecture and high performance. Polyoxometalates (POMs), as a class of negatively-charged clusters, have defined structures and multiple interaction sites, resulting in their potential as building blocks for constructing POM-containing supramolecular gels. The introduction of POMs into gels not only provides strong driving forces for the formation of gels due to the characteristics of charged cluster and oxygen-rich surface, but also brings new properties sourcing from unique electronic structures of POMs. Though many POM-containing gels have been reported, a comprehensive review is still absent. Herein, the concept of POM-containing gels is discussed, following with the design strategies and driving forces. To better understand the results in the literature, detailed examples, which are classified into several categories based on the types of organic components, are presented to illustrate the gelation process and gel structures. Moreover, applications of POM-containing gels in energy chemistry, sustainable chemistry and other aspects are also reviewed, as well as the future developments of this field. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Titanium dioxide-functionalized dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles for highly selective isolation of phosphoproteins

Selective isolation of phosphoproteins is of great significance in biological applications. Herein, titanium dioxide-functionalized dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles are prepared via a post-grafting method for selective capture of phosphoproteins. The fabricated nanoparticles possess a unique central-radial pore structure with a surface area of 666.66 m² /g and a pore size of 22.2 nm. The high-binding affinity of TiO₂ with the phosphate groups facilitates the selective adsorption of phosphoproteins. Moreover, the open central-radial pore structure endows the dendritic mesoporous nanoparticles with better adsorption performance toward phosphoproteins with respect to the commercial titanium dioxide nanoparticles and titanium dioxide-functionalized conventional mesoporous silica nanoparticles by providing more accessible affinity sites. At pH 2, an adsorption capacity of 157.2 mg/g is derived for β-casein. The feasibility of the as-prepared dendritic material in real biological sample assay is demonstrated by the selective isolation of phosphoproteins from defatted milk, as illustrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis assay.

Bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine with size exclusion for highly selective recognition of endogenous glycopeptides

It has been confirmed that endogenous glycopeptide plays an important role in a variety of pathological and physiological processes. However, direct analysis of endogenous glycopeptide is still a great challenge owing to the low abundance of endogenous glycopeptides and the presence of a large number of interfering substances such as large-sized proteins and heteropeptides in complex biological sample. Herein, we reported a novel bowl-like mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticle modified by carrageenan (denoted as MPDA@PEI@CA) with strong hydrophilicity and size-exclusion effect for high specificity enrichment of endogenous glycopeptides. Thanks to the suitable pore channel structure as well as strong hydrophilic surface, the as-prepared MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles exhibited prominent performance in enrichment of N-linked glycopeptide with ultrahigh selectivity (1:5000 M ratio of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) digests/bovine serum albumin (BSA) digests), low detection limit (5 fmol μL^-1), outstanding size-exclusion ability (1:1000 mass of HRP/BSA), and unique reusability (five times). 125 N-glycosylation sites of 134 glycopeptides from 65 glycoproteins were identified from 2 μL sample of human serum treated with the MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles, which manifested the ability to enrich endogenous N-linked glycopeptides from complex biological samples. These results indicated that the bowl-like MPDA@PEI@CA nanoparticles with novel structure prepared in this work had great potential for glycopeptidome analysis.

Functionalized polyoxometalate microspheres ensure selective adsorption of phosphoproteins and glycoproteins

Lacunary polyoxometalate (POM), [PW₉O₃₄]^9-, grafts with a boronic acid group attached via an organosilane bridge assemble into microspheres, PW₉-Si-APBA. The oxygen-rich and hydrophilic surface of POM facilitates the binding of phosphate groups in phosphoproteins and glycans in glycoproteins. While the metal-oxo in POM provides π-π interactions with the phosphate groups of phosphoproteins, the boronic acid group specifically binds to glycoproteins via the cis-diols of glycans. Therefore, these multi-driving forces ensure the selective adsorption of phosphoproteins and glycoproteins by PW₉-Si-APBA microspheres in biological sample matrixes, even in the presence of very high protein abundance, i.e., BSA, at mass ratio of β-ca/IgG/OVA/BSA = 1 : 1 : 1 : 200.

