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Jeon C, Kang S, Kim ME, Park J, Kim D, Kim S, Kim KM. Ru Passivation Layer Enables Cu-Cu Direct Bonding at Low Temperatures with Oxidation Inhibition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:48481-48487. [PMID: 39190606 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c08390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Stacking semiconductor chips allows for increased packing density within a given footprint and efficient communication between different functional layers of the chip, leading to higher performance, improved speed, and reduced power consumption. In such vertical stacking, achieving homogeneous electrical and mechanical bonding between heterogeneous chips is crucial, which is termed Cu to Cu direct bonding (CCDB) technology. However, conventional CCDB required a high temperature of over 250 °C to allow Cu diffusion and a vacuum condition for inhibiting Cu oxidation, limiting its practical utilization. Here, we propose that the covering of the Ru layer enables a reliable CCDB as low as 200 °C without concerns regarding oxidation. The bonding strength was as high as 2.24 MPa, and it was endurable at the -45 and 125 °C temperature cycle test for 500 cycles. Through microscopic analysis, we have identified that Cu diffuses through the intercluster boundaries of the Ru layer and moves to the surface, and these atomic Cu ions are recrystallized at the bonding interface, enabling stable bonding at lower temperatures. Specifically, we observed a trade-off between Cu diffusion distance and oxidation inhibition capability depending on the thickness of Ru and found that a 6 nm-thick Ru is optimal, balancing these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chansu Jeon
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukkyung Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Eun Kim
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Juseong Park
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehee Kim
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanha Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Kim
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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2
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Chou YW, Chang SY, Keng PY. Thermal Stability and Orthogonal Functionalization of Organophosphonate Self-Assembled Monolayers as Potential Liners for Cu Interconnect. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:39699-39708. [PMID: 37901487 PMCID: PMC10601072 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the thermal stabilities of butylphosphonic acid (BPA) and aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) self-assembled monolayers (SAM) on a Si substrate. The thermal desorption and the thermal cleavage of the BPA and APTES SAM film on the Si substrate were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) upon thermal treatment from 50 to 550 °C. XPS analyses show that the onset of the thermal desorption of the APTES monolayer occurs at 250 °C and the APTES SAM completely decomposed at 400 °C. Conversely, BPA SAM on Si shows that the onset of thermal desorption occurs at 350 °C, and the BPA SAM completely desorbed at approximately 500 °C. Our study revealed that the organophosphonate SAM is a more stable SAM in modifying the dielectric sidewalls of a Cu interconnect when compared to organosilane SAM. To overcome the spontaneous reaction of the organophosphonate film on the metal substrate, a simple orthogonal functionalization method using thiolate SAM as a sacrificial layer was also demonstrated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Chou
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Yi Chang
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Pei Yuin Keng
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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3
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Yarbrough J, Bent SF. Area-Selective Deposition by Cyclic Adsorption and Removal of 1-Nitropropane. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7858-7868. [PMID: 37683085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The ever-greater complexity of modern electronic devices requires a larger chemical toolbox to support their fabrication. Here, we explore the use of 1-nitropropane as a small molecule inhibitor (SMI) for selective atomic layer deposition (ALD) on a combination of SiO2, Cu, CuOx, and Ru substrates. Results using water contact angle goniometry, Auger electron spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy show that 1-nitropropane selectively chemisorbs to form a high-quality inhibition layer on Cu and CuOx at an optimized temperature of 100 °C, but not on SiO2 and Ru. When tested against Al2O3 ALD, however, a single pulse of 1-nitropropane is insufficient to block deposition on the Cu surface. Thus, a new multistep process is developed for low-temperature Al2O3 ALD that cycles through exposures of 1-nitropropane, an aluminum metalorganic precursor, and coreactants H2O and O3, allowing the SMI to be sequentially reapplied and etched. Four different Al ALD precursors were investigated: trimethylaluminum (TMA), triethylaluminum (TEA), tris(dimethylamido)aluminum (TDMAA), and dimethylaluminum isopropoxide (DMAI). The resulting area-selective ALD process enables up to 50 cycles of Al2O3 ALD on Ru but not Cu, with 98.7% selectivity using TEA, and up to 70 cycles at 97.4% selectivity using DMAI. This work introduces a new class of SMI for selective ALD at lower temperatures, which could expand selective growth schemes to biological or organic substrates where temperature instability may be a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah Yarbrough
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Stacey F Bent
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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4
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Li Y, Qi Z, Lan Y, Cao K, Wen Y, Zhang J, Gu E, Long J, Yan J, Shan B, Chen R. Self-aligned patterning of tantalum oxide on Cu/SiO 2 through redox-coupled inherently selective atomic layer deposition. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4493. [PMID: 37495604 PMCID: PMC10372027 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40249-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Atomic-scale precision alignment is a bottleneck in the fabrication of next-generation nanoelectronics. In this study, a redox-coupled inherently selective atomic layer deposition (ALD) is introduced to tackle this challenge. The 'reduction-adsorption-oxidation' ALD cycles are designed by adding an in-situ reduction step, effectively inhibiting nucleation on copper. As a result, tantalum oxide exhibits selective deposition on various oxides, with no observable growth on Cu. Furthermore, the self-aligned TaOx is successfully deposited on Cu/SiO2 nanopatterns, avoiding excessive mushroom growth at the edges or the emergence of undesired nucleation defects within the Cu region. The film thickness on SiO2 exceeds 5 nm with a selectivity of 100%, marking it as one of the highest reported to date. This method offers a streamlined and highly precise self-aligned manufacturing technique, which is advantageous for the future downscaling of integrated circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zilian Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiao Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanwei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Eryan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Junzhou Long
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Yangtze Memory Laboratories, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
- Hubei Yangtze Memory Laboratories, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Karg A, Kuznetsov V, Helfricht N, Lippitz M, Papastavrou G. Electrochemical grippers based on the tuning of surface forces for applications in micro- and nanorobotics. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7885. [PMID: 37193686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Existing approaches to robotic manipulation often rely on external mechanical devices, such as hydraulic and pneumatic devices or grippers. Both types of devices can be adapted to microrobots only with difficulties and for nanorobots not all. Here, we present a fundamentally different approach that is based on tuning the acting surface forces themselves rather than applying external forces by grippers. Tuning of forces is achieved by the electrochemical control of an electrode's diffuse layer. Such electrochemical grippers can be integrated directly into an atomic force microscope, allowing for 'pick and place' procedures typically used in macroscopic robotics. Due to the low potentials involved, small autonomous robots could as well be equipped with these electrochemical grippers that will be particularly useful in soft robotics as well as nanorobotics. Moreover, these grippers have no moving parts and can be incorporated in new concepts for actuators. The concept can easily be scaled down and applied to a wide range of objects, such as colloids, proteins, and macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karg
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - V Kuznetsov
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - N Helfricht
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - M Lippitz
- Experimental Physics III, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - G Papastavrou
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.
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6
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Pasquali M, Brady-Boyd A, Leśniewska A, Carolan P, Conard T, O'Connor R, De Gendt S, Armini S. Area-Selective Deposition of AlO x and Al-Silicate for Fully Self-Aligned Via Integration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:6079-6091. [PMID: 36649199 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The rush for better-performing electronics, and manufacturing processes that heavily rely on "top-down" patterning techniques, is making the integration of "self-aligned" fabrication methods, such as area-selective deposition (ASD), a critical objective for continued device scaling. The fully self-aligned via (FSAV) scheme is broadly proposed as a "killer application" to determine whether ASD can shift from an R&D process to high-volume manufacturing. Nevertheless, the lack of a suitable low-κ deposition process has prevented the realization of FSAV by dielectric-on-dielectric ASD. This is primarily due to the high temperature and/or strong oxidizers employed during low-κ dielectric deposition and their unsuitability in the presence of organic masks, such as self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), used to prevent material nucleation during ASD. In this work, AlOx and Al-silicate atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes are studied to provide suitable materials for ASD-enabled FSAV. Dimethylaluminum isopropoxide and H2O are utilized to deposit the metal oxide, whereas Al-silicate is grown by adding 2,2-dimethoxy-1,6-diaza-2-silacyclooctane (DMDAcO) pulses to the AlOx ALD cycle. The selectivity of such processes is demonstrated on 50 nm Cu/SiO2 structures, using octadecanethiol-derived SAMs to inhibit material nucleation on the metal lines. Scanning and transmission electron microscopies are employed to assess the quality of the ASD processes and investigate the mechanisms behind defect generation on a nongrowth surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements show the high purity of the AlOx film, whereas DMDAcO-ligand incorporation into the Al-silicate matrix is observed. Planar capacitor structures are used to assess the electrical properties of both ASD films, revealing that the silicate film exhibits a relatively low κ-value (5.3 ± 0.2), with a high acceleration field factor (32.4 ± 1.4) and a dielectric breakdown voltage of 6.0 ± 0.3 V at 100 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Pasquali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, KU Leuven, B-3001Leuven, Belgium