Facile synthesis of titanium(IV) ion-immobilized arsenate-modified poly(glycidyl methacrylate) microparticles and the application to the specific enrichment of phosphoproteins

Selective separation and enrichment of phosphoproteins possess the distinct clinical and biological importance in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of several fatal human diseases. In this study, a facile synthesis of titanium(IV) ion-immobilized arsenate-modified poly(glycidyl methacrylate) microparticles (denoted as Ti⁴⁺-arsenate-PGMA-MPs) was developed for the efficient enrichment of intact phosphoproteins found in biologically complex protein samples. By virtue of the strong interaction between the titanium ions immobilized on the surface of Ti⁴⁺-arsenate-PGMA-MPs and phosphate groups of phosphoproteins, Ti⁴⁺-arsenate-PGMA-MPs had a high saturated adsorption capacity for phosphoproteins (901 mg/g for β-casein), which was much higher than that of non-phosphoproteins (73.5 mg/g for BSA). Ti⁴⁺-arsenate-PGMA-MPs were characterized by SEM, TEM, and FT-IR, and the average particle diameter was about 2.5 μm with good dispersibility. Besides, the application of Ti⁴⁺-arsenate-PGMA-MPs in real biological samples was investigated by SDS-PAGE analysis, and the results showed that Ti⁴⁺-arsenate-PGMA-MPs were able to enrich phosphoproteins efficiently.

Ionic liquid modification of metal-organic framework endows high selectivity for phosphoproteins adsorption

Zr-based metal-organic framework, UiO-66-NH₂, provides favorable adsorption capacity to phosphoproteins, however, it exhibits obvious nonspecific adsorption to other proteins. In the present work, we report a facile strategy to reduce the nonspecific adsorption of nonphosphoproteins by modifying UiO-66-NH₂ with imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs). With respect to bare UiO-66-NH₂, the modified counterpart, UiO@IL, exhibits much improved selectivity to phosphoproteins while maintains comparable adsorption performance. The surface of UiO@IL presents a strong hydrophilicity due to the modification of ILs. Hydrophobic and electrostatic interaction between the absorbent and nonphosphoprotein is significantly reduced. In addition, the interaction between imidazole group of ILs moiety and phosphate group in phosphoprotein ensures the favorable adsorption capacity of UiO@IL for phosphoproteins. Anionic moieties of ILs, i.e., Cl^-, Br^-, BF₄^-, CF₃SO₃^-, play negligible effect in the adsorption process. As a representative, phosphoprotein β-casein (β-ca) is selectively enriched at a mass ratio of BSA:β-ca = 100:1. UiO@IL was further applied for the selective enrichment of phosphoprotein in milk.

Facile and green synthesis of decatungstate-based nickel(ii) complex coated onto modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles with enhanced antimicrobial activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria

A nanostructured Fe₃O₄@PDA@Ni-DT composite was successfully prepared with high-efficiency antibacterial properties and excellent recyclable performance.

Targeted immobilization of titanium (IV) on magnetic mesoporous nanomaterials derived from metal-organic frameworks for high-efficiency phosphopeptide enrichment in biological samples

A selectively modified porous metal/carbon nanocomposite was fabricated to enhance the enrichment of low-abundance phosphopeptides from biological samples. The carbon matrix derived from the metal-organic framework provides a suitable pore size to allow the diffusion of peptides, while the deliberately modified metal nanoparticles within the pores enhance their interaction with the phosphopeptides. This nanocomposite shows extremely high enrichment selectivity for phosphopeptides in the MALDI-TOF MS detection, even when the molar ratio of α-casein digests versus bovine serum albumin digests was up to about 1:20,000. By combining such nanocomposite with nano-LC-MS/MS, 4556 unique phosphopeptides were identified with high selectivity (95.2%) from HeLa cell extracts. Furthermore, phosphopeptides from prostate tissue digests were also determined. A total of 277 and 1242 phosphopeptides were identified from normal and tumor tissues of a patient with prostate cancer, respectively. This indicates that phosphorylation and prostate cancer can be related to each other.

Iron-chelated thermoresponsive polymer brushes on bismuth titanate nanosheets for metal affinity separation of phosphoproteins

Separation of phosphoproteins plays an important role for identification of biomarkers in life science. In this work, bismuth titanate supported, iron-chelated thermoresponsive polymer brushes were prepared for selective separation of phosphoproteins. The iron-chelated thermoresponsive polymer brushes were synthesized by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide and glycidyl methacrylate, followed by a ring opening reaction of epoxy group, and chelation of the obtained cis-diols with Fe³⁺ ions. The composite material was characterized to determine the size and thickness, the content of the organic polymer and the metal loading. The bismuth titanate supported, iron-chelated thermoresponsive polymer brushes showed selective binding for phosphoproteins in the presence of abundant interfering proteins, and a high binding capacity for phosphoproteins by virtue of the metal affinity between the metal ions on the polymer brushes and the phosphate groups in the phosphoproteins (664 mg β-Casein per g sorbent). The thermoresponsive property of the polymer brushes made it possible to adjust phosphoprotein binding by changing temperature. Finally, separation of phosphoproteins from a complex biological sample (i.e. milk) was demonstrated using the nanosheet-supported thermoresponsive polymer brushes.