- Semiconductor Technology and System, Imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anita Brady-Boyd
- Semiconductor Technology and System, Imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001Leuven, Belgium
- School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, DublinDublin 9, Ireland
| | - Alicja Leśniewska
- Semiconductor Technology and System, Imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Carolan
- Semiconductor Technology and System, Imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thierry Conard
- Semiconductor Technology and System, Imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert O'Connor
- School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, DublinDublin 9, Ireland
| | - Stefan De Gendt
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, KU Leuven, B-3001Leuven, Belgium
- Semiconductor Technology and System, Imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001Leuven, Belgium
| | - Silvia Armini
- Semiconductor Technology and System, Imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Inherently Area-Selective Atomic Layer Deposition of Manganese Oxide through Electronegativity-Induced Adsorption. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26103056. [PMID: 34065464 PMCID: PMC8161048 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26103056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese oxide (MnOx) shows great potential in the areas of nano-electronics, magnetic devices and so on. Since the characteristics of precise thickness control at the atomic level and self-align lateral patterning, area-selective deposition (ASD) of the MnOx films can be used in some key steps of nanomanufacturing. In this work, MnOx films are deposited on Pt, Cu and SiO2 substrates using Mn(EtCp)2 and H2O over a temperature range of 80–215 °C. Inherently area-selective atomic layer deposition (ALD) of MnOx is successfully achieved on metal/SiO2 patterns. The selectivity improves with increasing deposition temperature within the ALD window. Moreover, it is demonstrated that with the decrease of electronegativity differences between M (M = Si, Cu and Pt) and O, the chemisorption energy barrier decreases, which affects the initial nucleation rate. The inherent ASD aroused by the electronegativity differences shows a possible method for further development and prediction of ASD processes.
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8
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Klement P, Anders D, Gümbel L, Bastianello M, Michel F, Schörmann J, Elm MT, Heiliger C, Chatterjee S. Surface Diffusion Control Enables Tailored-Aspect-Ratio Nanostructures in Area-Selective Atomic Layer Deposition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:19398-19405. [PMID: 33856210 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Area-selective atomic layer deposition is a key technology for modern microelectronics as it eliminates alignment errors inherent to conventional approaches by enabling material deposition only in specific areas. Typically, the selectivity originates from surface modifications of the substrate that allow or block precursor adsorption. The control of the deposition process currently remains a major challenge as the selectivity of the no-growth areas is lost quickly. Here, we show that surface modifications of the substrate strongly manipulate surface diffusion. The selective deposition of TiO2 on poly(methyl methacrylate) and SiO2 yields localized nanostructures with tailored aspect ratios. Controlling the surface diffusion allows tuning such nanostructures as it boosts the growth rate at the interface of the growth and no-growth areas. Kinetic Monte-Carlo calculations reveal that species move from high to low diffusion areas. Further, we identify the catalytic activity of TiCl4 during the formation of carboxylic acid on poly(methyl methacrylate) as the reaction mechanism responsible for the loss of selectivity and show that process optimization leads to higher selectivity. Our work enables the precise control of area-selective atomic layer deposition on the nanoscale and offers new strategies in area-selective deposition processes by exploiting surface diffusion effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Klement
- Institute of Experimental Physics I and Center for Materials Research (ZfM/LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Daniel Anders
- Institute of Experimental Physics I and Center for Materials Research (ZfM/LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Lukas Gümbel
- Institute of Experimental Physics I and Center for Materials Research (ZfM/LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Michele Bastianello
- Institute of Experimental Physics I and Center for Materials Research (ZfM/LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Fabian Michel
- Institute of Experimental Physics I and Center for Materials Research (ZfM/LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Jörg Schörmann
- Institute of Experimental Physics I and Center for Materials Research (ZfM/LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Matthias T Elm
- Institute of Experimental Physics I and Center for Materials Research (ZfM/LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Christian Heiliger
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Center for Materials Research (ZfM/LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Sangam Chatterjee
- Institute of Experimental Physics I and Center for Materials Research (ZfM/LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
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9
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Wojtecki R, Ma J, Cordova I, Arellano N, Lionti K, Magbitang T, Pattison TG, Zhao X, Delenia E, Lanzillo N, Hess AE, Nathel NF, Bui H, Rettner C, Wallraff G, Naulleau P. Additive Lithography-Organic Monolayer Patterning Coupled with an Area-Selective Deposition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:9081-9090. [PMID: 33471496 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The combination of area-selective deposition (ASD) with a patternable organic monolayer provides a versatile additive lithography platform, enabling the generation of a variety of nanoscale feature geometries. Stearate hydroxamic acid self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) were patterned with extreme ultraviolet (λ = 13.5 nm) or electron beam irradiation and developed with ASD to achieve line space patterns as small as 50 nm. Density functional theory was employed to aid in the synthesis of hydroxamic acid derivatives with optimized packing density to enhance the imaging contrast and improve dose sensitivity. Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy reveal that the imaging mechanism is based on improved deposition inhibition provided by the cross-linking of the SAM to produce a more effective barrier during a subsequent deposition step. With patterned substrates composed of coplanar copper lines and silicon spacers, hydroxamic acids selectively formed monolayers on the metal portions and could undergo a pattern-wise exposure followed by ASD in the first combination of a patternable monolayer with ASD. This material system presents an additional capability compared to traditional ASD approaches that generally reflect a starting patterned surface. Furthermore, this bottoms-up additive approach to lithography may be a viable alternative to subtractive nanoscale feature generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy Wojtecki
- International Business Machines-Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95110, United States
| | - Jonathan Ma
- Center for X-ray Optics, Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Isvar Cordova
- Center for X-ray Optics, Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Noel Arellano
- International Business Machines-Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95110, United States
| | - Krystelle Lionti
- International Business Machines-Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95110, United States
| | - Teddie Magbitang
- International Business Machines-Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95110, United States
| | - Thomas G Pattison
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eugene Delenia
- International Business Machines-Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95110, United States
| | - Nicholas Lanzillo
- International Business Machines-Semiconductor Technology Research, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Alexander E Hess
- International Business Machines-Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95110, United States
| | - Noah Fine Nathel
- International Business Machines-Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95110, United States
| | - Holt Bui
- International Business Machines-Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95110, United States
| | - Charles Rettner
- International Business Machines-Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95110, United States
| | - Gregory Wallraff
- International Business Machines-Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95110, United States
| | - Patrick Naulleau
- Center for X-ray Optics, Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Zheng L, He W, Spampinato V, Franquet A, Sergeant S, Gendt SD, Armini S. Area-Selective Atomic Layer Deposition of TiN Using Trimethoxy(octadecyl)silane as a Passivation Layer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:13144-13154. [PMID: 33104359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Area-selective deposition (ASD) offers tremendous advantages when compared with conventional patterning processes, such as the possibility of achieving three-dimensional features in a bottom-up additive fashion. Recently, ASD is gaining more and more attention from IC manufacturers and equipment and material suppliers. Through combination of self-assembled monolayer (SAM) surface passivation of the nongrowth substrate area and atomic layer deposition (ALD) on the growth area, ASD selective to the growth area can be achieved. With the purpose of screening SAM precursors to provide optimal passivation performance on SiO2, various siloxane precursors with different terminal groups and alkyl chains were investigated. Additionally, the surface dependence and growth inhibition of TiN ALD on -NH2, -CF3, and -CH3 terminations is investigated. We demonstrated the methyl termination of the SAM precursor combined with a C18 alkyl chain plays an important role in broadening the ALD selectivity window by suppressing precursor adsorption. Owing to the high surface coverage, excellent thermal stability and longer carbon chain length, an optimized trimethoxy(octadecyl)silane (TMODS) film deposited from liquid phase was able to provide a selectivity higher than 0.99 up to 20 nm ALD film deposited on hydroxyl-terminated Si oxide. The approach followed in this work can allow extending the ASD process window, and it is relevant for a wide variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zheng
- Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Wei He
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | | | - Alexis Franquet
- Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Sergeant
- Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan De Gendt
- Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Silvia Armini
- Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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